模拟技术在吹塑型坯成型中的研究进展

介绍了模拟技术在吹塑型坯成型中的研究和发展状况，针对型坯成型过程，对国内外学者进行数值分析的方法和理论依据进行了论述，着重论述了神经网络方法。并指出型坯成型是吹塑过程的核心，是一个受聚合物材料性能、熔融温度、成型加工条件等因素综合影响的过程。     

挤出吹塑型坯吹胀的CAD/CAE技术

对挤出吹塑型坯吹胀过程的CAD／CAE技术进行了初步研究。此技术可通过对吹塑CAD几何造型，CAD／CAE间信息传递，以及CAE分析的集成，实现对挤出吹塑型坯吹胀成型工艺过程的模拟和分析。最后用实例验证了此技术的可行性，为塑料制品的设计、材料选择、模具设计、吹塑成型工艺的制定及吹塑成型工艺过程的控制提供了科学依据。     

注射吹塑成型设备及工艺

<正> 一、前言同挤出吹塑成型加工一样,注射吹塑成型也是生产中空塑料容器的一种两步成型方法。但它又完全不同于挤吹成型,生产过程中,由注射机将熔融物料在高压下注入注塑膜内形成特定的型坯,注塑模开模后型坯保留在芯棒体上,然后在一定温度下,通过机械传动将型坯置入吹塑模     

吹塑成型CAE技术研究与应用现状分析

吹塑成型是成型中空塑料制品的主要成型方法,其成型过程包括型坯成型、型坯吹胀和制品的冷却固化三个阶段。中空制品的吹型成型质量受各种工艺因素的影响,包括熔融温度、吹胀压力、拉仲速率、冷却时间、聚合物材料柱能等。吹塑成型数值模拟可预测制品的壁厚均匀性,残余应力和收缩状况等,指导吹塑成型模具的优化设计,并通过优化工艺参数获得最佳性能的吹塑制品。本文对吹塑成型CAE技术的发展状况进行了详细研究,并对其应用现状作了简单分析。     

未来十年吹塑成型技术展望

１　概述　　吹塑是加工中空制件的一种成型方法,其过程是把软化或熔融的热塑性塑料型坯放入到冷金属模型内腔,吹胀型坯使其紧贴在模腔壁上,直至塑料型坯保持金属模的形状,然后脱模并修整成型了的制件以清除飞边或边料。虽然大多数聚合物可用各种吹塑方法成型,但ＰＥ所占的比重为大。１９９６年美国吹塑塑料消耗总量约为１００亿磅,其中ＰＥ占２／３左右。ＰＥＴ消耗量占２０亿磅,其它如ＰＶＣ、ＰＰ、ＰＣ和ＡＢＳ塑料用于吹塑的消耗量大致相同。　　通常把吹塑产品分为日用品容器和工业及结构用制品。日用容器约占其中的８５％市场…     

中空吹塑成型过程数值分析技术的进展

论文对塑料中空吹塑成型过程数值分析的研究和发展状况进行了全面的阐述，针对成型过程的三个阶段：型坯形成，型坯吹胀以及冷却与固化阶段因内外研究者进行数值分析的具体谅才理论依据进行了较详细的论述，并指出毛坯熔融挤出，吹胀成型、冷却和固化是成型周期中紧密衔接的三个过程，目前对各个阶段分别进行研究的较多，而综合考虑气压、温度、冷却时间、高分子材料性能等因素对全过程进行数值模拟的较少见报道，因此还有许多研究工     

挤出吹塑实验研究进展

对挤出吹塑过程的三个阶段：型坯成型、型坯吹胀以及制品冷却与固化阶段的实验方法和装置的研究现状进行了详细论述。     

挤出吹塑型坯吹胀的CAD／CAE技术

对挤出吹塑型坯吹胀过程的CAD／CAE技术进行了初步研究。此技术可通过对吹塑CAD几何造型，CAD／CAE间信息传递，以及CAE分析的集成，实现对挤出吹塑型坯吹胀成型工艺过程的模拟和分析。最后用实例验证了此技术的可行性，为塑料制品的设计、材料选择、模具设计、吹塑成型工艺的制定及吹塑成型工艺过程的控制提供了科学依据。     

塑料挤出吹塑中型坯成型模拟采用的本构方程

型坯成型是塑料挤出吹塑中的一个重要阶段。对型坯成型阶段的数值模拟可分为两种方法：一种是将型坯机头内的聚合物熔体看作牛顿流体，另一种是将其看作粘弹性流体。在对粘弹性流体进行分析时，用到了微分型和积分型的本构方程，对此进行了较系统的介绍。     

中空成型设备的技术进展及发展趋势

介绍了我国中空成型设备的生产现状、国内外中空成型设备最新技术进展和发展趋势，包括注坯吹塑、挤出吹塑和拉坯吹塑设备以及近年来新开发的全电动中空成型机、多层容器用成型机等。     

Numerical simulation of blow molding—prediction of parison diameter and thickness distributions in the parison formation process

In our previous study, we calculated the time course of parison length in the parison formation stage, but it could predict only the parison area swell. The next target in our study is to calculate the parison diameter and thickness swell. Annular extrudate swell simulation is necessary for the understanding of various kinds of swelling ratios in blow molding. We have examined three kinds of swells (outer diameter, thickness, and area swells) obtained from simulation results of annular extrudate swell, using the Giesekus model, and have developed a method of predicting parison outer diameter and thickness swell values. The predicted values of parison outer diameters are discussed in comparison with experimental data, and reasonable results are obtained by the proposed method. This prediction method could also be applied to the parison formation process using a parison controller. As a result, it is possible to predict approximately the whole process of parison formation by numerical simulation.     

New Strategies for Predicting Parison Dimensions in Extrusion Blow Molding

In this work, two new strategies were proposed for predicting the parison thickness and diameter distributions in extrusion blow molding. The first one was a finite-element-based numerical simulation for the parison extruded from a varying die gap. The comparison of simulated and experimental parison thickness distributions indicates that the new method has certain accuracy in predicting the parison thickness from a varying die gap. The second one was an artificial neural network (ANN) approach, the characteristics of which are in sufficient patterns that can be obtained without doing too many experiments. The diameter and thickness swells of the parisons extruded under different flow rates were obtained by a well-designed experiment. The obtained data were then used to train and test the ANN model. The dimension of one location on the parison can provide one pattern to train the ANN model. Trained and tested ANN model can be used to predict the dimensions at any location on the parison within a given range. The proposed two strategies can help search the processing conditions to obtain optimal parison thickness distributions.     

Overall numerical simulation of extrusion blow molding process

This paper focuses on the overall numerical simulation of the parison formation and inflation process of extrusion blow molding. The competing effects due to swell and drawdown in the parison formation process were analyzed by a Lagrangian Eulerian (LE) finite element method (FEM) using an automatic remeshing technique. The parison extruded through an annular die was modeled as an axisymmetric unsteady nonisothermal flow with free surfaces and its viscoelastic properties were described by a K‐BKZ integral constitutive equation. An unsteady die‐swell simulation was performed to predict the time course of the extrudate parison shape under the influence of gravity and the parison controller. In addition, an unsteady large deformation analysis of the parison inflation process was also carried out using a three‐dimensional membrane FEM for viscoelastic material. The inflation sequence for the parison molded into a complex‐shaped mold cavity was analyzed. The numerical results were verified using experimental data from each of the sub‐processes. The greatest advantage of the overall simulation is that the variation in the parison dimension caused by the swell and drawdown effect can be incorporated into the inflation analysis, and consequently, the accuracy of the numerical prediction can be enhanced. The overall simulation technique provides a rational means to assist the mold design and the determination of the optimal process conditions.     

Three‐dimensional simulation on multilayer parison shape at pinch‐off stage in extrusion blow molding

We tried to predict the multilayer parison shape at pinch‐off stage in extrusion blow molding by nonisothermal and purely viscous non‐Newtonian flow simulation using the finite element method (FEM). We assumed the parison deformation as a flow problem. The Carreau model was used as the constitutive equation and FEM was used for calculation method. Multilayer parison used in this simulation was composed of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) as inner and outer layers and low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) of which viscosity is five times lower than HDPE as a middle layer. We discussed multilayer parison shape in pinch‐off region. The results obtained are as follows; the parison shape of each layer was clearly visible in the pinch‐off during the mold closing. In addition, the distribution of parison thickness ratios for each layer was located for a large deformation near the pinch‐off region. The melt viscosity for each layer has an influence on the melt flow in the pinch‐off region. In a comparison with an experimental data of parison thickness ratios, the simulation results are larger than the experimental data. These simulation results obtained are in good agreement with the experimental data in consideration of the standard deviations. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Variables affecting parison diameter swell and their correlation with rheological parameters

An important factor in the selection of blow molding resins for producing handled bottles is the effective diameter swell of the parison. Ideally, the diameter swell is directly related to the weight swell and would require no separate consideration. In actual practice, the existence of gravity, the finite parison drop time and the anisotropic aspects of the blow molding operation prevent reliable prediction of the parison diameter swell directly from the weight swell. The parison diameter swell is a complex function of the weight swell, the rate of swell and the melt strength. Elements of this function are presented which show the effect of extrusion rate, parison drop time and parison weight. A technique is presented which allows the estimation of local weight and diameter swell ratios. Their direct relationship is confirmed by data obtained on several blow molding resins. The relationship between weight swell and diameter swell is definitely anisotropic. A mathematical model for swell is proposed which incorporates experimentally determined rate constants and swell coefficients. Correlations are given which suggest fundamental relationships between these derived coefficients and basic variables such as resin properties or process conditions. The model's predictive capability is demonstrated by using it to back calculate parison dimensions.     

注吹一次成型全自动吹瓶机开边模结构设计

介绍用注塑机改装的注吹一次成型全自动吹瓶机开边模部件的结构设计，在通用注塑机动板、定板之间加装一个回转模部件，定板做成注塑凹模部件，动板上安装开边模部件，合模时将塑料熔体注射到凹模与回转模芯棒之间的空腔内形成吹瓶用的管坯，而在动板侧（开边模部件0将管坯吹塑成瓶形。整个工作过程用微电脑或可编程序控制器（PC）控制全自动完成。     

基于神经网络的挤出吹塑中型坯尺寸预测

延续了本课题组在挤出吹塑中利用人工神经网络(ANN)预测型坯尺寸的工作,建立一个新的ANN模型。经过样本训练和检验后,模型能在一定范围内预测型坯任意位置上的尺寸(直径和厚度);与以往工作相比,相同的实验量能提供更丰富的训练样本。     

Integrated numerical modeling of the blow molding process

The numerical modeling of the extrusion blow molding of a fuel tank is considered in this work. The integrated process phases are consecutively simulated, namely, parison formation, clamping, and inflation, as well as part solidification, part deformation (warpage), and the buildup of residual stresses. The parison formation is modeled with an integral type viscoelastic constitutive equation for the sag behavior and a semi-empirical equation for the swell behavior. A nonisothermal viscoelastic formulation is employed for the clamping and inflation simulation, since parison cooling during extrusion strongly affects the inflation behavior. Once the parison is inflated, it solidifies while in the mold and after part ejection. Warpage and residual stress development of the part are modeled with a linear viscoelastic solid model. Numerical predictions are compared with experimental results obtained on an industrial scale blow molding machine. Good agreement is observed. A process optimization based on a desired objective function, such as uniform part thickness distribution and/or minimal part weight, is performed. The integrated clamping, inflation, and cooling stages of the process are considered. The optimization is done by the systematic manipulation of the parison thickness distribution. Iterations are performed employing a gradient based updating scheme for the parison thickness programming, until the desired objective of uniform part thickness is obtained.