YG30硬质合金与45钢TIG焊接头组织中η相

选用Ni—Fe合金和纯Ni焊丝对YG30硬质合金与45钢进行了TIG焊试验。用扫描电镜、WDX成份分析等对焊接接头中η相的形貌、分布、化学成份进行了分析。结果得出，η相分布于YG30／焊缝界面区域，并在界面处聚集长大。当Fe浓度在YG30中达约40％(摩尔分数)时，WC分解成η相，此时η相中Fe浓度达23％(摩尔分数)左右，属富W和Fe的M6C型复合碳化物。     

YG30硬质合金与45#钢TIG焊接头组织及抗弯强度的研究

选用Ni-Fe合金和Ni-Fe-C合金作为填充金属对YG30硬质合金与45^#钢进行了TIG焊试验。运用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、弯曲力学性能试验等方法对焊接接头的组织形态、物相及抗弯强度进行了研究。结果表明，分布于YG30／焊缝界面区域的η相为M6C型的Fe3W3Cη1相的存在是焊接接头抗弯强度低下的原因。选择适当碳含量的Ni-Fe-C合金作为填充金属，能够提高焊接接头的抗弯强度。     

YG30硬质合金与45钢TIG焊接头组织及抗弯强度的研究

选用Ni-Fe合金和Ni-Fe-C合金作为填充金属对YG30硬质合金与45钢进行了TIG焊试验,运用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、弯曲力学性能试验等方法对焊接接头的组织形态、物相及抗弯强度进行了研究。结果表明,分布于YG30／焊缝界面区域的叩相为M6C型的Fe3W3C,η相的存在是焊接接头抗弯强度低下的原因。适当碳含量的Ni-Fe-C合金作为填充金属,能够提高焊接接头的抗弯强度。     

YG30硬质合金与因瓦合金TIG焊接头的组织与硬度的分析研究

本文选用不同厚度的Ni-Fe、Ni-Fe-C-Mn-Nb因瓦合金,与YG30在不加填充材料、对接条件下直接进行TIG焊接试验,运用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、显微硬度仪等对焊接接头的显微组织和硬度进行研究分析。结果表明,Ni-Fe因瓦合金与YG30连接,在YG30/因瓦合金焊接接头界面区硬质合金侧形成η-碳化物;Ni-Fe-C-Mn-Nb因瓦合金与YG30连接,在界面区没有η-碳化物形成。不同厚度、不同工艺参数的焊接接头中,厚度为2mm、电流为135A和厚度为4mm、电流为145A的两种焊接接头组织均匀,界面冶金结合良好,硬度分布过渡平缓。     

WC-20Co硬质合金与1045钢的焊条电弧焊研究

用Z408焊条对WC-20Co硬质合金与1045钢进行了焊条电弧焊,并与J422焊条对比分析了所焊接头的组织与力学性能。试验结果表明:采用J422碳钢焊条焊接WC-20Co与1045钢时,在焊缝与硬质合金界面处生成η碳化物层,焊缝组织以马氏体和共晶为主,接头结合强度仅为硬质合金母材的1/5,不适于硬质合金焊接;用Z408铸铁焊条焊接时则不产生界面η碳化物,接头结合强度达到1180 MPa,可用于WC-20Co与1045钢的焊接;但Z408焊条易在焊缝中残留夹渣,影响接头强度,焊接时应适当提高热输入;焊前450℃预热和焊后450℃保温可以防止裂纹的产生。     

ANN在焊接接头抗弯强度预测中的应用

采用Ni—Fe—C合金作为填充金属,获得了基于11G焊的WC-30Co／45钢焊接接头。采用人工神经网络(ANN)方法,对WC-30Co／Ni-Fe-C／45钢11G焊过程中输入参数(焊接参数和填充金属成分)和力学抗弯强度之间的关系进行预测和分析。训练数据经过数据标准化处理,送入基于反向传播的多层前馈神经网络模型训练。并采用均方误差对模型进行误差分析。并采用训练的网络对焊接参数和填充金属成分与抗弯强度之间的关系进行预测。最后通过试验对预测结果进行了误差分析。结果表明,当采用碳含量(质量分数)0．6％或0．8％;Ni／Fe比为1．9～2．7的合金作为填充金属时可以获得较高的抗弯强度;构建的基于反向传播算法的ANN模型适用于评价WC-30Co／45钢TIG焊接头的抗弯强度,优于传统方法。     

硬质合金与钢电子束焊接接头组织及性能

通过预置镍基金属填充层进行了硬质合金与钢的偏钢侧电子束焊接,获得了无裂纹缺陷的焊接接头.焊接接头为“半钉形”熔-钎焊接头,硬质合金/焊缝界面及钢/焊缝界面均形成了较好的冶金结合,且硬质合金母材发生微熔,部分WC颗粒进入焊缝中.结果表明,硬质合金侧界面处获得了y(Fe,Ni)固溶体组织和以W2C及Fe3W3C为主的“鱼骨状”碳化物组织,钢侧热影响区为典型的马氏体组织.焊缝中含有较多的Fe,Ni元素,且Ni元素向硬质合金侧界面处发生了扩散；接头最高抗拉强度可达560 MPa,最高抗剪强度达到460 MPa,断口为明显的准解理断口.     

YG30硬质合金与45钢TIG焊界面组织的分析

选用纯Fe、Ni-Fe合金和Co-Fe合金作为填充金属对YG30硬质合金与45钢进行了TIG焊试验。运用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪等设备对YG30/焊缝界面处的组织形貌及物相进行了研究。结果表明,纯Fe作为填充金属时,界面处产生的大块η相最多,Co-Fe合金次之,Ni-Fe合金最少。纯Fe和Ni-Fe合金作为填充金属时分布于界面区域的η相为Fe3W3C;Co-Fe合金作为填充金属时界面处产生的η相为Fe3W3C和Co3W3C的混合物。     

焊后退火对YG30与45钢TIG焊界面组织的影响

选用纯Fe作填充金属对YG30硬质合金与45钢进行TIG焊试验。利用扫描电镜对退火前后的YG30/焊缝界面区的组织形貌进行分析。结果表明,工业纯Fe作填充金属,在1050℃退火后,焊态的η相不变;在1150℃退火后,开始产生新η相;η相随退火温度升高和保温时间延长而增加。退火时新η相成核于WC-γ相界,吞并WC晶粒而长大,分布在WC颗粒的边界。     

T91/12CrMoV钢管TIG焊接接头力学性能与显微组织

采用TGS-9Cb和TIG-R31两种焊丝TIG焊接T91/12CrMoV钢,通过试验对比,分析了两种焊丝焊接T91/12CrMoV钢接头的力学性能和显微组织。结果表明:两种焊丝T91/12CrMoV钢焊接接头的抗拉强度和抗弯强度均符合规范要求;TGS-9Cb焊丝的T91/12CrMoV钢焊接接头存在碳化物的聚集,有脆性相,TIG-R31焊丝的效果更佳。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

The Mirror with Patterns of Auspicious Animals and Grapes——Exquisite cast mirror and the technology of surface tin-enrichment by rubbing-in and infiltration of tin-rich powder

<正>Bronze mirrors were used by the Chinese people before the introduction of the glass mirror.Only after it was replaced by the glass mirror did the bronze mirror gradually retreat from people's lives.Different styles of bronze mirrors were made in different historical periods,particularly in the Warring States Period,the Han and Tang Dynasties,which were the three peaks of the development of bronze mirror arts in ancient China.The casting techniques were exquisite.The surface of the bronze mirror was smooth and bright enough to reflect one's image,and there were scarcely any casting defects on the mirror surface.On the back of the bronze mirror,there were rich depictions of Arts and Humanities,and the ornamentations were also