Fundamental characteristics of three-terminal thin-film microbridges

Current-voltage characteristics of a new type of superconducting weak link are investigated in which three bulk superconductors are coupled via a common weak-order-parameter region, in contrast to the usual weak links, where the coupling is limited to two superconductors. The indium three-terminal weak links studied in this experiment were made by using an electron beam lithography technique. The weak link length is typically shorter than the Ginzburg-Landau coherence length at the bath temperature, allowing strong interactions between phase-slip centers to occur inside the weak link. Pronounced structure in theI–V curves can be understood in terms of quasiparticle-exchange interactions between the phase-slip centers and order parameter variation due to current depairing. An aluminum three-terminal weak link was also investigated, showing behavior somewhat different from that of the indium weak links.     

The prevalence of weak patents in the United States: A new method to identify weak patents and the implications for patent policy

The presence of patents with dubious validity (i.e., weak patents) has been one of the prominent patent policy issues with undesirable consequences in innovation. The present study empirically examines the prevalence of weak patents in the United States and whether or not the current patent system is capable of correcting weak patent issues. To this end, we propose a new method to identify weak patents by using patent citation information in conjunction with the textual similarity between citing and cited patents. Our method, along with a series of internal validation measures, shows that 13% of U.S. patents filed from 2001 to 2010 are weak patents. By applying this new method, we find that patent owners build a patent portfolio around a weak patent by developing subsequent inventions more than they do for a non-weak patent. Our further analysis finds that a weak patent is more or equally likely to be retained by the patent owner than a non-weak patent. Our findings suggest that patent owners have an incentive to invest in maintaining and appropriating weak patents, and thus, the current patent system is incapable of self-correcting weak patent issues.     

爆破飞石受软弱夹层影响分析及其在复杂环境下的控制

分析了在软弱夹层地质条件下爆破飞石产生的原因及机理,根据软弱夹层产生爆破飞石的特点,区分了在软弱夹层和一般岩体条件下飞石产生的差别。在软弱夹层的地质条件下以及城镇复杂的爆破环境下,给出了合理有效控制爆破飞石的措施。     

Deformation and fracture behavior of strong–weak coupling structure and its application in coal roadway instability prevention

The theoretical work, experiments, and practical application in the field are carried out to investigate the performance of strong–weak coupling structure. Results indicate that the deformation in the weak zone is greater than that in the strong zone before the peak stress. Moreover, the weak zone is crushed while the strong zone remains intact after the peak stress. Hence, the coupling structure could protect the strong zone from damage. Furthermore, the strong–weak coupling structure can effectively transfer the peak stress to the further area from coal roadway and improve the ability of the coal roadway surrounding rock to resist deformation. Finally, in the field tests, the strong–weak structure can significantly improve the stability of coal roadway. It shows that the average subsidence of the roadway roof and the accumulated deformation on the sides of the coal roadway in the strong–weak coupling zone were 55.21% and 61.42% lesser than those in the weak zone, respectively.     

带有余弦函数的三维混沌弱信号检测系统及电路实现

从理论上分析了二维Duffing弱信号检测系统变量输出在混沌和周期态之间交替转换。发现一种新的三维混沌弱信号检测系统生成规则,以生成4种检测系统之一的三维Liu-cos混沌系统为例,采用傅里叶变换等方法从理论上验证了新生成的三维混沌弱信号检测系统输出信号具有广域收敛性,解决了二维Duffing混沌弱信号检测系统不能广域检测和输出信号不收敛问题;新设计的三维Liu-cos混沌弱信号检测电路空中声波实验显示可抗低频声波干扰,检测性能优于二维Duffing混沌电路和新设计的Duffing＋滤波器电路,水中实验显示三维Liu-cos混沌弱信号检测电路可抗高频水声干扰,可检测波形畸变的水声信号。     

Studies of the strong coupling and weak coupling methods in FSI analysis

The weak coupling methods in fluid–structure interaction analysis are newly classified into three types; the weak coupling method for solving structures with interfaces, the weak coupling method for solving fluids with interfaces, and the weak coupling method for solving both fluids and structures with interfaces. The consistent added matrices of these weak coupling methods are derived from the condensation of the strong coupling formulation. Some approximations for the consistent added matrices, which can avoid the matrix coupling, are proposed. The reasons for convergence difficulty in the weak coupling methods are clarified. A number of numerical results are presented to investigate the convergence properties and computational efficiency of these methods. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

弱层成分对SiC/BN层状陶瓷阻力行为的影响

利用压痕2强度法测定了不同弱层成分的SiC/ BN 层状陶瓷的阻力曲线行为, 研究了BN 弱层成分对SiC/ BN 层状陶瓷的阻力曲线行为的影响, 并与SiC 块体陶瓷作对比。结果表明: 与SiC 块体陶瓷相比, SiC/ BN层状陶瓷具有更为明显的升值阻力曲线行为, 且其阻力曲线行为受弱层成分的影响。其中, BN 弱层中加入30 %Al₂O₃ 的SiC/ BN 层状陶瓷显示出更为优越的抗裂纹扩展能力, 其阻力曲线上升最陡, 上升幅度最大。分析认为,这与它们不同的增韧机制和界面的结合状态有关。原位增韧是SiC 块体陶瓷韧性提高的主要原因。裂纹遇到弱界面时发生偏转、分叉以及脱层等是层状陶瓷材料抗裂纹扩展能力提高的主要原因。而弱层成分又影响着裂纹的偏转, 适当结合强度的界面有利于裂纹的偏转, 结合强度太弱太强的界面都不利于裂纹的偏转。      

Sn、Zn元素对铜耐蚀性的影响

采用阳极极化测定法研究了在弱酸(pH=6)、弱碱性(pH=8)溶液中Sn、Zn两元素对铜腐蚀行为的影响。试验结果显示,含Sn 5%(w)的铜合金在弱酸性溶液中能形成更加致密和稳定的钝化膜,从而提高铜的耐蚀性;在弱碱性溶液中,Sn、Zn对提高铜的耐蚀性作用不明显。     

基于滑动峰态算法的信号弱冲击特征提取及应用

机械故障振动信号中往往含有故障引起的弱冲击成分,冲击信号具有显著的非高斯特性,而零时滞四阶累积量即峰态能够描述信号偏离高斯分布的程度;基于峰态这一特性,本文提取一种基于滑动峰态算法的弱冲击特征提取方法,首先对原信号进行滑动峰态计算,获得一个新的峰态时间序列,然后对该峰态时间序列进行傅立叶变换,提取出信号中冲击成分的频率特征。通过强背景信号及噪声环境下弱冲击特征提取的仿真研究,证明了该方法具有很好的冲击特征提取能力。以实测齿轮断齿信号分析结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

基于STM32的金属管道弱磁信号采集系统设计

针对现有金属管道弱磁信号采集方法的数据处理烦琐问题,基于弱磁信号检测技术,利用HMC1001、HMC1002磁阻传感器和STM32F407芯片,搭建了一套集数据采集、数据处理和数据分析于一体的弱磁信号采集系统。首先,介绍了弱磁信号的采集和传输过程;然后,对弱磁信号采集系统的硬件进行了设计,并引入滤波算法和压缩算法,编写了相应的数据处理与分析程序。通过设计的硬件电路和数据处理与分析程序,实现了金属管道弱磁信号的采集、传输、滤波、压缩、存储和实时显示等功能。现场验证结果符合所设计的弱磁信号采集系统的预期,表明该系统具有实用价值。     

Predicting the fracture character of weak layers from snowpack penetrometer signals

Digital penetrometers provide reliable assessments of snow penetration resistance with depth. However, extracting useful information from the signals relating to snow stability has proved to be challenging. In this study, penetrometer profiles were collected in close proximity to compression tests. A scheme for predicting the fracture character of weak layers in the compression tests from the penetrometer signals is presented. When a two-group classification between sudden (Q1) (an indicator of instability) and other fracture character groups was performed, potential failure layers were correctly classified 80% of the time. The variables offering the best discrimination between sudden and other categories were weak layer thickness, average force gradient above the weak layer, and both the average and the maximum force gradient below the weak layer. The effect of introducing randomly selected layers into the prediction scheme was also investigated. When such layers were introduced, the classification rate dropped to 67%, indicating that more effective fracture character prediction occurred when weak layers were manually pre-identified. This suggests that this scheme should be used in conjunction with a weak layer detection model rather than as a stand alone analytical technique for the purpose of critical weak layer identification. The classification rate dropped further to 55% when a more detailed, four-group classification scheme was used.     

Predicting the fracture character of weak layers from snowpack penetrometer signals

Digital penetrometers provide reliable assessments of snow penetration resistance with depth. However, extracting useful information from the signals relating to snow stability has proved to be challenging. In this study, penetrometer profiles were collected in close proximity to compression tests. A scheme for predicting the fracture character of weak layers in the compression tests from the penetrometer signals is presented. When a two-group classification between sudden (Q1) (an indicator of instability) and other fracture character groups was performed, potential failure layers were correctly classified 80% of the time. The variables offering the best discrimination between sudden and other categories were weak layer thickness, average force gradient above the weak layer, and both the average and the maximum force gradient below the weak layer. The effect of introducing randomly selected layers into the prediction scheme was also investigated. When such layers were introduced, the classification rate dropped to 67%, indicating that more effective fracture character prediction occurred when weak layers were manually pre-identified. This suggests that this scheme should be used in conjunction with a weak layer detection model rather than as a stand alone analytical technique for the purpose of critical weak layer identification. The classification rate dropped further to 55% when a more detailed, four-group classification scheme was used.     

Protecting free-entangled and bound-entangled states in a two-qutrit system under decoherence using weak measurements

We demonstrate a method to protect free-entangled and bound-entangled states in a two-qutrit system under amplitude damping and the generalized amplitude damping channels based on measurement reversal from weak measurement. We find that this scheme can circumvent the distillability sudden death by changing weak measurement strength and the free-entangled and bound-entangled states can be robust against decoherence in amplitude damping case. Moreover, the negativity and realignment negativity almost tend to a constant respectively in spite of sufficiently strong decoherence when weak measurement strength is strong. We also show that under the generalized amplitude damping, the life of free-entangled and bound-entangled states can be prolonged using weak measurements in certain conditions.     

软弱夹层对爆炸应力波传播过程的影响研究

针对含软弱夹层岩体爆炸应力波的传播过程,采用数值模拟的方法,探讨了软弱夹层厚度、位置及角度对爆炸应力波传播的影响规律。研究结果表明:爆炸应力波在软弱夹层界面处发生反射,产生的拉伸应力波使应力波能量在迎波面汇聚,加剧该部分岩体的破坏程度。随着软弱夹层厚度的增加,前方岩体拉应力峰值增长作用由近迎波面岩体向炮孔周边岩体传播,拉应力峰值增长率逐渐提高;同时,夹层阻隔作用增强,后方岩体有效应力峰值衰减加快。软弱夹层与起爆中心的间距减小使得夹层前方岩体拉应力峰值显著增长,而对夹层后方岩体的阻隔作用逐渐减弱。应力波能量主要汇聚在软弱夹层的垂直方向,致使岩体爆破产生的裂缝偏离水平测线方向而向软弱夹层法线方向发展。研究成果可用于指导类似地层隧道爆破施工设计。     

一种基于改进的傅立叶变换的弱故障信号特征提取新方法研究

弱信号特征提取一直是故障诊断领域的难点,文章结合传统傅立叶变换,提出一种将时间序列变换为频域,再从频域转换到时域的复数域,并对该复数域进行幅值计算的方法对弱信号进行特征提取。通过仿真计算发现该方法突出了信号的局部特征信息,不仅能对夹杂在信号中的微弱冲击成分进行较好的再现,而且也能在强背景噪声环境下提取微弱故障信息。最后通过齿轮齿面接触型故障实验验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于非线性耦合双稳态随机共振的轴承微弱故障信号增强检测方法研究

针对滚动轴承微弱故障信号难以检测的难题,提出一种基于新型非线性耦合双稳态随机共振模型的轴承微弱故障信号增强检测方法。噪声背景下,随机共振可以实现微弱信号的增强输出,提高微弱信号特征的检测。提出的非线性耦合双稳态系统是由两个单一双稳态系统经非线性方式耦合而成,通过分析耦合系数、阻尼系数随着噪声强度改变的信噪改善比响应特性曲线图研究了不同参数对随机共振现象的影响。结果表明,耦合双稳系统比单一双稳态系统具有更强随机共振现象的产生。最后采用模型对轴承故障微弱信号进行了增强检测应用,所提出的非线性耦合双稳态随机共振能够实现在复杂的噪声背景下对微弱故障信号的检测。     

基于DCT的微弱信号提取和识别

微弱信号提取一直是故障诊断领域的难点。结合离散余弦变换(DCT),将离散时间序列经过离散余弦变换处理成对应的系数向量,在阈值处理的基础上,重构信号提取出微弱故障信息。与小波降噪和低通滤波方法进行对比分析,该算法突出了信号的微弱故障特征信息,较好的再现了夹杂在信号中的微弱成分,参数设定简单,结果对参数不敏感。最后通过实验证实该方法的有效性。本算法速度快,简单易行,可用于实时故障监测。     

最小抵抗线对层间充填土运动速度影响的实验

爆破含软弱夹层的边坡岩体时,夹层充填物在爆炸气体的冲刷、推移和压密等作用下沿夹层高速运动并形成夹层空腔,从而降低边坡岩体的稳定性.介绍含层间充填土的混凝土模型爆破实验,用高速摄相机拍摄层间充填土在爆破作用下的运动过程,分析了最小抵抗线对夹层土运动速度影响规律.