激光准直气动液压缸直线度误差检测装置设计

针对液压缸零件直线度误差检测困难的现状,提出一种通过测量液压缸截面弦长确定截面圆心评估液压缸轴线直线度的方法,以激光作为直线度误差评定的参照直线,设计了一种基于气动检测与激光准直的直线度检测装置;分析了喷嘴曲面挡板模型下的气动检测方案,分析了PSD位置敏感传感器的空间位置,并提出了利用PSD位置敏感传感器分离误差的方法;利用该装置进行了直线度误差检测,检测过程稳定,能够满足要求。     

基于NC代码的工业机器人加工轨迹规划研究

随着数控技术在制造业的深入发展,NC代码得到了广泛应用。若以通用NC代码直接作为工业机器人的工作语言,将大大克服机器人工作语言的复杂性,使得连续路径编程特别是曲面编程不再局限于示教编程。文章首次提出并采用"虚拟刀具"的概念,即用五个相对位置保持不变的点来虚拟末端工具,将每条NC代码信息便捷地转化成机器人逆解所需参数。利用三次五次复合插值法,对工业机器人的连续路径进行规划,获得了精确的路径点。经仿真,验证了算法的正确性。     

双臂机器人的轨迹跟踪控制方法研究

针对工件在实际加工中打磨空间局限、精度不高等问题,为提高机器人作业的轨迹跟踪效果,提出一种双臂机器人轨迹跟踪控制方法。以轮毂打磨为研究背景,主从架构中夹持机器人采用PD控制,夹持待打磨工件进行位置跟踪运动控制;打磨机器人采用基于位置的阻抗控制,实现力控和末端位置补偿,提高定位精度。基于MATLAB/Simulink设计仿真模型验证可行性,并完成实验验证。实验结果表明：当机器人末端在外界干扰力作用下,能自适应地跟踪及修正轨迹,满足双臂机器人轨迹跟踪控制的要求。     

单目视觉在围油栏前端浮筒捕获装置中的应用

在海上溢油回收中,为了提高溢油回收船的自动化程度和工作效率,针对溢油回收船中,机械臂快速捕获围油栏前端浮筒的问题,提出了一种基于单目视觉的精确定位方法。该方法由上位机控制摄像机获取图像信息,通过Canny算子边缘检测方法提取浮筒的边缘,采用Hough变换将图像空间对应到参数空间,利用三维空间参数聚类,提取浮筒的圆心坐标。最终,将坐标数据传输给下位机,驱动机械臂,完成快速捕获浮筒、导出围油栏的任务。     

基于Matlab与MotoSim EG的涡轮叶片数据处理及检测分析

建立了MH00005-E00机器人的D-H坐标系及运动学模型,在Matlab环境下编写了机器人逆运动学方程求解代码,并对提取的涡轮叶片特征点进行了特定算法的数据处理,实现了机器人末端装载的激光位移传感器始终与叶片型面垂直且数据的坐标姿态在激光位移传感器指定的测量范围内。编写了机器人能够识别的JOB文件代码,在Moto Sim EG环境下搭建了涡轮叶片检测平台,通过导入JOB文件,实现了涡轮叶片的检测,并分析了检测结果。     

机器人单目视觉标定圆心靶标特征点几何求解

针对机器人单目视觉标定圆心靶标特征点求取问题,利用射影变化公切线不变性,建立圆心靶标的特征点几何求解模型,并进行了精确求解,该模型理论上不存在模型误差;为了检验几何求解模型的精确性和稳定性,分别对机器人单目视觉坐标系下的圆心靶标圆心点和棋盘格靶标角点进行了三维测量。实验结果表明:测量长度在300 mm内的最大相对误差小于1.5%,测量结果较精确;各点的距离平均绝对偏差均在0.2 mm左右,且无阶跃,该方法稳定。     

四自由度串并联机器人的位姿误差分析

介绍四自由度垂直移动关节与回转关节组合式串并联机器人的机构特点和机器人位姿误差分析的"小位移摄动法",利用该方法建立该构型机器人的位姿误差分析模型,通过仿真实验分析机器人广义坐标偏差和结构偏差对机器人末端位置误差的影响。仿真结果表明角度误差对机器人末端位置误差的影响较大,结构误差对机器人末端位姿误差的影响不大,证实该位姿误差模型的正确性,为机器人的位置误差补偿及精度优化设计提供参考。     

机器人交互作业中六维力传感器重力补偿研究

为使用六维力传感器精确地测量机器人末端执行器的接触力,需对安装于机器人腕部的六维力传感器进行零点校正及重力补偿。通过对不同机器人姿态下末端执行器的受力状态进行分析,根据力的等效原理,建立了零点校正及重力补偿的计算模型,计算零点校正及重力补偿参数,提出了一种六维力传感器的零点校正及重力补偿方法。在此方法下,仅需最少3个不同的机器人姿态信息及相应的六维力信息,即可得任意机器人姿态下对力传感器及末端执行器进行零点校正及重力补偿所需的参数。在静态实验中力和力矩平均相对误差均分别仅为2.07%和1.35%,在动态实验中分别仅为1.50%和0.75%。在实际恒力控制实验中,与采用未经重力补偿相比,经过补偿后能使机器人系统获得更好的力跟踪效果。     

焊缝磨抛机器人视觉算法开发及视觉系统测试实验

将视觉系统搭载于磨抛机器人,实现磨抛机器人在复杂的工业环境下对大型结构件实施焊缝自动磨抛和提高磨抛效率及精度的有效方法。通过结构光光心提取、ROT定位、列高斯差分及焊缝边缘位置提取等算法,成功实现对结构光光心及特征线的提取和对焊缝边缘点的检测,并开展了磨抛机器人视觉系统测试实验研究。实验结果表明:所搭建的视觉系统能够满足焊缝磨抛过程中对焊缝跟踪和测量的要求,且算法快速精确,系统稳定可靠。     

基于结构光视觉传感器的弧焊机器人视觉检测方法及试验结果分析

针对自动焊接机器人焊缝精确检测的问题,研究了基于结构光视觉传感器的视觉检测方法,对结构光视觉传感器实时采集图像进行理论分析,经过焊缝图像预处理、图像边缘检测和轮廓提取等处理过程,运用最小二乘法对焊缝边缘拟合,通过求平均值的方法提取结构光条纹的中心直线,找到数字图像中焊缝的位置,最后利用机器人手眼标定焊缝的位置,并进行焊缝跟踪。结合试验,验证了该视觉检测方法检测精度较好,能够满足实际的工作要求。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。