钛合金高速铣削的切削力实验研究与建模

针对难加工材料Ti6Al4V(TC4)进行高速铣削的铣削力研究,通过多因素正交试验,分析切削参数对切削力的影响,得出对难加工材料宜采用高速小切削的方法加工。将铣削加工中的切削力分解为纵向铣削力、横向铣削力和轴向铣削力,根据铣削力和切削加工参数之间的关系,采用最小二乘法等概率统计方法和回归分析原理,建立了三向铣削力模型。对所建立的铣削力模型进行回归参数显著性检验,分析所构建模型的置信度和残差,结果表明所建立的铣削力模型能很好地符合原始实验数据,可靠性好,能用于铣削力的预测和控制,为高速铣削钛合金的参数优化提供可靠依据。     

PCBN刀具高速铣削TC4钛合金切削性能与工艺参数优化研究

针对钛合金TC4(Ti-6Al-4V)的加工特性,采用PCBN刀具,基于单因素试验,研究高速铣削条件下工艺参数对切削力、切削振动等的影响规律,提出综合考虑切削力、切削振动、表面粗糙度的工艺参数优选方法。研究表明:切削力和切削振动随切削速度v和每齿进给量f_z的增大呈现一定的波动,随径向切深a_e和轴向切深a_p的增大而增大,切削振动受切削力影响较为显著。考虑切削性能,以材料切除率为优化目标,以切削力、切削振动和表面粗糙度等为约束条件,建立工艺参数优选模型,可得到不同约束条件下工艺参数的优选组合。     

TC4钛合金高速铣削力研究

钛合金高速铣削因具有高效率、高质量的优点,被广泛应用于航空航天制造业。为了研究高速铣削参数对钛合金高速铣削力的影响,利用专业金属切削加工有限元软件AdvantEdge,对TC4钛合金高速铣削过程进行二维模拟仿真,建立了高速铣削TC4钛合金时铣削力的预测模型,获得了不同铣削参数对铣削力的影响规律,并对仿真结果进行了试验验证。结果表明:高速铣削TC4钛合金的铣削力比较小,基本不超过100 N,铣削力最大值达到140 N;铣削合力对铣削宽度的变化最为敏感,对铣削速度和铣削深度变化的敏感次之,对每齿进给量最不敏感。研究结果为优化高速铣削工艺提供理论分析和试验依据。     

铝硅合金ADC12切削仿真与试验分析

针对某汽油机缸体、缸盖材料——铝硅合金ADC12的高速切削参数的优化选择,采用其Johnson-Cook本构模型,在有限元软件ABAQUS中采用热-力耦合分析单元用硬质合金刀具对其进行二维高速切削仿真,得出该合金在不同切削参数下的切削力大小及变化规律,经过对比分析得出其最优的切削参数。然后在高速铣床上对该发动机缸体、缸盖材料进行高速铣削试验,将试验结果与仿真结果进行对比,验证了有限元切削仿真的有效性,为该缸体、缸盖进行高速铣削提供合理铣削参数的选择依据。     

高速铣削2A12铝合金的切削参数模糊推理

切削参数的优化选择是多变量函数针对多目标的最优解问题,具有很强的不确定性。应用模糊数学方法,针对径向切削力和表面粗糙度两个指标,建立了切削参数的模糊推理准则和隶属度函数,实现了对铣削参数用量(铣削速度、每齿进给量、径向切削深度、轴向切削深度)的模糊推理。进行了高速铣削2A12铝合金材料的试验,试验结果与模糊推理的结果吻合度较高。     

基于田口法和主成分分析法的高速铣削316L不锈钢的参数优化

为了全面考虑切削参数对切削过程中切削力和振动的综合影响,将田口法与主成分分析法相结合,应用SPASS软件,以切削合力和切削振动为综合目标进行切削参数优化,得出小直径铣刀高速铣削316L不锈钢外形轮廓的最优的切削参数组合,并验证了结果的正确性。     

Ti6Al4V的超声振动铣削加工三维有限元仿真

应用有限元技术对超声振动铣削机理及工艺参数进行研究具有诸多优势。该文对振动切削仿真的关键理论进行分析,建立了进给方向超声振动铣削加工的三维模型,模拟振动铣削的脉冲式切削过程,并对比了有无超声振动铣削的切屑形态。根据切削区温度云图,分析振动铣削时温度明显降低的原因,仿真得到了有无超声振动时铣削Ti6Al4V的切削力曲线。结果表明,振动铣削时,切削力为脉冲式,且峰值小于传统铣削力峰值。进行了超声振动铣削试验,对比切削力模拟值与试验值,验证了有限元模型的正确性。该模型可用于优化超声振动铣削工艺参数。     

基于Deform-2D的TC4合金的J-C模型参数优化选择

为了更加准确地了解TC4合金在切削过程中所发生的一系列变化,对3组TC4合金的J-C模型参数分别在传统和高速切削条件下进行仿真。通过将切屑形状以及切削力与实验结果进行对比,并进行迭代计算,对摩擦因数和材料的失效参数进行修正,并且将3组参数得到的仿真结果与实验结果进行比较,最终确定一组最佳本构模型参数。在传统切削和高速切削下,该组本构模型参数所得到的仿真结果在切屑形状和主切削力的精度上均占有绝对优势。研究结果为TC4合金材料的切削仿真提供了更为可靠的理论依据。     

BP神经网络在立铣刀结构参数优化中的应用

钛合金薄壁件的铣削加工过程中,刀具磨损速度快,并且工件容易变形,其主要因素是加工过程中切削力大,切削温度高。文章利用有限元仿真软件Advant Edge FEM铣削仿真数据,建立整体式立铣刀结构参数与切削力和切削温度的BP神经网络预测模型,并对切削预测模型进行了切削实验验证。在此基础上,利用BP神经网络模型的预测结果对整体式立铣刀的结构参数进行了优化,切削实验证明,优化后的刀具参数可以有效地降低切削力和切削温度,从而有效地改善过程中刀具的切削性能和工件的加工质量。     

PVD涂层刀具高速铣削砂岩切削力研究

单因素实验研究金刚石涂层刀具高速铣削石墨,改变切削用量等因素对切削力的影响。研究切削力参数,找出其显著性因素,为提高砂岩表面加工精度,改善机床的动力学特性提供理论依据。通过设计正交试验方案,在不同的切削参数(切削速度、进给量、切削深度)下进行PVD涂层刀具高速铣削砂岩切削力试验。利用测力仪测出各组试验的切削力信号图,并记录各组切削力的试验结果。分析单一切削参数的变化对切削力的影响情况,采用最小二乘法原理对切削力经验公式回归系数进行参数估计,并对经验公式进行相关性检验,检验结果表明显著性很高。最终得出结论:对切削力影响最大的因素是切削深度,且随着切削深度的增加切削力增加;切削力影响最小的因素是切削速度,且随着切削速度的增加切削力减小。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。