国内高等学校分类研究述评

我国高等学校分类研究始于上世纪80年代上半叶,除学位论文和专著外,相关研究主要集中在国外比较研究、特定类型界说、与分类相关的管理问题、分类体系设计、分类的基本理论问题等方面。已有研究的主要问题有:研究内容存在一定程度的泛化现象;过于注重分类结果,而对分类基本理论问题讨论不足;对我国高等学校分类的特殊性、重要性的认识有待进一步深化;比较研究严重缺乏,研究质量有待提高等。     

关于教学规律的思考

我国教育学界对教学规律的研究存在在重理论思辨、轻教学实践、落后于时代发展的问题，没有起到对教学实践应有的指导作用。分析我国当前的教学现象，可以发现下列重要的教学规律：教师的教学水平决定教育质量的规律；评价导向规律；内因决定规律；成长差异规律；个别差异规律。     

论我国国际教育服务贸易逆差及对策

教育服务贸易是一种新的贸易形式,发达国家均十分重视。目前,我国是世界上最大的国际教育服务贸易逆差国,这种现象造成我国巨额的教育资金和大量人才的“双外流”,对我国的国际形象和文化建设与发展有负面的影响。它的形成有教育政策、教育现状、教育理论研究及文化认识等多方面的因素。积极改革现有的留学生政策、以亚洲和第三世界各国为“目标客户群”实施“教育输出”、设立“教育特区”、努力提高我国在国际教育服务贸易中的份额,是扭转我国国际教育服务贸易逆差的重要对策。     

所谓苏格拉底“知识即美德”论是臆造之说

在中国教育界,几乎存在一种公识:苏格拉底提出过"知识即美德"论;"知识即美德"论是一种重要哲学理论、教育理论、道德教育理论。"知识即美德"或其变体,见于许多教育史或教育思想史专著与教材,见于教育史或教育思想史考试题或模拟题,见于教育史、教育思想史、教育理论(包括德育理论)研究论文,见于教师及学生言谈。然而,所谓苏格拉底"知识即美德"论没有文本存在,在记录苏格拉底言论与思想的柏拉图与色诺芬著作流行英文译本、希腊文原本和中文译本中,均不见苏格拉底说过"知识即美德"。所谓苏格拉底"知识即美德"论也没有语境逻辑,苏格拉底所说知识是一种状态,美德是一种品质,二者不等同;所说知识囊括驳杂事物,其中绝大多数与美德无关;其言论中,没有潜在的或隐藏的"知识即美德"论。所谓苏格拉底"知识即美德"论是凭空臆造之说,一旦得到来信,可能会误导教育知识承传,误导教育理论研究,误导教育实践探索。在教育领域少一些伪学说、丑学说与恶学说,多一些真学说、美学说与善学说,教育理论研究与实践探索的品质才能持续提高。     

高校创新教育若干理论与实践问题剖析

高校创新教育已成为我国教育改革的主旋律,引起教育理论与实践工作者的普遍关注,但对于实施高校创新教育中可能出现的误区却缺乏应有的探讨和研究.当前高校创新教育在理论和实践上存在种种误区,对其进行分析和澄清,将有利于深化对高校创新教育的认识,推动创新教育有效实施.     

澳大利亚新南威尔士大学创建世界一流大学的战略与实践鉴析

澳大利亚新南威尔士大学将创建世界一流大学视为提升自身教育质量与效益内涵式发展的一项系统工程,它在学校新一轮发展模式中将高等教育科学发展的理论品性与对现实社会的实践关怀融合其中,形成一个质性契合、互为支撑的连续统,令战略制定与实际执行能有效对接与转换,从而确保战略规划与实施效果的关联一致,有效提升了学校的全球竞争力。该校在建设世界一流大学的进程中所采取的政策规划和实践措施为我国推进"双一流"战略提供了经验借鉴与措施参考。     

高校后勤社会化三大关系实践研究

计划经济体制下形成的各种后勤模式已经成为阻碍高校发展的因素,而高校后勤社会化改革是一项新事业,没有现成经验可以借鉴。改革过程中,处理好经济规律和教育规律、经济效益和社会效益、管理方与经营方等三大关系,需要进行理论探索与实践研究。     

高校创新教育若干理论与实践问题剖析

高校创新教育已成为我国教育改革的主旋律，引起教育理论与实践工作者的普遍关注，但对于实施高校创新教育中可能出现的误区却缺乏应有的探讨和研究。当前高校创新教育在理论和实践上存在种种误区，以其进行分析和澄清，将有利于深化对高校创新教育的认识，推动创新教育有效实施。     

高师公共教育类课程体系改革与重构

本文试图在改革高等师范院校原有公共教育类课程体系中的教育理论性课程和教育实践性课程的基础上,建立专门的、综合性、操作性较强的教师职业技能课程,以构建一种新的完善的能够“培养高师师范类专业学生的教师职业素质,使师范生具有现代教育观念和良好的教师职业道德,掌握基本的教育科学知识和心理科学知识,具备基本的综合教学能力、班主任工作能力和使用现代教育技术的能力”的高师公共教育类课程体系。     

中职金属机械加工制造工艺专业“课堂革命”路径研究

探讨了中职机械专业中的“课堂革命”路径,以金属机械加工制造工艺为例进行研究。通过对金属机械加工制造工艺教学的实践与创新,以培养学生的实践能力和创新思维为主要目标,实现教育教学的转型与升级。通过分析中职教育模式的演变与发展,探索“课堂革命”理论与实践的相关研究,以及金属机械加工制造工艺中的教学特点,提出了适用于中职机械专业的“课堂革命”路径。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。