发动机燃油供油导管断裂失效分析

某型发动机连续发生两起由于与主输油圈连接的U形燃油供油导管在连接处断裂引起的空中漏油故障.对断裂导管的安装位置、结构特点及装配情况进行了检查,对同型发动机进行了开车试验,对导管断口进行了分析.结果表明,两根导管的断裂性质相同,均为起始应力较大的高周疲劳断裂,疲劳裂纹起始于U形导管内侧或外侧的焊缝部位.U形导管装配应力大是导致导管疲劳裂纹早期萌生的主要原因,高压燃油冲击和脉动引起的弯曲应力对裂纹的萌生也有一定的影响,导管焊缝处存在的焊接缺陷对裂纹的萌生具有促进作用.     

TC17钛合金压气机鼓筒篦齿裂纹分析研究

发动机第二寿命期到寿后返厂大修，在进行荧光检测时，发现TC17钛合金的高压压气机一、二级盘组合件连接鼓筒的三道封严齿处出现宏观裂纹。通过对连接鼓筒裂纹的分布、形态及走向进行宏、微观分析，并对裂纹打开断口进行分析，以及检查鼓筒周向4个位置的封严齿处的磨损及烧伤情况，结果表明:高压压气机一、二级盘鼓筒裂纹性质为疲劳开裂；疲劳裂纹产生的原因是封严环篦齿与蜂窝环设计间隙过小，发动机工作时出现严重对磨，产生高温，磨损导致的温升由于钛合金导热率低而不能及时传导，导致齿顶基体组织出现过热甚至过烧现象，材料性能下降，在发动机高速旋转时的对磨应力作用下，疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展。通过放宽封严环篦齿和蜂窝环之间的设计间隙，适当的改善蜂窝环的制造工艺，降低蜂窝环硬度，从而解决了此类故障。     

飞机操纵系统钢索断裂原因分析

某型飞机在飞行减速收油门时,发动机操纵钢索突然发生断裂失效,导致发动机停车。通过断口宏微观观察、化学成分分析、极限拉力测试及钢丝表面痕迹观察,并结合理论分析和疲劳试验对飞机操纵系统钢索进行了综合分析,探讨了操纵钢索发生断裂的原因。结果表明：钢索的断裂是以弯曲应力为主要控制因素的疲劳断裂,钢索与滑轮及钢丝与钢丝间的磨损促使了疲劳裂纹的萌生。通过改进滑轮与钢索的直径设计及改善钢索与滑轮槽接触面的润滑条件,提高了操纵系统的疲劳寿命。     

上传主动锥齿轮断裂分析

发动机返厂检查发现上传主动锥齿轮的一个轮齿发生断裂。通过对断裂齿轮进行断口宏微观分析、金相组织和硬度检查,分析认为锥齿轮的断裂性质为弯曲疲劳,疲劳断裂的原因是齿根弯曲应力过大。对齿轮齿厚、齿根圆角进行测量,对齿根圆角过渡情况进行检查,并运用有限元分析方法对锥齿轮断齿受力进行模拟分析。结果表明:齿根弯曲应力过大是因为齿厚超差导致齿轮啮合位置偏离,同时齿轮在加工过程中齿根存在加工接刀尖边导致齿根应力分布改变,出现应力集中。后续采取改进齿轮的加工工艺及加强对齿轮的制造质量控制等措施,避免该类故障再次发生。     

焊接位置对5083铝合金搅拌摩擦焊T形接头性能的影响

通过调整搅拌工具焊接位置与增加预焊工序的方法对5083铝合金T形接头进行了搅拌摩擦焊对接试验,对焊缝横截面进行了金相组织观测,对接头进行了拉伸、弯曲检测并对断口进行扫面电镜检测。结果表明,传统焊接的T形接头在根部易产生裂纹缺陷,调整焊接位置并增加焊接深度的方法可以消除裂纹缺陷,但同时导致根部轻微变形,通过增加一次预焊的工序可以消除根部变形;“调整焊接位置+预焊”后的接头抗拉强度、屈服强度、断口伸长率分别提升32.5%,32.1%和71.4%;工艺改进后的试样弯曲检测裂纹的弯曲程度降低,断口韧窝的尺寸增大,断裂机制向韧性断裂方向发展。     

TC2钛合金弹性片裂纹原因分析

针对航空发动机尾喷管弹性片多次出现裂纹故障,利用视频显微镜、扫描电镜等设备,通过对弹性片进行外观检查、断口分析、能谱分析、金相检查以及流场和应力分析等方法,确定弹性片裂纹性质和产生原因。结果表明:故障弹性片裂纹性质为多源疲劳,起源于弹性片薄板间的焊缝位置;飞机垂直尾翼处流场异常,造成气动载荷较大,是弹性片产生裂纹的主要原因;同时,弹性片选用0.5 mm厚的TC2薄板强度储备不足,焊缝位置存在未焊合缺陷,形成较大的应力集中,降低了弹性片的抗疲劳性能,促进了疲劳裂纹的萌生。提出相应的改进建议,避免类似故障的发生。     

燃气涡轮起动机减速器齿轮断齿分析

燃气涡轮起动机返厂修理分解检查时，发现减速器输入主动齿轮损坏，弹性轴定位段单向严重胶合。通过对故障件进行外观形貌、裂纹和金相组织检查，以及齿轮偏斜情况下的强度计算分析，结果表明:主动齿轮断裂性质为轮齿弯曲疲劳，轮齿弯曲疲劳失效与其承受了较大的振动冲击载荷有关，弹性轴前花键与动力涡轮轴内花键间隙配合导致径向位移和涡轮转子振动增大，齿轮接触应力和弯曲应力显著增加，最终产生疲劳断齿。     

V形弯曲时弯曲线挠曲变形及解决措施研究

针对V形部件弯曲加工时出现的挠曲变形问题,基于材料力学和金属塑性成形理论,分析了V形部件弯曲变形区内单元体的应力、应变分布,并结合V形部件实际受力和变形情况,确定弯曲线挠曲变形成因、力学模型和影响因素。通过对不同长度、材质、厚度、角度的V形部件的弯曲试验验证了研究结果的正确性。结果表明:V形部件弯曲线长度方向和材料厚度方向的塑性应变符合材料力学弯曲应力-应变理论,且沿弯曲线长度方向上对应点应变均布;材料力学的均布载荷简支梁力学模型和挠曲线方程适用于V形部件弯曲线挠曲变形;V形部件弯曲线挠曲变形的挠度值与内应力、V形部件长度成正比,与材料的弹性模量、V形断面对中性层的惯矩成反比;V形弯曲变形程度大时,产生的内应力大,弯曲线挠曲变形大,反之则弯曲线挠曲变形小。最后,提出了通过提高部件惯矩、在模具上给出反变形等办法来解决V形部件弯曲线挠曲变形问题,从而提高产品质量。     

基于改进曲率模态的叶盘结构损伤识别研究

针对曲率模态不能识别结构端部单元损伤的问题,提出了改进的曲率模态识别模型。叶盘是航空发动机结构非常重要的部件之一,若其发生故障将对发动机安全运转造成严重的威胁。而曲率模态对结构故障具有很强的敏感性,运用曲率模态方法,从不同的损伤位置以及不同的损伤程度这两方面比较了叶盘模态振型变化情况,并且用改进的曲率模态方法对结构端部进行计算。数值计算结果表明:当发动机叶盘受到损伤,位移模态和结构频率难以有效反映出结构的损伤位置,各阶固有频率会下降;曲率模态方法能有效反映出结构损伤状况,曲率在损伤处发生突变现象,并能对损伤程度给出定性的描述;而改进的曲率模态识别模型能够识别出结构端部的损伤故障。这为航空发动机叶盘结构的损伤检测提供了理论依据。     

基于改进曲率模态的叶盘结构损伤识别研究（英文）

针对曲率模态不能识别结构端部单元损伤的问题,提出了改进的曲率模态识别模型。叶盘是航空发动机结构非常重要的部件之一,若其发生故障将对发动机安全运转造成严重的威胁。而曲率模态对结构故障具有很强的敏感性,运用曲率模态方法,从不同的损伤位置以及不同的损伤程度这两方面比较了叶盘模态振型变化情况,并且用改进的曲率模态方法对结构端部进行计算。数值计算结果表明:当发动机叶盘受到损伤,位移模态和结构频率难以有效反映出结构的损伤位置,各阶固有频率会下降;曲率模态方法能有效反映出结构损伤状况,曲率在损伤处发生突变现象,并能对损伤程度给出定性的描述;而改进的曲率模态识别模型能够识别出结构端部的损伤故障。这为航空发动机叶盘结构的损伤检测提供了理论依据。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.