碟式斯特林太阳能发电系统最新进展

太阳能热发电技术中最具发展潜力的是碟式太阳能高温发电技术,尤其是近几年碟式斯特林太阳能发电技术更是令世界瞩目,它具有光电转换效率高、耗水量低、发电方式灵活及可逐步规模化等特点。目前,国内外碟式斯特林太阳能发电系统的研制方兴未艾,国外太阳能斯特林发电机制作及测试技术已趋于成熟,正处于中试和大规模推广阶段。国外主要的碟式斯特林发电系统包括SES公司的SunCatcher单元、Cleanergy公司的Eurodish单元、Infinia公司的PowerDish单元等。国内碟式斯特林太阳能热发电技术研究取得了一些成绩,但总体来说,目前还未获得实质性的进展,相关研究尚处于初级阶段。碟式斯特林太阳能发电系统的核心部件是太阳能斯特林发电机,其某些关键部件的研发难度较大,如高温太阳能吸收器、高效回热器、工质密封、功率和转速控制等。要攻克这些关键技术,需要国内外相关部门的大力支持。我国科研工作者应通过各种形式与国外斯特林发电机制造商及科研机构进行技术合作,逐渐掌握此项技术;或者借鉴国外的研制经验自主研发,然后通过示范推广,建设大型碟式斯特林太阳能发电厂。     

内燃机有限时间内不可逆循环热力学分析

本文讨论了内燃机循环在逐步考虑各种主要不可逆因素后所构成的一系列新的热力学模型下有限时间热力学分析，重点寻找出在规定的模型下其循环最大输出功率与对应的热效率之间的关系，给出了有限时间热力学意义下内燃机循环新的性能界限，它们对实际内燃机性能的评估及改进有一定的指导意义。     

一类不可逆卡诺热机最佳效率和功率间的关系

采用包括Ｄｕｌｏｎｇ－Ｐｅｔｉｔ非线性传热率和热漏的不可逆卡诺热机模型,导出其基本优化关系,并讨论了热机在最大输出功率时的效率问题。     

Study of a Stirling engine used for domestic micro‐cogeneration. Thermodynamic analysis and experiment

One of the aims of this work is the study of the geometry of a micro‐cogenerator using a Stirling engine with four double effect pistons. The complex geometry of the heat exchangers was determined by optical measurements. Results of three thermodynamic models: Direct Method from Finite Speed Thermodynamics (FST), isothermal model (Schmidt), and adiabatic model (Finkelstein) are confronted to experimental ones. Direct Method consists of the study and the evaluation of the irreversibilities of thermal machines by analyzing the cycle, step by step, and directly integrating the equation of the First Law for processes with finite speed combined with Second Law of Thermodynamics, for each process of the cycle. The expression of efficiency and power, depending on the speed of the processes and geometric and functional parameters, is then obtained in a straightforward manner. The isothermal and adiabatic models are based on the division of Stirling engine in 3, respectively 5 control volumes, for which the ideal gas law and the equations of mass and energy balance are applied. Analysis of the process of heat transfer and flow of the working gas, taking place in the Stirling engine, is carried out taking into account instantaneous representation of the working fluid volume in the engine. A system of differential equations is solved by iteration using Matlab/Simulink software. The theoretical results are compared to experimental ones. This comparison allows to point out a good accuracy of the Direct Method and the Adiabatic Model, for the thermal operating parameters of the system, noting the different assumptions of each analysis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

有限时间内不可逆卡诺热机的最少循环时间和熵产的关系

对有限时间热力学时间问题进行了探讨,推导出了有限时间内不可逆卡诺热机的内不可逆熵产与最少循环时间成单调递减关系,并指出熵不仅能标标时间之矢,而且能够计算时间之量。     

内燃机混合加热(Dual)循环有限时间热力学分析

对内燃机混合加热循环的特性做了进一步的分析与研究,使得对该循环的分析结果与内燃机实际热力过程的不可逆性充分接近,对内燃机的设计和理论研究工作具有重要意义;并运用有限时间热力学的方法,对135柴油机Dual循环进行了有限时间特性分析,得出了应用该方法对内燃机缸内热力过程不可逆性进行研究具有重要实际意义的结论。     

Efficiency bound of a solar-driven stirling heat engine system

A solar-driven Stirling engine is modelled as a combined system which consists of a solar collector and a Stirling engine. The performance of the system is investigated, based on the linearized heat loss model of the solar collector and the irreverisible cycle model of the Stirling engine affected by finite-rate heat transfer and regenerative losses. The maximum efficiency of the system and the optimal operating temperature of the solar collector are determined. Moreover, it is pointed out that the investigation method in the present paper is valid for other heat loss models of the solar collector as well, and the results obtained are also valid for a solar-driven Ericsson engine system using an ideal gas as its engine work substance. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A multiobjective thermodynamic optimization of a nanoscale Stirling engine operated with Maxwell‐Boltzmann gas

Recent developments in nanotechnology provided an opportunity to solve many complex problems in the field of energy. Performance investigation of the nanoscale thermal cycles can prove crucial in the development of efficient and less polluting energy system. Due to the influence of boundary phenomenon and quantum degeneracy effects, a nanoscale engine performs according to statistical quantum thermodynamics instead of classical thermodynamics. In this study, a nanoscale Stirling engine operating on an ideal Maxwell‐Boltzmann gas is investigated for multiobjective optimization. Optimization problem of Stirling cycle is formed considering the thermal efficiency, ecological coefficient of performance and entropy generation. An application example of a nanoscale Stirling engine is presented and solved using Heat Transfer Search algorithm. Maxwell‐Boltzmann gas restricted in a finite domain is studied and the effect of different parameters, such as surface area ratio, volume ratio, and temperature ratio of the domain, is investigated. Sensitivity analysis is carried out to identify the effect of design variables on the performance parameters. Further, influence of the source temperature and the number of particles of working fluid on the objective functions is studied and presented.     

斯特林热机冷热电联产系统的可行性分析

斯特林热机对于促进能源的综合利用、减少环境污染具有重要的意义。文中通过对斯特林热机的斯特林循环及其热效率的分析,提出了三种不同形式的以斯特林热机为动力源的分散式冷热电三联产系统,并分别对其进行经济性分析。通过综合对比分析得出基于斯特林热机的分散式冷热电三联产是我国未来能源系统发展的一种环保的经济的选择。     

氢气缸内直喷发动机燃烧优化及热效率提升研究北大核心CSCD

基于一台1.5 L氢气缸内直喷发动机,通过试验研究了氢气燃料的燃烧特性,分析了深度增压和喷氢时刻对燃烧及热效率的影响。研究表明:稀燃模式下,随着过量空气系数增加,缸内最高燃烧压力越来越高且对应曲轴转角提前,放热率峰值逐渐下降同时放热始点提前,放热时长变长,缸内燃烧温度和压升率下降。深度增压后,有效热效率可提升3%。靠近上止点喷射时,缸内喷射背压增加,喷射流量减小,提前喷射容易出现早燃,优化喷射策略后的有效热效率达43.5%。     

柴油机活塞温度场试验研究及有限元热分析

对改进的ZH1105W型柴油机缩口四角ω燃烧系统,利用热电偶法实测了标定工况下活塞顶面、侧面和内腔共16个特征点的温度.用Pro/E建立活塞几何模型,选取热结构耦合单元,并对模型网格进行了优化,结合试验值对活塞进行热分析计算,得到活塞三维温度场、热应力场和变形.计算结果表明,在标定工况下,活塞最高温度出现在燃烧室喉部达到310.7℃,最大von Mises热应力出现在排气一侧的回油孔顶部,为68.4 MPa,最大热变形量出现在活塞顶面边缘排气口侧,达到0.328 mm,这为活塞的结构改进和优化提供了依据.     

蓄热介质对太阳能热风发电集热器性能的影响

分别以沙子、石子以及石子与充水黑色密封管的组合作为蓄热介质,搭建了太阳能集热器试验装置并进行了相应的试验研究,得出了不同蓄热介质的吸放热特性及其对集热器内空气进出口温差、集热器效率的影响规律.结果表明:在相同的平均辐射强度下,石子与充水黑色密封管组合集热器的蓄热性能好,且集热器空气进出口温差及集热器效率最大,为太阳能热风发电系统集热器地面蓄热材料的选用提供了依据.     

Finite time thermal analysis of ground integrated‐collector‐storage solar water heater with transparent insulation cover

A transparent honeycomb insulated ground integrated‐collector‐storage system has been investigated for the engineering design and solar thermal performance. The system consists of a network of pipes embedded in a concrete slab whose surface is blackened and covered with transparent insulation materials (TIM) and the bottom is insulated by the ground. Heat may be retrieved by the flow of fluid through the pipe. A simulation model has been developed; it involves the solution of the two‐dimensional transient heat conduction equation using an explicit finite‐difference scheme. Computational results have been used to determine the effect of such governing parameters as depth as well as pitch of the pipe network and collector material on the thermal performance of the system. The pipe network depth of 10 cm and the TIM cover made of 5 cm compounded honeycomb seem suitable for the proposed system. Solar gain (solar collection efficiency of 30–50% corresponding to collection temperature of 40–60°C) and the diurnal heat storage characteristics of the system are found to be of the right order of magnitude for solar water heating applications. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of geometrical parameters of a dish concentrator on the optical performance of a cavity receiver in a solar dish‐Stirling system

Dish‐Stirling concentrated solar power (DS‐CSP) system is a complex system for solar energy‐thermal‐electric conversion. The dish concentrator and cavity receiver are optical devices for collecting the solar energy in DS‐CSP system; to determine the geometric parameters of dish concentrator is one of the important steps for design and development of DS‐CSP system, because it directly affects the optical performance of the cavity receiver. In this paper, the effects of the geometric parameters of a dish concentrator including aperture radius, focal length, unfilled radius, and fan‐shaped unfilled angle on optical performance (ie, optical efficiency and flux distribution) of a cavity receiver were studied. Furthermore, the influence of the receiver‐window radius of the cavity receiver and solar direct normal irradiance is also investigated. The cavity receiver is a novel structure that is equipped with a reflecting cone at bottom of the cavity to increases the optical efficiency of the cavity receiver. Moreover, a 2‐dimensional ray‐tracking program is developed to simulate the sunlight transmission path in DS‐CSP system, for helping understanding the effects mechanism of above parameters on optical performance of the cavity receiver. The analysis indicates that the optical efficiency of the cavity receiver with and without the reflecting cone is 89.88% and 85.70%, respectively, and former significantly increased 4.18% for 38 kW XEM‐Dish system. The uniformity factor of the flux distribution on the absorber surface decreases with the decreases of the rim angle of the dish concentrator, but the optical efficiency of the cavity receiver increases with the decreases of the rim angle and the increase amplitude becomes smaller and smaller when the rim angle range from 30° to 75°, So the optical efficiency and uniformity factor are conflicting performance index. Moreover, the unfilled radius has small effect on the optical efficiency, while the fan‐shaped unfilled angle and direct normal irradiance both not affect the optical efficiency. In addition, reducing the receiver‐window radius can improve the optical efficiency, but the effect is limited. This work could provide reference for design and optimization of the dish concentrator and establishing the foundation for further research on optical‐to‐thermal energy conversion.     

基于燃烧室与增压器匹配的柴油机热效率优化设计及仿真研究

以某重型柴油机为研究对象,采用仿真计算的方法探究了基于缸内燃烧系统和空气系统优化使发动机最低油耗区间匹配不同使用工况,提出满足发动机不同应用场景需求的匹配方案。研究结果表明:采用压缩比为19.5的燃烧室,缸内混合气过稀区减少,燃烧放热速率加快,热效率提高;通过合理匹配增压器和燃烧室可以实现柴油机最低油耗区间与目标工况区间的匹配。以优化低转速中低负荷工况油耗为目标,采用压缩比为19.5的燃烧室,同时采用较小的涡轮当量流通截面积,可以使最低油耗区匹配低转速中低负荷工况,低转速中负荷油耗改善3.1%。以优化中转速中高负荷油耗为目标,采用压缩比为18.5的燃烧室,结合增压器的优化匹配,可以使最低油耗区匹配中转速中高负荷工况,中转速中负荷油耗改善1.6%。以优化高转速高负荷油耗为目标,通过提高最高燃烧压力,采用压缩比为21.5的燃烧室,同时采用较大的涡轮当量流通截面积,高转速高负荷油耗可改善4.2%。     

热漏对热机功率效率特性的影响分析

在以往文献的基础上,对定常态流不可逆卡诺热机的热漏模型进行了改进,将热机热漏分为外热漏和内热漏两种方式,分析两种热漏方式对不可逆热机最优性能的影响。分析得出内热漏对热机功率效率特性的影响不同于外热漏,也与摩擦,涡流和非平衡等各种不可逆效应不同,内热漏应单独作为影响热机特性的一种因素。并导出存在热阻和两种热漏损失的热机存在最佳功率和最佳效率两种工作状态,两种工作状态分别对应不同的面积比。所得结果对热机设计具有一定指导意义。     

稀燃天然气掺氢发动机的热效率与排放特性

为了分析在天然气中掺入不同体积比的氢气对发动机经济性和排放性的影响,在一台6缸火花点火天然气发动机上开展了体积掺氢比在不同工况下对热效率和排放特性影响的试验研究.结果显示掺氢可以拓宽发动机的稀燃极限,提高燃烧速度,使得最佳转矩点火提前角(MBT)相对推迟;在点火提前角不变的情况下掺氢对热效率没有明显优势,而且会使NOx排放升高.而在MBT时,掺氢可以一定程度上提高发动机的指示热效率,降低未燃CH4和CO的排放,改善NOx与未燃碳氢(主要为CH4)的trade-off关系.掺氢的优势还体现在可以让发动机高效的工作在更稀的情况下,从而有利于降低NOx的排放和传热损失.     

中冷回热布雷顿热电联产装置的火用性能分析

建立了恒温热源内可逆中冷回热布雷顿热电联产装置模型,基于火用分析的观点,用有限时间热力学理论和方法研究了装置的性能,导出了无量纲火用输出率和火用效率的解析式。讨论了总压比给定和总压比变化两种情形,优化了中间压比和总压比,通过数值计算分析了回热度、中冷度和高温侧热源温度与环境温度之比等参数对装置一般性能和最优性能的影响,研究了火用输出率和火用效率之间的关系,其特性关系为扭叶型。最后发现分别存在最佳的用户侧温度使火用输出率和火用效率取得双重最大值。     

应用扩展型能效分布矩阵分析二次再热机组的热经济性

针对现有二次再热机组热经济性分析方法存在的问题,以现代计算手段为依托,经过严格的理论分析和数学推导,导出了适合二次再热机组热力系统热经济性定量分析的扩展型能效分布矩阵方程,使得运用能效分布矩阵方程的火电机组热经济性分析方法更为完整和完善.还通过实例对该方法进行了验证.图1表3参12     

回热型S-CO2循环基本性能分析与优化

考虑有限温差传热、不可逆压缩过程和不可逆膨胀过程等不可逆因素,应用有限时间热力学理论建立了变温热源条件下的回热型超临界二氧化碳布雷顿循环模型。首先,分析了工质质量流率、压比、透平效率和压缩机效率对循环净输出功率、热效率和循环最高温度的影响;然后,在总热导率一定的条件下分别以输出功率最大和热效率最大为目标,对加热器、冷却器和回热器热导率分配比进行优化。结果表明：回热型S-CO₂布雷顿循环功率-效率特性曲线呈过原点的扭叶型,存在相应的压比使得输出净功率与热效率分别达到最大;相比于初始设计参数计算的循环性能,优化后循环净输出功率可提高27.3%,最大比功可提高46.9%,最大热效率可提高17.78%。