偏置式空间机械臂关节角参数化逆运动学求解

针对偏置式空间7自由度(DOF)冗余机械臂,提出了一种基于关节角参数化的运动学求解方法。根据空间机械臂的结构特点对其臂型进行了分析,采用D-H(Denavit-Hartenberg)法建立空间机械臂坐标系。采用D-H法对空间机械臂操作空间进行了描述,在考虑运动学约束的基础上,得到了以关节角为变量的正运动学模型。通过分析逆运动学模型的可解性,采用矩阵逆乘的解析法求解了该类机械臂逆运动学的完整解析解。在Matlab环境下,使用Matlab Robotic Tools对机械臂的初始姿态进行了仿真。通过给定的机械臂末端位姿,根据推导的逆运动学算法对空间机械臂各个关节的角度进行了求解。机器臂的运动学逆解算将作为机器臂运动规划和轨迹控制的基础。     

基于改进人工蜂群算法的冗余机器臂逆解研究

针对具有移动关节的7自由度机械臂逆运动学求解困难的问题,提出了一种基于改进人工蜂群算法的逆运动学求解方法。首先根据冗余机械臂的物理结构简化出几何模型,利用D-H法建立运动学模型,由坐标系变换得到正运动学的解。由于该冗余机械臂不满足Pieper准则,难以用传统方法求得封闭解;因此采用改进人工蜂群智能算法,利用位置误差与姿态误差的标准差作为目标函数,求取逆运动学的最优解,并利用Matlab编程进行仿真验证,仿真结果表明该方法准确有效,为具有移动关节的冗余机械臂逆运动学的求解提供了一种新的途径。     

基于关节极限的冗余机械臂混沌动力学及控制

考虑关节位移极限指标,研究冗余机械臂系统动力学特性及延迟反馈法对系统混沌运动控制。以平面3自由度机械臂为研究对象,利用Jacobian矩阵伪逆法得到平面机械臂系统的动力学模型。基于关节位移极限指标,建立冗余机械臂系统的混沌动力学状态方程,采用龙格库塔法对模型求解,利用相图、Poincaré图及Lyapunov指数图等进行分析。结果表明基于关节位移极限的冗余机械臂的自运动表现出混沌现象。在此基础上,利用延迟反馈法进行混沌控制,得到在合适的扰动权重参数条件下,延迟反馈控制能使冗余机械臂的混沌运动稳定在周期轨道上,且发现在混沌吸引子内存在除1倍周期以外的2倍周期以及3倍周期窗口,通过选取不同的扰动权重能使系统稳定在不同的周期轨道上。     

基于扰动观测器的冗余机械臂任务空间控制

针对冗余机械臂在任务空间中的轨迹跟踪控制精度差问题,提出了一种基于非线性扰动观测器的滑模控制算法。首先,将末端执行器位姿轨迹通过运动学逆解转换成关节空间内的关节角轨迹,降低运动学求解的计算量;其次,利用拉格朗日法获得机械臂的动力学模型,明确系统输入输出关系;进而,设计非线性扰动观测器来估计与补偿系统的集总干扰,并引入基于趋近律的滑模控制算法来加快系统状态量的收敛速度;再者,控制器的稳定性在李雅普诺夫框架下得以证明;最后,以7自由度冗余机械臂为例对该文所提方法的有效性进行了仿真验证。仿真结果表明:文中控制器的控制性能要优于LADRC与SMC-LESO,能保证关节角具有较高的轨迹跟踪精度;该文方法能够较好地解决冗余机器人的运动学逆解问题,将求解精度控制在0.1mm的量级内。     

机械臂逆运动学的带修复策略自适应差分进化求解北大核心

在保证机械臂运动学逆解位姿精度的前提下,为了减小机械臂关节角整体的运动量,提出了基于带修复策略自适应差分进化算法的逆运动学求解方法。以7自由度冗余机械臂为研究对象进行了问题剖析。以末端执行器位姿精度为约束,以关节角整体运动量最小为目标,建立了带约束的优化模型。在差分进化算法中引入了多种变异策略,并给出了多变异策略的自适应选择方法,提高了算法的优化能力。针对约束条件,设置了带伸缩因子的修复策略,使解在非可行域时能够伸缩到可行域内。经验证,带修复策略自适应差分进化算法求取的运动学逆解能够满足位姿精度约束,且减小了逆解的关节角整体运动量,验证了本文算法在机械臂逆运动学求解中的优越性。     

QY 7t型重箱转载机械臂的运动学求解与分析

以QY-7t型重箱转载机械臂为研究对象,绘制了其三维结构图,阐释了各关节的运动特点,基于标准的D-H参数建模法确定了各关节坐标系及参数表,推导了机械臂的正、逆运动学方程,列示了逆解唯一性的程序求解原理图,并结合所建立的运动学方程,验证了机械臂末端位置能够满足其作业要求。     

多臂协同焊接机器人运动学逆解及误差分析

为了实现飞机双曲度壁板与桁条之间T形接头双侧焊缝的精准焊接,提出基于神经网络的多臂协同焊接机器人逆运动学求解方法.在构建多臂协同焊接机器人DH模型并进行有效性验证的基础上,考虑焊接机器人各关节运动范围,获取样本数据.基于BP和RBF神经网络,将18个关节子空间映射到三条机械臂末端作业空间,把高维、非线性逆运动学求解问题转换为多输入多输出预测模型.对两种神经网络模型求解效果进行对比.结果表明,基于神经网络的多臂焊接机器人运动学逆解求解结果精度高,其中BP神经网络求解速度更快,而RBF神经网络的预测效果更好.     

石材雕刻机械臂运动学性能的分析与优化北大核心

石材雕刻机械臂在其工作空间内的运动学性能的变化相当复杂,其运动性能的优劣是影响石雕产品质量的重要因素。分析并优化石材雕刻机械臂在其工作空间内的运动性能。基于D-H参数法建立石材雕刻机械臂运动学模型,通过旋量理论中的指数乘积公式计算石材雕刻机械臂正运动学解和逆运动学解;基于雅克比矩阵的条件数,提出可以定量描述石材雕刻机械臂运动性能的指标(灵巧度),并进一步研究灵巧度在关节空间坐标和操作空间坐标下的变化规律;基于Dijkstra优化理论,在石材雕刻机械臂的可达工作区内给出机械臂运动性能最优的工作空间。结果表明:当石材雕刻机械臂在最优工作空间中移动时,其关节角加速度的波动会大幅减小。研究成果可为石材雕刻机械臂加工位置的布局提供参考。     

基于位姿分离算法的冗余机器人逆运动学分析

针对冗余机器人逆运动学求解复杂、实时性差的缺点,提出一种基于冗余机器人位姿分离的逆运动学求解算法。该算法以腕点矢量为目标,计算冗余机器人位置关节的逆解及位置关节对腕关节的误差补偿,得出腕关节逆运动学解。通过建立基于运动轨迹的逆运动学约束泛函,对冗余机器人的逆解进行了优化。得到机器人关节运动特性随约束泛函的变化曲线以及关节逆解的优化解流形。     

基于关节优先级的冗余机械臂柔顺控制方法

针对冗余机械臂柔顺控制过程中某些关节运动可能超出安全范围导致安全事故的问题，提出一种基于关节优先级的冗余机械臂柔顺控制方法。此方法通过雅可比矩阵的加权广义逆矩阵与阻抗控制中机械臂的末端速度相结合，计算出关节角度增量，并对关节角度进行迭代更新。在机械臂运动过程中，为减小超限关节的角度增量，将相应关节设置较小的关节优先级，将超限关节角度变化保持在安全范围内。最后使用一种八自由度的冗余机械臂进行柔顺控制实验验证。结果表明：将相应关节设置较小优先级后，该关节角度增量减小，证明了该柔顺控制方法的可行性和有效性。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.