Molten pool behavior in the tandem submerged arc welding process

A three-dimensional numerical heat transfer and fluid flow model is developed to examine the temperature profiles, velocity fields, weld pool shape and size in a two-wire tandem submerged arc welding process. The model solves the equations of the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy along with the volume of fluid method. The volume of fluid method is used to track the shape of the free surface. Further, a novel scheme is proposed to handle the arc interaction and its influence on the molten droplet transfer direction. Using the computational fluid dynamics simulations, it is found that the droplet movement and arc forces from the leading electrode heavily affect the molten pool flow patterns and the resultant bead shapes, even though the same heat inputs are applied. The computed weld width and penetration are in fair agreement with the corresponding experimental results.     

新型高速旋转电弧窄间隙MAG焊接

研究开发了一种新型窄间隙MAG焊接系统。在该系统中，焊丝穿过电机的空心轴后从导电嘴的偏心孔进出，电机带动导电杆和偏心导电嘴旋转，从而使焊丝端部的电弧以一定直径高速旋转．以保证窄间隙焊接接头具有足够的侧壁熔深。焊接试验结果表明，这种旋转电弧焊接系统能在不同的旋转速度和旋转直径下稳定可靠地工作。并且明显地改善了窄间隙焊缝侧壁熔透，避免了接头底部指状熔深的出现，同时提高了焊接熔敷效率。     

脉冲等离子弧焊穿孔熔池的等离子云传感

在探针法检测等离子云理论基础上,研制了实用化的多探针等离子云传感器,并利用尾焰传感器对比检验了所设计传感器的可靠性和检测精度.将等离子云传感器应用于脉冲等离子弧焊穿孔熔池小孔状态检测,并对检测信号的波形特征做了深入研究.分析表明,等离子云检测信号中负脉冲信号可以作为脉冲等离子弧焊穿孔熔池的状态变化的特征判据,负脉冲信号的频率则可以作为脉冲焊接是否保持"一脉一孔"焊接的特征判据.等离子云电压信号可以很好的反映穿孔熔池的状态.     

Study on the application for electromagnetic controlled molten pool welding process in overhead and flat position welding

Abstract

In fusion welding, gravity makes a molten metal flow downward and it sometimes causes an irregular shaped weld bead and weld defects such as an undercut. To solve this problem, the authors propose a new electromagnetic controlled molten pool welding process method which controls the molten metal flow by using upward electromagnetic forces, and the applicability of this method to industry is examined. In flat position welding with excessive heat input, the molten metal tends to sag down and an undercut defect is likely to occur. It is found that the upward electromagnetic force given by adjusting the conditions of magnetic field can lift the molten metal up, resulting in the remarkably improved shape of a penetration bead. It is further found that, even in overhead position welding, a well shaped penetration bead without undercuts is obtained by adjusting the welding touch angle as well as magnetic field conditions.     

旋转电弧GMAW焊接工艺

采用Q235低碳钢板,研究了旋转电弧GMAW焊接旋转频率和焊接速度两个工艺参数对焊缝成形及组织性能的影响. 结果表明,焊接过程中飞溅随着旋转频率的增加而增多,焊缝成形不美观,当旋转频率大于70 r/min,熔滴短路过渡飞溅显著增大,焊接过程不稳定,焊接速度对飞溅影响不大;焊缝余高随旋转频率的增加先增大后维持一定值,随着焊接速度的增加而减小;旋转频率和焊接速度对焊缝熔宽的影响很小;焊缝截面积不随旋转频率改变而改变,但随着焊接速度的增加而减小;焊缝鱼鳞纹间距与旋转频率成反比,与焊接速度成正比.     

Determination of arc pressure and current density on the molten pool surface in plasma arc welding

A unified numerical model is developed to couple the plasma arc, weld pool and keyhole in a self consistent way. The plasma arc/anode interface and the melt/solid interface are treated specially, the VOF method is used to trace the moving keyhole wall, and the fluid flow and heat transfer in both the plasma arc and weld pool are numerically simulated. The distributions of current density and arc pressure on the weld pool surface during the keyhole formation process are analyzed using the coupled model. The predicted arc pressure and current density are compared with the experimentally measured results, and both are in good agreement.     

管道全位置自动焊机的专用电源及焊接工艺

管道窄间隙全位置焊接过程中,在接近仰焊位置容易出现焊接缺陷,制约了管道施工的质量和效率.文中针对管道自动焊仰焊位置成形差、可靠性低的问题,分析P-GMAW过程送丝速度、弧长修正、导电嘴到熔池距离等因素对熔滴过渡的影响规律.结果表明,增加弧长修正系数可以增大电弧对侧壁的热输入,能够缓解侧壁熔合不良的问题,但会使熔滴过渡路径难以控制.因此当焊枪运动到仰焊位置时,提高送丝速度有利于获得更小的熔滴、更高的过渡频率;降低导电嘴到熔池距离,可以增加电磁力、减小熔滴尺寸,从而更有利于仰焊位置熔滴向熔池的过渡,研究结果对于管道窄间隙焊接的工艺设计具有一定的指导意义.

     

电弧作用下熔透型TIG熔池液面行为的数值模拟

在正面熔化半径RZ和板厚h一定的条件下,基于对有电弧作用的熔透型TIG焊接熔池三维液面行为的分析,获得了不同背面熔化半径RB的熔池三维形状模型,利用有限元分析软件surface evolver进行数值模拟,研究了电弧对熔透型TIG焊接熔池液面的影响.结果表明,电弧的作用与否对熔池下液面的大小和形状无显著的影响;在背面熔化尺寸较小时(RB≤2.5 mm附近),电弧对上液面特征量有较大作用;电弧的作用从整体上是使熔池上液面压低.在从脉冲基值过渡到脉冲峰值期间,电弧电压(或弧光光强)增加的部分是由电流增加和熔池上液面被压低两部分引起的.     

氮氧元素联合过渡对气体熔池耦合活性TIG焊电弧的影响

针对外层引入氮氧混合气体的气体熔池耦合活性TIG焊电弧,采用Boltzmann作图法分析在不同耦合度下电弧等离子体的温度分布和电弧电压的变化规律,并与传统TIG焊及外层只引入氧气的气体熔池耦合活性TIG焊进行比较. 结果表明,氮氧联合过渡时气体熔池耦合活性TIG焊电弧的中心区域温度和电弧电压均高于传统TIG焊与外层只引入氧气时的气体熔池耦合活性TIG焊的数值;当耦合度由0变为+2时,电弧中心区域温度与电弧电压均略有升高.     

强弧光反射环境下频域滤波的熔宽特征提取

以碳钢Q235氩弧焊为试验对象,研究一种基于熔池镜面反射物理特性的电弧焊熔宽提取方法,应用空域滤波与频域滤波融合去噪技术对受高频噪声污染的焊接图像进行处理.对比频域滤波处理前后熔宽提取的准确率,发现利用频域低通滤波结合增强型高通滤波补偿算法对熔池图像去噪效果较好.电弧焊接试验结果表明所提出的熔宽识别算法能够较准确地提取熔宽值.     

电弧力对TIG焊接熔池液面形态影响的数值模拟

在建立TIG焊接熔池液面三维形状模型基础上,对电弧力作用于熔池液面进行了表征,采用Surface Evolver有限元分析软件进行数值模拟,研究了电弧力对TIG焊接熔池液面三维形态的影响.得到了有电弧作用时,熔池的三维形态和熔池各液面参数随电弧力大小变化的规律.结果表明,在熔池形状一定时(正面、背面熔化区域半径和板厚一定),电弧力的作用深度增加会引起熔池上、下液面和固液面的表面积均增加,其中电弧力的大小对TIG焊接熔池的上液面影响程度大于下液面.这些分析结果为探讨TIG焊接熔池的各类问题提供了基础.     

Numerical simulation of molten pool dynamics in high power disk laser welding

A single-phase problem is solved rather than a multiphase problem for numerical simplicity: and the solution is based on the assumption that the region of gas or plasma can be treated as a void because solid or liquid steel has a greater density level than gas or plasma. The volume-of-fluid method, which can calculate the free surface shape of the keyhole, is used in conjunction with a ray-tracing algorithm to estimate the multiple reflections. Fresnel's reflection model is simplified by the Hagen-Rubens relation for handling a laser beam interaction with materials. Factors considered in the simulations include buoyancy force, Marangoni force and recoil pressure; furthermore, pore generation is simulated by means of an adiabatic bubble model, which can also lead to the phenomenon of a keyhole collapse. Models of the shear stress on the keyhole surface and of the heat transfer to the molten pool via a plasma plume are introduced in simulations of the weld pool dynamics. Analysis of the temperature profile characteristics of the weld bead and molten pool flow in the molten pool is based on the results of the numerical simulations. The simulation results are used to estimate the weld fusion zone shape; and the results of the simulated fusion zone formation are compared with the results of the experimental fusion zone formation and found to be in good agreement. The effects of laser beam profile (Gaussian vs. measured), vapor shear stress, vapor heat source and sulfur content on the molten pool behavior and fusion zone shape are analyzed.     

Nd:YAG激光+CMT复合热源电弧形态和熔池形貌

以304不锈钢为研究对象,借助高速摄像记录了YAG激光+CMT复合热源焊接的电弧形态和熔池形貌,研究了不同激光功率和光丝间距下的YAG激光+CMT复合热源焊接的电弧形态和熔池彤貌,并与CMT焊接进行了比较,分析了YAG激光+CMT复合热源焊接的电弧形态和熔池形貌发生变化的机理.结果表明,在Nd:YAG激光+CMT复合热...     

焊剂带约束超窄间隙焊接母材熔化及熔池形成

为认识超窄间隙焊接母材熔化特性及熔池形成机制,在放置焊剂带的I形坡口中进行熔化极电弧焊接试验,采用一种快速中断电弧的方法,保留焊接过程中焊剂带、坡口底部和侧壁的熔化形态.结果表明,电弧区焊剂带热收缩效应和固壁约束作用能有效约束坡口中电弧作用范围.当选择合适的侧壁根部焊剂带裸露高度时,电弧加热区域控制在坡口底部和侧壁根部,熔滴过渡的冲击作用及电弧力集中在熔池前端,使熔融金属产生有利于排出熔池中气体和熔渣的流动,形成无缺陷焊缝.当侧壁根部焊剂带裸露高度大于一定值时,电弧所受约束减小,加热区域扩展到较大范围的坡口侧壁上,熔滴过渡分散在坡口底部和侧壁,熔融金属难以形成贯穿熔池的流动,焊缝存在较多孔洞.     

旋转电弧GMAW堆焊短路过渡熔池动态仿真

为探究旋转电弧GMAW堆焊短路过渡时熔池的温度和对流分布规律,利用Flow-3D软件建立三维数学模型,采用球形旋转热源模型,考虑重力、熔滴拖拽力、表面张力、浮力作用,模拟了堆焊状态下,工件材料为Q235的旋转电弧GMAW短路过渡的熔池成形规律. 采用流体体积法追踪熔滴过渡和熔池表面的自由变形,并分析熔滴进入熔池时熔池内部温度场和流场的变化. 结果表明,熔池形成过程中,旋转熔滴对熔池有搅拌作用,并使熔池内部液态金属活性增强,流速变快,熔池内部液态金属体积变大,熔池的宽度变大. 模拟预测的焊缝尺寸、形状与试验吻合良好. 为优化焊接工艺参数、改善旋转电弧GMAW堆焊焊缝质量提供参考依据.     

Sensitivity analysis of rotating flux-cored arc welding process parameters

Empirical models were developed using curvilinear regression analysis to predict bead geometries of rotating fluxcored arc welding (FCAW).Parameters,such as rotational frequency,rotational radius,torch...     

Numerical analysis of weld pool geometry in pulsed current plasma arc welding

Numerical analysis of weld pool shape and size is of great significance for selection and optimization of the process parameters in pulsed current plasma arc welding (PAW). In this paper, a mathematical model and relevant algorithm are developed to determine the temperature profiles and weld pool geometry in pulsed current PAW through employing an adaptive heat source model. The volumetric heat source consists of semi-ellipsoid at upper part and a conic body at lower part along the workpiece thickness direction. The dynamic variation features of weld pool shape during a pulse cycle are numerically simulated. The calculated weld cross-section is consistent with the measure one.     

熔池表面变形对电弧行为特征的影响

在电弧与熔池统一模型的基础上研究熔池上表面变形对电弧行为特征的影响。用本模型计算出的平坦熔池表面电流密度和热流密度的分布与试验结果显示了很好的一致性。而变形熔池表面的电流密度和热流密度分布则不再符合近似的高斯分布。这就为下一步研究电弧和熔池的工作提供了基础。     

Influence of arc pressure on the forming of molten pool in tungsten inert gas arc butt welding with micro gap for tantalum sheet

0IntroductionHaving better plasticity and workability, high meltingpoint, and excellent resistance to a lot of sour, ethanol,chloride, sulphuret and other chemical articles, tantalumis a rare and important strategic material and nowhas beenwidely applied in some fields such as chemical, aero-space, atomic, electronic industrial, etc[1]. For continu-ous tungsten inert gas welding of tantalum sheet, becauseof high welding speed, thin thickness of workpiece andcertain butt gap, some shaping defec…