并联机床许用工作空间的校核

并联机床许用工作空间的校核是通过程序判别并联机床在加工过程中是否会发生干涉,保证并联机床安全加工。以BJ-04-02(A)交叉杆型并联机床为研究对象,在杆长计算的基础上,给出并联机床许用工作空间的杆长、动铰链转角和杆间距的限制条件,用逐点校核法进行并联机床许用工作空间的校核计算,给出并联机床许用工作空间的校核计算流程,并进行了试验验证。研究表明,满足并联机床许用工作空间的杆长、动铰链转角和杆间距限制条件的刀位数据,在并联机床加工中不发生干涉。     

基于ARM_Linux的数控机床热误差补偿控制器的设计

以减小机床热误差,提高加工精度为主要目标,设计以S3C2440A处理器与嵌入式Linux操作系统为控制平台,运用BP神经网络建立误差模型的热误差补偿控制器。首先,控制器通过布置在机床关键温度点上的温度传感器采集加工中心的温度信号,该信号经温度采集模块处理后送到CPU处理器计算出温度值。同时,用激光干涉仪检测出机床对应时刻的误差值。BP神经网络模型根据温度值与误差值计算出综合误差补偿值。然后,将计算出的补偿值通过接口传送给CNC控制中心,CNC控制中心做出误差控制指令,修正机床热变形造成的被加工工件的尺寸误差。仿真实验结果表明了补偿效果的可行性。     

数控机床三维空间误差建模及补偿技术研究

为了提高数控机床的加工精度,解决由机床三维空间误差引起的工件加工质量降低的问题,在研究多体系统理论误差建模技术的基础上,提出离线补偿和嵌入式补偿两种补偿策略。离线补偿是基于数控加工程序的修正补偿,将机床三维空间误差映射到数控加工程序,通过修改加工程序实现对机床的三维空间误差补偿;嵌入式补偿是基于数控系统的在线补偿,将机床三维空间误差融合到数控系统中,通过修正数控系统中的数据流实现对机床的三维空间误差补偿。实验表明,在不影响机床可靠性的前提下,两种补偿策略均显著提高了数控机床的加工精度。     

并联机床数控加工的刀具瞬时包络面轮廓线研究

文章对用并联机床进行曲面加工,处于两个加工刀位之间的刀具的平移和旋转的运动速度进行了分析.通过引入在一般运动情况下(包括旋转和平移),通用锥形刀具的瞬时包络面轮廓线的求解公式,得到了用并联机床数控加工中刀具的瞬时包络面轮廓线的解法.对这些轮廓线进行放样处理就可以创建刀具的包络面体.应用上述研究成果可以模拟并联机床曲面加工中已加工表面的形状,文中最后给出了计算实例并进行了验证.     

机床变形速度对滚齿加工精度的影响

滚齿加工中,滚刀与工件的相对位置会产生偏差。本文对刀具相对工件在各个方向的位移偏差变化速度与加工齿轮精度间的关系进行了讨论。结果表明,滚刀与工件间的相对偏差变化速度的快慢不仅影响到齿轮加工精度,还影响到误差补偿方法的选取。研究结果对于改进机床设计、减小加工偏差、实现机床的偏差补偿有一定的理论和实际意义。     

五轴联动数控加工的装夹误差动态补偿方法

五轴联动数控加工中,由于工件装夹误差引起的实际加工基准与CAM编程基准不一致,其旋转中心偏差造成旋转附加运动无法由传统三轴加工中的坐标偏置方法补偿。文章提出五轴数控的装夹误差寻位补偿方法,在旋转轴转动过程中通过坐标变换和机床逆运动变换动态修正加工路径,使加工结果与设计一致。试验表明,采用该方法降低了五轴机床工件装夹要求,消除了装夹误差带来的精度问题,满足精密五轴数控加工要求。     

基于多体系统理论的车铣中心空间误差模型分析

数控机床的误差建模是进行机床运动设计、精度分析和误差补偿的关键技术,也是保证机床加工精度的重要环节.本文利用多体系统理论来构建超精密数控机床的几何误差模型,该模型简便、明确,不受机床结构和运动复杂程度的限制,为计算机床误差、实现误差补偿和修正控制指令提供了理论依据.在机床实际应用中,可以利用由精密机床误差建模所推导出的几何位置误差来修正理想加工指令,控制机床的实际运动,从而实现几何误差补偿,提高机床加工精度.     

复合材料内腔数控钻孔机床控制系统设计

针对复合材料内腔钻孔加工过程中因人工钻孔引起的孔位置精度差、效率低等问题,设计了一套五轴联动机床闭环控制系统。在该系统软硬件设计过程中充分考虑了加工稳定性、可靠性、精确性。结合工件加工位置和机床结构,以数控系统为控制核心,在PC端精度补偿系统、数控位置指令、伺服控制系统共同作用下实现闭环控制自动补偿定位误差,并保证加工精度。通过试验对钻孔过程中定位精度进行验证,结果表明:钻孔质量和加工效率满足复合材料内腔钻孔加工要求,该系统具有一定的实际应用价值。     

基于神经网络的并联机床位姿误差分析与补偿研究

为了解决并联机床位姿误差补偿这一难题,以六自由度并联机床为研究对象,基于并联机床的运动学逆解建立了位姿误差模型,得到了并联机床驱动杆杆长误差和铰链点位置误差与并联机床动平台位姿误差的关系。铰链点位置误差可以通过调整杆长来弥补,由于驱动杆杆长误差难以测量,所以基于BP神经网络设计了一种改进的修正系统输入法对并联机床动平台的位姿误差进行补偿。仿真结果表明,经过补偿后的位姿误差明显小于补偿前的位姿误差,验证了并联机床位姿误差分析与补偿方法的可靠性。     

双并联机构机床数控编程中刀位坐标变换

利用旋转矩阵等价原理建立刀位矢量和并联机构姿态欧拉角的转换关系，坐标变换方法将从零件模型得出的刀位数据转化为双并联机构机床运动控制中所需的刀具位置和姿态，为该机床数控编程作了基础性技术准备。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。