静态条件下氨基酸对HCFC-141b水合物生成的促进

为了促进水合物在静态条件下快速生成,选择含有疏水脂肪异丁基侧链的L-亮氨酸来研究其对HCFC-141b水合物生成的促进效果.研究结果表明添加适量的L-亮氨酸可大幅度缩短HCFC-141b水合物形成诱导时间,提高水合物生成的稳定性.添加质量浓度1.5wt％的L-亮氨酸促进效果最好,水合物生成平均诱导时间为70 min,诱...     

促进剂对气体水合物增长期内生长速率的影响

气体水合物是一种新型空调蓄冷介质,但由于诱导期长、过冷度大和生长缓慢的问题限制了其工程应用。本文采用均相成核方法,研究促进剂对水合物增长期内的生长速率的影响。实验研究无促进剂和添加了质量浓度为0.1%的十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、四丁基溴化铵(TBAB)、四氢呋喃(THF)和全氟烷基醚醇铵盐型阴离子Intechem-01(FC-01)的样品在3℃下HCFC-141b水合物增长期内的生长情况。结果表明:在水合物增长期内,热力学促进剂TBAB、THF对水合物生长速率提高作用较小,而动力学促进剂表面活性剂SDS、SDBS和FC-01明显提高生长速率,其中FC-01效果最佳;分析表面活性剂混合液的液滴尺寸,FC-01对HCFC-141b的分散及稳定性最好,液滴平均尺寸稳定在约350 nm,这也说明对客体材料分散及稳定性优异的动力学促进剂能显著提高水合物增长期内生长速率。     

表面剂对HCFC141b的静态水合反应的作用

为了实现静态下水合物的快速生成,以促进水合技术的应用,通过同时添加NdFeB合金与十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS),在静态下成功实现了HCFC141b的快速水合反应.文章着重分析了SDS对此水合过程中诱导时间以及水合物的生长区域的影响,通过假定与分析,认为SDS会抑制水合反应的成核过程,但是会促进成核后的水合物生长过程,而NdFeB合金则能够强烈促进成核过程,两者配合实现了快速的水合反应;并提出了选择表面活性剂的一些定性的限制.     

静态下HCFC141b水合反应过程的物质输运

实验研究了静态条件下HCFC141b气体水合物水合反应过程，主要研究了在反应中合适放置小铁丝及添加表面活性剂SDBS（十二烷基苯磺酸钠）时对改善水合物生成性能的影响，并首次着重对反应过程中界面状况及水的质量传输过程进行观测和讨论。发现当SDBS与铁丝存在时，水在表面作用下沿着玻璃壁面绕过HCFC141b往下传输到与水合物接触，与水合物内部的游离水构成一体，再不断向水合物与HCFC141b接触的地方推进，形成新的水合物。     

铜网促进四氢呋喃水合物生成实验

为解决静态系统中水合物诱导时间长、生长速度慢的问题,利用铜网较高的表面能以及适宜的网状结构,从减小成核壁垒和强化传热方面研究了常压下四氢呋喃+水体系中添加金属铜网对水合物生成的影响。实验结果表明,铜网的存在能减小晶核形成所需克服的表面能,诱导THF水合物成核,减少水合物生成的诱导时间。在实验条件下,40目铜网较80目铜网对THF水合物生成的促进效果好,水合物形成的诱导时间短。随着铜网层数的增加,水合物形成的诱导时间缩短。温度升高,THF水合物成核随机性增大。与圆柱形铜网相比,W形铜网作用下THF水合物形成诱导时间变化区间小。温度越低,水合物形成的诱导时间越短,水合物生长速度越快,生成的水合物也越密实。     

HCFC-141b水合物海水淡化试验研究

首先介绍了海水淡化方法以及水合物法海水淡化的发展,接下来初步试验探究了HCFC-141b在盐水中生成水合物的实验,测出盐水溶液在水合物生成前后盐度的变化,由结果分析可知采用水合物的生成和分解可以实现海水淡化的目的。最后提出水合物法海水淡化目前存在的问题以及对工质要求、对试验装置的改进建议。     

气体水合物蓄冷主要影响因素实验研究

在一台可视化蓄冷槽容积达0.16m3的蓄冷实验系统上进行了HCFC-141b水合物蓄冷实验研究.结果表明:促晶扰动在水合物生成中至关重要,即使在较高温度,只要连续促晶水合物也能生成;冷媒流量越大,冷媒温度越低,水合物越容易生成,蓄冷量也越大;喷淋作用和反应历史的作用对水合物结晶温度和蓄冷量影响不大.     

HCFC-141b水合物浆流动特性实验

利用实验环道进行了水合物颗粒体积分数为0到70%的HCFC-141b水合物浆的流动实验,实验结果表明:在固相体积分数小于28.5%时,管道中水合物呈稀浆状,浆体为牛顿流体;当固相体积分数大于37.5%时,管道中水合物呈泥状,浆体为Bingham流体.回归了泥状水合物的屈服应力及表观粘度,并根据水合物浆的流动特性分段回归了水合物浆在管道中流动的压降计算公式,实验验证表明回归的计算公式可以比较准确的计算管道中水合物浆流动的压降,可以为制冷系统HCFC-141b水合物的流动及其它水合物浆的流动提供指导.     

HCFC-141b/HFC-134a气体水合物蓄冷特性试验研究

水合物蓄冷技术是一种新型、极具潜力的蓄冷技术。通过试验研究混合制冷剂水合物HCFC-141b/HFC-134a的蓄放冷过程。试验结果表明:不同配比、不同载冷剂温度及加入表面活性剂对HCFC-141b/HFC-134a气体水合物蓄冷速率和蓄冷密度有不同的增益或抑制作用。     

纳米流体中CO_2水合物生成特性实验研究

在自行设计的小型气体水合物反应装置上进行了纳米流体中CO2水合物生成特性的实验研究,探讨了纳米粒子的种类、粒径和质量分数对CO2水合物生成特性的影响。研究发现,与纯水相比,纳米粒子Cu O和Si O2增加了CO2耗气量,但延长了气体水合物生成的诱导时间。金属纳米粒子Cu和金属氧化物纳米粒子Al2O3对CO2水合物生成的诱导时间和耗气量有明显改善。对不同粒径的Al2O3纳米粒子对气体水合物生成特性的研究发现,30 nm的Al2O3纳米流体对水合物生成特性影响最大。与纯水相比,0.1%-30 nm-Al2O3纳米流体中水合物生成的诱导时间缩短了76.9%,耗气量增加了23.2%。CO2水合物耗气量随着Cu粒子质量分数的增加先增加后减少。最后进行了纳米粒子对CO2水合物生成特性的影响的理论分析。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.