基于统计的无阻塞连接算法

数据流上的关系查询处理技术是数据库研究领域的一大热点。优化无阻塞连接算法的关键在于提高内存连接阶段的效率。当内存空间满时,需要将内存数据刷新到外存相应分区,良好的刷新策略对于改进算法的性能至关重要。利用数据分布的特征,对关系连接的输出流,使用基于统计的方法,查找使用频率最低的元组,将使用频率较低的元组刷新到外存,以提高内存数据的效率。基于统计分析策略提高了刷新策略的准确性和效率及算法的适用范围。     

基于实体的相似性连接算法

按照元组描述的实体对其进行组织和查询处理,是一种管理劣质数据的有效方法.考虑到同一个实体的同一属性存在多个描述的值,因此,基于实体的数据库上的连接是支持多个值的相似性连接.与字符串的相似性连接相比较,实体的相似性连接在数据清洗、信息集成、模糊关键字查询、诈骗检测和文本聚集等领域有着更好的应用效果.通过建立双层索引结构,提出了实体数据库上相似性连接算法ES-JOIN.同时,该方法适用于解决集合中字符串模糊匹配的相似性连接问题,而传统的集合相似性连接只针对集合中元素精确匹配的情况.为了加速连接,还提出了过滤措施对算法进行优化,进一步给出了优化算法OPT_ES-JOIN.实验验证了ES-JOIN算法和OPT_ES-JOIN算法具有很好的效率和可扩展性.实验结果表明,过滤措施具有很好的过滤效果.     

Optimizing entity join queries when data transmission cost dominates

Heterogeneities exist in a multidatabase environment. For example, a real world entity may be differently represented in relations of different databases. In particular, keys of these relations may be incompatible. In this paper, we consider processing entity join queries when data transmission cost dominates. An entity join operation ‘integrates’ tuples representing the same entities from different relations in which inconsistent data may exist. A natural way to process the entity join is to transmit both relations to a site, resolve the possible conflicts between corresponding attributes and process the join, which is very costly. In this paper, an approach is proposed to correctly transform a global query into local subqueries to preprocess entity join queries in multiple sites with an attempt to lower the cost of data transmission. Besides, an extension of the traditional semijoin, named extended semijoin, is proposed to further reduce the cost of data transmission for entity join query processing.     

MESHJOIN*:实时数据仓库环境下的数据流更新算法

提出了一种新的实时数据仓库环境下的数据流更新算法——MESHJOIN*算法。算法的特性有:(1)关系R采用了分块和散列的组织形式,尽可能避免对当前连接无效元组的读取,减少连接操作所涉及元组的数量,从而提高连接算法的效率;(2)采用了多线程并发连接技术,并根据工程学原理,实现了连接操作和关系R读取操作的最佳调度,保证了连接算法效率的最大化;(3)根据当前系统的服务率和数据流元组的到达率之间的关系,合理调度实时元组和准实时元组的执行,保证了系统对实时元组的处理要求。实验结果表明,MESHJOIN*算法可以取得比MESHJOIN算法更好的性能。     

Distributed stream join query processing with semijoins

This paper addresses the distributed stream processing of window-based multi-way join queries considering the semijoin as a key join operator. In distributed stream processing, data streams arriving at remote sites need to be shipped to the processing site for query execution. This typically introduces high communication overhead. Our observation is that semijoin, effective in reducing communication overhead in distributed database query processing, can be also effective in distributed stream query processing. The challenge, however, lies in the streaming nature of the tuples, as it requires continuous and incremental processing of an unbounded sequence of tuples instead of one-time processing of a set of stored tuples. This paper describes our comprehensive work done to address the challenge. Specifically, we first propose a distributed stream join processing model that handles the issue of network delays introduced from the shipment of data streams, and allows for efficient batch processing. Then, based on the model, we propose join algorithms in a multi-way join case: first, one-way join algorithms for different combinations of join placement and join method and, then, multi-way join algorithms assuming linear join ordering. Regarding the join method, two distributed join methods are introduced: (1) simple join, in which full tuples are forwarded to the query processing site and (2) semijoin-based join, in which partial tuples are forwarded. A semijoin-based join can be executed with different possible semijoin strategies which incur different communication overheads. We present a complete set of join algorithms considering all possible semijoin strategies, and propose an optimization algorithm. The join algorithms are executed continuously in an incremental manner as tuples arrive, and never ship tuples redundantly. The optimization algorithm constructs an efficient multi-way join plan by using a greedy heuristic which adds to the plan one stream with the minimum join execution cost in each step. Through extensive experiments, we conduct comparative studies of the performance among the proposed one-way join algorithms and the efficiency of the generated plan between the optimization algorithm based on the greedy heuristic and the exhaustive search, respectively.     

Holes in joins

A join of two relations in real databases is usually much smaller than their Cartesian product. This means that most of the combinations of tuples in the crossproduct of the respective relations do not appear together in the join result. We characterize these combinations as ranges of attributes that do not appear together. We sketch an algorithm for finding such combinations and present experimental results from real data sets. We then explore two potential applications of this knowledge in query processing. In the first application, we model empty joins as materialized views, we show how they can be used for query optimization. In the second application, we propose a strategy that uses information about empty joins for an improved join selectivity estimation.     

位图连接索引服务机制研究

位图连接索引是数据仓库中一种有效的优化表间连接操作性能的索引机制。在大内存分析处理应用场景下,位图连接索引不仅需要权衡索引的内存和CPU开销,还需要进一步考虑处理器平台所带来的性能收益和数据访问延迟。提出了基于服务的位图连接索引管理机制,其主要特点体现在三个方面：独立于数据库的自管理索引机制;基于存储空间约束的TOP K关键字位图连接索引机制;处理器敏感（processor-conscious）的位图连接索引技术。索引服务将索引从数据库中内置的数据结构变成数据库外的索引服务层,通过对用户查询负载的分析模块和索引服务管理模块改变传统的由数据库管理员人工管理索引的模式,同时借助于协处理器和内存云技术提高索引服务的性能和灵活性。实验测试结果表明,索引服务机制能够有效地提高索引存储和访问效率,在通用GPU的强大并行处理能力的支持下,位图连接索引服务的性能和数据库整体查询处理性能都得到了显著的提升。     

相似性连接查询技术研究进展

相似性连接查询,即查找相似的数据对象对,具有广泛的应用领域,例如相似网页检测、实体解析、数据清洗和相似图像检索等。相似性连接查询是当前大数据处理领域的热点问题之一。讨论了相似性连接查询面临的挑战;根据不同的标准对现有的相似性连接查询进行了分类;总结并比较了现有的字符串、集合、向量和图相似性连接算法;探讨了今后的研究重点和发展趋势。     

数据流上加权共享滑动窗口的连接查询处理算法

在数据流应用中,系统经常需要处理大量的滑动窗口连续查询,采用共享滑动窗口技术可以有效节省存储空间,提高系统整体的查询处理能力。但是共享滑动窗口技术会增大单个查询的响应延迟,降低单个查询的服务质量。针对这个问题,论文提出了加权共享滑动窗口的概念,并提出了三种优化的连接执行算法,优先响应重要的滑动窗口查询,从而提高了系统整体的服务质量。理论分析和实验结果表明论文提出的方法是行之有效的。     

多数据流上共享窗口连接查询的降载策略

数据流模型作为一种新型的模型，在许多应用中扮演着重要的角色．基于数据流模型的查询处理技术也得到了广泛的研究．为了提高查询系统的性能，现有的研究成果主要可以划分为两类：调度优化和降低负载方法．调度优化方法通过改变元组执行次序来提高查询性能．降低负载方法在负载超出系统处理能力时，通过减少输入流量来提高吞吐率．然而，同时运用这两种方法来提高查询性能的研究工作还很少．结合共享滑动窗口查询操作的调度优化方法和降低负载方法，提出了两种在burst环境下提高查询吞吐率的策略：均匀降载策略和小窗口准确降载策略．理论分析和实验结果均证明这两种策略能显著提高系统的性能．     

实体数据库中多相似连接顺序选择策略

按照元组描述的实体对其进行组织和查询处理是一种管理劣质数据的有效方法。考虑到同一个实体的同一属性存在多个描述值,因此基于实体的数据库上的连接是支持多个值的相似性连接。由于多表连接操作的连接顺序对连接性能有着重要的影响,研究了实体数据库上多表连接顺序选择方法,采用基于实体的马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛(Markov chain Monte Carol,MCMC)方法估计出实体数据库的相似性连接操作的结果大小,并以连接结果大小和有无索引作为主要代价,提出了基于实体的多连接顺序优化策略。进一步,通过实验证明了估计连接结果大小的算法在大规模数据上有着显著的优势。     

内存存储模型上的多表连接优化技术研究

分析了面向先进硬件平台上的数据库优化技术,提出了基于内存存储模型的多表连接查询处理优化技术,采用内存存储模型存储维表并对维表主键进行顺序化,从而使维表的主键与内存维表记录的内存偏移地址相一致,实现对维表记录的内存直接访问。通过列存储技术减少维表记录的访问宽度,进一步优化维表访问的cache性能。与基于SQL Server 2005的查询执行计划的连接算法、join index连接算法以及基于列存储模型的优化连接算法进行了实验比较和性能分析,结果表明:基于内存存储模型的多表连接算法在处理星型结构数据仓库多谓词、多连接的复杂查询时具有很好的性能,与join index相比不需要额外的空间开销,与列存储数据模型相比具有更好的兼容性和性能。     

MC-OLA:基于马尔可夫链的多表连接在线聚集技术

多表连接查询是大数据分析领域重要的查询类型之一,然而连接查询的实现代价很高,从而影响了大数据分析结果的时效性。在线聚集能够在查询完成前反馈具有统计意义的估计结果,具有重要的意义。目前已有的多表连接在线聚集算法从各表进行统一随机采样,导致连接结果的产出率低,并且导致分组连接查询的估计准确率低。针对这一问题,提出了基于马尔可夫链的多表连接在线聚集技术,将多表连接的实现过程转换为马尔可夫链上的随机游走过程,确定好连接顺序后在游走起始层创建分层样本,并设计了相应的采样策略及结果估计方法。将所提出技术在在线化Hadoop平台上实现,实验结果证明所提出方案的响应时间优于已有算法,并且具有良好的扩展性。     

Semantic approximation of data stream joins

We consider the problem of approximating sliding window joins over data streams in a data stream processing system with limited resources. In our model, we deal with resource constraints by shedding load in the form of dropping tuples from the data streams. We make two main contributions. First, we define the problem space by discussing architectural models for data stream join processing and surveying suitable measures for the quality of an approximation of a set-valued query result. Second, we examine in detail a large part of this problem space. More precisely, we consider the number of generated result tuples as the quality measure and we propose optimal offline and fast online algorithms for it. In a thorough experimental study with synthetic and real data, we show the efficacy of our solutions.     

以目标节点为导向的XML路径查询处理

XML查询语言将复杂路径表达式作为核心内容.为了加速路径表达式处理,基于路径分解和结构连接操作的处理策略需要更深入的研究.以目标节点为导向的XML路径查询处理框架被提了出来.该方法利用了扩展基本操作来减少连接操作的数目.在路径分解和查询计划选择的过程中,利用查询树中的目标节点来避免中间结果的传递.除了分解规则和策略以外,提出了一组扩展的基本操作和实现算法.初步的实验结果显示,该方法具有良好的性能.它为路径查询处理提供了更多的选择.     

Reducing outer joins

We present a method for transforming some outer joins to inner joins and describe a generalized semijoin reduction technique. The first part of the paper shows how to transform a given outer join query whose join graph is a tree to an equivalent inner join query. The method uses derived relations and join predicates. Derived relations contain columns corresponding to join conditions and may have virtual row identifiers, rows and attribute values. The constructed inner join query, after elimination of virtual row identifiers, has the same join tuples as the outer join query. Both the theoretical maximum number of virtual rows and the average number in practice are shown to be low. The method confines consideration of the non-associativity of outer joins to a single step. The second part of the paper generalizes to outer joins the well known technique of semijoin reduction of inner joins. It does so by defining the notions of influencing and needing, and using them to define full reduction and reduction plans. The technique is applied here to perform one step of the method presented in the first part. Semijoin reduction is useful in practice for executing join queries in distributed databases.     

Query processing of multi-way stream window joins

This paper introduces a class of join algorithms, termed W-join, for joining multiple infinite data streams. W-join addresses the infinite nature of the data streams by joining stream data items that lie within a sliding window and that match a certain join condition. In addition to its general applicability in stream query processing, W-join can be used to track the motion of a moving object or detect the propagation of clouds of hazardous material or pollution spills over time in a sensor network environment. We describe two new algorithms for W-join and address variations and local/global optimizations related to specifying the nature of the window constraints to fulfill the posed queries. The performance of the proposed algorithms is studied experimentally in a prototype stream database system, using synthetic data streams and real time-series data. Tradeoffs of the proposed algorithms and their advantages and disadvantages are highlighted, given variations in the aggregate arrival rates of the input data streams and the desired response times per query. This is an extended version of the paper published in the Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Scientific and Statistical Database Management, SSDBM 2003, Boston, U.S.A., pp. 75–84.     

基于Hadoop 的高效连接查询处理算法CHMJ

提出了一种并行连接查询处理算法CoLocationHashMapJoin(CHMJ).首先,设计了多副本一致性哈希算法,将具有连接关系的表根据其连接属性的哈希值在机群中进行分布,在提升了连接查询处理中数据本地性的同时,保证了数据的可用性;其次,基于多副本一致性哈希数据分布,提出了HashMapJoin并行连接查询处理算法,有效地提高了连接查询的处理效率.CHMJ算法在腾讯公司的数据仓库系统中进行了应用,结果表明,CHMJ连接查询的处理效率比Hive系统提高了近5倍.     

Efficient similarity-based operations for data integration

Dealing with discrepancies in data is still a big challenge in data integration systems. The problem occurs both during eliminating duplicates from semantic overlapping sources as well as during combining complementary data from different sources. Though using SQL operations like grouping and join seems to be a viable way, they fail if the attribute values of the potential duplicates or related tuples are not equal but only similar by certain criteria. As a solution to this problem, we present in this paper similarity-based variants of grouping and join operators. The extended grouping operator produces groups of similar tuples, the extended join combines tuples satisfying a given similarity condition. We describe the semantics of this operator, discuss efficient implementations for the edit distance similarity and present evaluation results. Finally, we give examples of application from the context of a data reconciliation project for looted art.     

DHTJoin: processing continuous join queries using DHT networks

Continuous query processing in data stream management systems (DSMS) has received considerable attention recently. Many applications share the same need for processing data streams in a continuous fashion. For most distributed streaming applications, the centralized processing of continuous queries over distributed data is simply not viable. This paper addresses the problem of computing approximate answers to continuous join queries over distributed data streams. We present a new method, called DHTJoin, which combines hash-based placement of tuples in a Distributed Hash Table (DHT) and dissemination of queries by exploiting the embedded trees in the underlying DHT, thereby incurring little overhead. DHTJoin also deals with join attribute value skew which may hurt load balancing and result completeness. We provide a performance evaluation of DHTJoin which shows that it can achieve significant performance gains in terms of network traffic.