碳纤维/树脂基复合材料高速铣削的刀具磨损机理

采用涂层(Ti CN,Ti Al N)与无涂层超细晶粒硬质合金立铣刀对碳纤维/树脂基复合材料进行高速铣削试验,研究了刀具后刀面磨损带扩展及刀具磨损规律,并探讨了切削力、毛刺随着刀具磨损的变化趋势,观察了刀具的微观磨损形貌,分析了刀具的磨损机理。结果表明:在相同的切削条件下,无涂层刀具的后刀面磨损量及切削力最大,毛刺扩展严重,后刀面主要发生磨粒磨损,由于黏着磨损和氧化磨损对切削刃的弱化作用,主切削刃发生了微崩刃;Ti CN涂层刀具后刀面主要发生磨粒磨损,并伴随有黏着磨损和轻微的氧化磨损,失效形式为剥落和微崩刃;Ti Al N涂层刀具的后刀面磨损量及切削力最小,毛刺扩展缓慢,更适合碳纤维复合材料的加工。其后刀面主要发生了磨粒磨损,其失效形式为剥落。     

微沟槽顶部毛刺宽度微细切削试验研究

毛刺的存在影响工件的加工精度及加工效率。文章以毛刺宽度作为分析指标,采用正交试验对微细铣削过程中的关键因素(轴向切深、每齿进给量、主轴转速、径向切深)进行优化参数研究。分析结果表明:最优铣削参数组合是主轴转速为78000min-1,轴向切深为78μm,每齿进给量为1.5μm/z,径向切深为390μm;关键影响因素对毛刺尺寸影响的程度由大到小依次是主轴转速、轴向切深、每齿进给量和径向切深。由于参数优化铣削的微沟槽的顶边缘仍然存在尺寸较大的毛刺,文中采用后处理加工方法进行修正,结果表明能够进一步明显减小毛刺。     

金刚石涂层刀具铣削氧化锆义齿性能研究

氧化锆陶瓷义齿不论从材料的切削加工性,还是从义齿的结构特点上,对刀具的切削性能及寿命都有极高的要求。本文先对立铣刀加工预烧结氧化锆义齿的特点进行分析,得出义齿在加工中的失效主要是由切削冲击、过切和欠切引起的,然后通过刀具的寿命试验和磨损试验对金刚石涂层刀具和TiAlN涂层刀具进行了寿命、磨损的对比分析。在试验分析的过程中通过超景深显微镜对后刀面磨损带宽度和铣削距离进行记录,通过扫描电镜等仪器分析了两种不同涂层材料刀具加工后的前、后刀面磨损形貌和刀具的磨损机理。最终得出在磨钝标准:VB为0.1 mm的情况下,金刚石涂层刀具的寿命约是TiAlN涂层刀具的6.5倍,在切削过程中发生的主要磨损为磨粒磨损、化学磨损和冲蚀磨损。     

激光诱导氧化辅助微细铣削TA19钛合金高深宽比微结构的研究

目的 提高TA19钛合金的微切削加工性.方法 提出一种激光诱导氧化辅助微细铣削的复合加工方法.该方法使用较小功率的纳秒脉冲激光辐照钛合金表面,诱导材料在富氧氛围下产生氧化反应,生成疏松且易于铣削去除的氧化层.随后使用微铣刀快速去除氧化层,可提高加工效率和刀具寿命.通过激光诱导氧化试验和微细铣削试验,选择最优的激光参数和铣削参数.在最优参数下,加工宽度为0.5 mm、深宽比为3的微结构.为了验证复合加工方法的高效性,在相同的铣削参数下,与常规微细铣削工艺作对比研究.结果 激光平均功率与激光扫描速度均会对氧化效果有影响.激光平均功率为4 W、扫描速度为1 mm/s时,TA19钛合金的氧化效果较好,此时生成的氧化层疏松多孔,氧化层和亚表层的厚度分别为32μm和9μm.随每齿进给量的增加,铣削力逐渐增加,而背吃刀量对铣削力的影响较小,选取铣削参数n=20000 r/min、fz=1.75μm/z、ap=6μm为较优参数.与常规微细铣削工艺相比,激光诱导氧化辅助微细铣削的切削力降低了38％,且加工的高深宽比微结构的毛刺较小,表面质量较高.结论 激光诱导氧化辅助微细铣削的复合加工工艺可以有效改善TA19钛合金的微切削加工性,提高刀具的使用寿命.     

微细铣削铝合金6061表面毛刺研究

目的揭示微细铣削铝合金6061过程中,铣削工艺参数(切削深度a_p、每齿进给量f_z、切削速度v)、顺逆铣方式、刀具磨损对毛刺大小及形态的影响规律,为控制铝合金6061毛刺,提高表面质量,优化切削工艺提供参考。方法基于单因素试验方法,采用涂层硬质合金微直径铣刀,对铝合金6061进行了铣削加工试验,分别对切削参数单因素试验的逆铣、顺铣顶端毛刺大小数据以及刀具磨损、毛刺形态信息进行采集和分析。结果直观绘制了a_p、v、f_z对逆顺铣两侧顶端毛刺大小的影响规律图。单因素切削速度试验中,顺铣侧毛刺最大为323μm,逆铣侧最大为268μm;单因素每齿进给量试验中,顺铣侧毛刺最大为332μm,逆铣侧最大为331μm;单因素切深试验中顺铣侧毛刺最大为314μm,逆铣侧最大为264μm。结论逆铣比顺铣的顶端毛刺小,随切削深度增加,毛刺依次呈现长条须状、撕裂状、波浪形锯齿状。刀具磨损是造成切削过程不稳定的重要因素,同时也会造成毛刺形态和大小不稳定。为尽量减少毛刺,应采用锋利刀具和逆铣方式,控制切削深度,选择合适的切削速度和进给量。     

TiN涂层刀具切削淬硬H13钢切削性能试验研究

为研究TiN涂层刀具切削淬硬H13钢的切削性能,进行了TiN涂层刀具车削加工淬硬H13钢试验。分析了切削用量与切削力、切削温度的关系及涂层刀具磨损机制。研究得出切削速度、切削深度、进给量都对主切削力Fz和切深抗力Fx影响较大,对切削进给抗力Fy影响相对较小;切削速度对切削温度的影响最大;对刀具磨损观察发现刀具的前刀面有明显的月牙洼磨损,刀尖部位出现了微崩刃现象,后刀面出现磨粒磨损。研究结果为生产加工中优化切削用量及提高刀具寿命提供了技术支持和试验依据。     

微细铣削不锈钢微型薄壁试验研究

针对不锈钢微型薄壁的尺寸精度与表面质量,基于正交试验方法,文章通过微细铣削参数与工艺的试验研究,分析出3个关键铣削参数(每齿进给量f_z、径向切深a_e、轴向切深a_p)对切削力、薄壁尺寸误差以及表面粗糙度的影响主次,识别出获得较好薄壁尺寸精度与表面质量的最优参数组合。研究结果表明,微细铣削不锈钢材料时,切削力所引起微细刀具的退刀量使薄壁的实际尺寸增大,适当多次下刀可以使薄壁尺寸减小,即重复定位对尺寸误差的影响可以抵消一部分刀具退刀量对尺寸误差的影响。这对加工不锈钢薄壁零件的参数选择以及后续微细铣削薄壁研究有实际的参考价值。     

高速铣削铝衬微波印制板时的磨损与刀具耐用度研究

开展了使用TiN涂层刀具对Rogers/Duroid RT6010铝衬微波印制板进行高速铣削加工刀具磨损机理和耐用度的实验研究.使用SEM和能谱观察分析了前刀面和后刀面的磨损形态,结果显示切削铝衬微波印制板刀具主要存在磨料磨损、粘结磨损和扩散磨损等,其中以磨料磨损为主.为保证工件的加工精度,刀具的后刀面磨损带不宜超过401ìm.笔者采用正交实验与曲面响应方程相结合的方法,推导了TiN涂层刀具的耐用度模型.研究结果有助于合理选择高速铣削铝衬微波印制板刀具与切削参数.     

聚晶金刚石微细球头铣刀刃磨工艺参数优化

针对直径为0.5 mm的聚晶金刚石(PCD)微细球头铣刀刃磨质量控制问题,基于六轴数控刀具磨床几何运动原理,建立PCD微细球头铣刀的砂轮刃磨运动数学模型,开展PCD刀具精密刃磨正交试验,研究刃磨工艺参数对主轴负载率、刀具前刀面表面粗糙度、刀具刃口钝圆半径的影响规律。结果表明:磨削速度对主轴负载率以及刀具前刀面表面粗糙度的影响最为显著,提高磨削速度有利于获得较好的刀面质量;磨削深度对刃口钝圆半径的影响最为显著,减小磨削深度有利于获得锋利的刃口形状。通过合理选择刃磨工艺,PCD微细铣刀直径误差小于4.0 μm,刀具钝圆半径为4.5 μm,刀具角度误差小于1°,无明显刃磨损伤缺陷。      

涂层刀具高速车削铁基高温合金磨损机理研究

针对铁基高温合金GH2132,采用新型纳米级TiAlN和AlCrN的PVD涂层刀具进行高速干车削试验,研究刀具磨损率、磨损形式及磨损机理。研究表明:副后刀面磨损率大于主后刀面磨损率,随着切削速度提高,磨损率逐渐升高,在v=60～150m/min条件下磨损率较小,v=180m/min时磨损率较大;涂层刀具主要的磨损形式为正常前、后刀面磨损和边界磨损,以及非正常的剥落和崩刃,表现为次生粘结层的产生,刀尖切削刃处排列较整齐的沟壑和划痕;主要磨损机理为粘结磨损、磨粒磨损和氧化磨损。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。