Lignite-fired thermal power plants and SO2 pollution in Turkey

About 80% of the electric energy production in Turkey is provided by thermal power plants which use fossil fuels. Lignite, the most abundant domestic energy source, is consumed in most of these plants. Turkey has approximately 0.85% of the world's lignite reserves; however, the Turkish lignites have low calorific value and contain relatively higher amounts of ash, moisture, and sulfur. Nearly 80% of the lignite mined in Turkey is consumed in the thermal power plants since it is not appropriate for use in other types of industry and heating. In Turkey, 13 large-scale lignite-fired thermal power plants are responsible for a considerable amount of air pollution. Therefore, it is crucial to decide on the optimal place and technology for the future thermal power plants, and to equip the currently operating plants with newer technologies that will reduce amount of contaminants released into the air.In this study, the effects of the lignite-fired thermal power plants which have an important place in the energy politics in Turkey on the air pollution are investigated. We focused on SO₂ pollution and the regions in which the SO₂ emissions were concentrated and diffused. The pollutant diffusion areas were projected and mapped based on parameters such as wind data, isotherm curves, population density, and topographic features by using Geographical Information System (GIS) software, ArcView. The contribution of the thermal power plants to SO₂ pollution was also examined.     

景德镇发电厂2×660MW机组脱硫系统运行优化

当前,火力发电厂电站建设装机容量不断增大,烟气排放量也随之增大,但现行环保政策要求越来越高,要求为电厂必须实行全烟气脱硫,所以湿法烟气脱硫环保技术（FGD）被广泛应用于各大、中型火力发电厂。随着脱硫系统不断增大,该系统耗电量也不断增加,660MW机组脱硫系统耗电率约为0．7％。景德镇发电厂通过对脱硫系统循环泵、氧化风机优化及开展小指标竞赛等一系列调整后,脱硫系统厂用电率下降约0．1％。     

Cost versus emission minimization in thermal electricity generation: A case of so2 emissions reduction from the indian power system

There is a trade-off between cost and emission minimizing objectives for electricity generation because of the measures needed to reduce emissions. For SO₂ emissions reduction these are adjustment within the system which involve deviation from the least-cost generation schedule, changing power mix for future capacity and installation of abatement equipments, e.g. flue gas desulfurization unit. The linear programming modelling framework (INGRID) presented here brings out the nature of this trade-off for SO₂ emissions reduction from the Indian power system for existing capacity and future capacity addition. The adjustment within the existing system can take place through integrated optimal operations of various electricity utilities by substituting generation of more polluting plants by less emitting efficient plants as long as the cost of reduction is lower than that of flue gas desulfurization.     

煤种对燃煤电厂碳排放经济性的影响研究

为了减少温室气体排放,同时保证电厂运行的经济性,本文采用VB6. 0编程实现对一台600 MW锅炉热力计算,对比分析了4种不同煤种对锅炉效率、燃煤成本的影响;基于物料平衡法重点分析煤质成分对碳排放及脱硫成本影响。结果表明:同一负荷下,低位发热量越低、收到基碳含量越高的煤种燃煤量、碳排放量越大;煤质特性和碳价共同决定燃煤成本、排碳及脱硫成本,燃用贫煤时整体经济性最差;碳价变化时,不同的煤种对应的燃煤和排碳总成本也不同。根据当前燃煤价格及碳价提前预测电厂运行经济性,对燃煤电厂合理选择煤种提供有益的参考。     

湿法烟气脱硫系统的烟气换热器设置分析

通过对上海地区燃煤电厂湿法烟气脱硫系统安装和不安装烟气换热器(GGH)的运行分析,证实了安装GGH后的烟囱腐蚀,明显低于无GGH烟囱,尤其是针对GGH发生结垢、堵塞和腐蚀等问题采取的六大技术措施,能够达到环保考核要求,同时论述了脱硫系统取消GGH后,会给周边环境和生产运行安全带来隐患。为此,结合国家环保政策,提请各燃煤电厂在建设脱硫系统时,不应盲目取消脱硫系统的GGH装置。     

660 MW超超临界锅炉净烟气取水装置的优化研究

为适应内蒙古地区干旱缺水的环境特点,降低火电机组的水耗,针对660 MW超超临界褐煤锅炉的技术特性,提出并应用了一套回收锅炉烟气中水分并加以利用的节水装置.该装置通过在脱硫塔出口烟道内加装冷却器,降低了烟气温度,使得烟气中的水蒸气受冷凝结,并汇集成有利用价值的液态水.实际运行结果表明,该烟气取水装置具有节水效果显著、出...     

新型高效除尘器提效改造技术

针对华能国际电力股份有限公司上安电厂6号600MW超临界机组电除尘器除尘效率低、排放超标进行设备改造,采用综合的“低低温＋高频电源控制技术＋末电场复合双区技术扩容”除尘器提效改造新技术,连同脱硫系统的除尘作用,达到了烟囱排放小于20 mg/Nm3的目标,可在大型机组除尘器提效改造工程中推广.     

Flue gas conditioning for reducing suspended particulate matter from thermal power stations

Increased population and industrial development demands sustainable electricity, the majority of which is produced by thermal power stations, which utilize coal as a fuel all over the world. Coal burning results in generation of large quantities of coal residues, which contains very fine particles that tend to become air-borne and which contribute to the formation of suspended particulate matter (SPM). Hence, in order to safeguard the environment against the emission of SPM, pollution control devices, such as cyclone separators, bag filters and electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) have been employed. In addition, flue gas conditioning (FGC) is practiced to increase the efficiency of ESPs, with the addition of chemical additives, or sprinkling water to the flue gas. This process increases the collection efficiency of the electrostatic precipitators, and thereby results in reduction of the SPM level. However, the effects of the process, which play an important role in efficient FGC, need to be investigated thoroughly before utilizing this method. With this in view, a critical review of various flue gas conditioning techniques employed for controlling the SPM level in thermal power stations is presented in this paper. The present study also reports analyses of data obtained from different thermal power stations in India as well as the rest of the world.     

燃煤电厂烟气脱硫技术的模糊综合评价

介绍了3种模糊综合评价方法,分析了各自的优缺点。以典型的6种燃煤电厂烟气脱硫技术为实例进行了模糊综合评价,将不同方法的优点结合起来综合考虑,根据最大隶属原则得到准确的评价结果。表6参8     

高硫煤机组低低温电除尘技术研究及工程应用

低低温电除尘器得到了广泛应用，但国内外鲜有高硫煤机组应用低低温电除尘器的案例。搭建了高硫煤机组低低温电除尘器试验台，测试了五种不同烟气温度下飞灰样本的比电阻、成分和粒径，提出了飞灰平均粒径与烟气温度的拟合公式；完成了国内首台高硫煤机组低低温电除尘器工程应用，并对低低温电除尘器进行了性能测试和运行优化。试验结果表明：烟气温度越低，飞灰比电阻越低，飞灰粒径越大；飞灰成分随着烟气温度变化较小；除尘效率随着烟气温度的降低明显提高；采用运行模式三和模式四相对日常运行模式可分别降低电除尘器电耗28%和35%。     

Turkey's Renewable Energy Facilities in the Near Future

In this work, renewable energy facilities of Turkey were investigated. Electricity is mainly produced by thermal power plants, consuming coal, lignite, natural gas, fuel oil and geothermal energy, and hydro power plants in Turkey. Turkey has no large oil and gas reserves. The main indigenous energy resources are lignite, hydro and biomass. Turkey has to adopt new, long-term energy strategies to reduce the share of fossil fuels in primary energy consumption. For these reasons, the development and use of renewable energy sources and technologies are increasingly becoming vital for sustainable economic development of Turkey. The most significant developments in renewable production are observed hydropower and geothermal energy production. Renewable electricity facilities mainly include electricity from biomass, hydropower, geothermal, and wind and solar energy sources. Biomass cogeneration is a promising method for production bioelectricity.     

燃煤电厂烟气脱硫脱硝一体化技术发展趋势

火电厂燃煤中排放的硫化物及氮氧化物是造成大气污染的主要成分之一,经济且有效地控制燃煤电厂排放的SO2与NOx对中国这样一个以煤炭为主要资源的国家显得尤为重要。分析了中国现今的脱硫脱硝技术并着重介绍了几种燃煤电厂烟气脱硫脱硝一体化技术,分析它们的特点及存在的问题。指出具有应用前景的脱硫脱硝技术并给出建议。     

高效率氢氧化镁脱硫技术在越南某60 MW热电工程中的应用

文章描述了高效率氢氧化镁脱硫技术在越南某60 MW热电工程中的应用。WFGD湿法脱硫的原理是藉由喷洒氢氧化镁Mg(OH)₂浆液与锅炉烟气反应生成无害的硫酸镁(MgSO₄)溶剂,以减少二氧化硫排放。台朔重工(宁波)有限公司采用创新的方法修改WFGD工艺以达到严格的排放要求,系统对于锅炉负载和SO₂含量的变化具有灵活的弹性。     

高水分褐煤燃烧发电的集成干燥技术

高水分褐煤直接燃烧发电效率低,褐煤的集成干燥发电技术是提高其竞争力的有力手段.介绍了国外几种先进的集成干燥技术,如:管式干燥技术,流化床蒸汽干燥、蒸汽空气联合干燥,床混式干燥(BMD)、热机械脱水(MTE)等,并分析了各自的特点.最后,探讨了我国可以借鉴的褐煤燃烧发电预干燥技术.     

Experimental determination and analysis of CO2, SO2 and NOx emission factors in Iran’s thermal power plants

Emission factors of CO₂, SO₂ and NO_x emitted from Iran’s thermal power plants are fully covered in this paper. To start with, emission factors of flue gases were calculated for fifty thermal power plants with the total installed capacity of 34,863 MW over the period 2007–2008 with regard to the power plants’ operation characteristics including generation capacity, fuel type and amount and the corresponding alterations, stack specifications, analysis of flue gases and physical details of combustion gases in terms of g kWh⁻¹. This factor was calculated as 620, 2.57 and 2.31 g kWh⁻¹ for CO₂, SO₂ and NO_x respectively. Regarding these results, total emissions of CO₂, SO₂ and NO_x were found to be 125.34, 0.552 and 0.465 Tg in turn. To achieve an accurate comparison, these values were compared with their alternatives in North American countries. According to this comparison, emission factor of flue gases emitted from Iran’s thermal power plants will experience an intensive decline if renewable, hydroelectric and nuclear types of energy are more used, power plants’ efficiency is increased and continuous emission monitoring systems and power plant pollution reduction systems are utilized.     

干式烟气脱硫技术进展及其应用前景分析

对国内外有广泛应用前景的几种干式烟气脱硫技术进行了介绍,分析了这些脱硫技术的特点,并针对上海地区电厂燃用高钙低硫煤的实际情况,提出了采用高钙粉煤灰增湿活化脱硫的简易脱硫方法。     

大型火力发电厂除尘技术比较

对目前火力发电厂主流除尘技术进行了归纳,分析了电除尘器、袋式除尘器和电袋复合式除尘器的技术特点,比较了经济性和运行的安全可靠性,对火电厂的除尘器选型提出了建议。     

活性炭烟气脱硫效率影响因素的实验研究

参考燃煤电厂烟气参数，在自制的固定床活性炭烟气脱硫实验装置中，重点研究了氧量、水蒸气含量、活性炭床层温度及烟气在活性炭床层内的停留时间对脱硫效率的影响关系。     

Oxy-fuel combustion of solid fuels

Oxy-fuel combustion is suggested as one of the possible, promising technologies for capturing CO₂ from power plants. The concept of oxy-fuel combustion is removal of nitrogen from the oxidizer to carry out the combustion process in oxygen and, in most concepts, recycled flue gas to lower the flame temperature. The flue gas produced thus consists primarily of carbon dioxide and water. Much research on the different aspects of an oxy-fuel power plant has been performed during the last decade. Focus has mainly been on retrofits of existing pulverized-coal-fired power plant units. Green-field plants which provide additional options for improvement of process economics are however likewise investigated. Of particular interest is the change of the combustion process induced by the exchange of carbon dioxide and water vapor for nitrogen as diluent. This paper reviews the published knowledge on the oxy-fuel process and focuses particularly on the combustion fundamentals, i.e. flame temperatures and heat transfer, ignition and burnout, emissions, and fly ash characteristics. Knowledge is currently available regarding both an entire oxy-fuel power plant and the combustion fundamentals. However, several questions remain unanswered and more research and pilot plant testing of heat transfer profiles, emission levels, the optimum oxygen excess and inlet oxygen concentration levels, high and low-temperature fire-side corrosion, ash quality, plant operability, and models to predict NO_x and SO₃ formation is required.     

湿法烟气脱硫对锅炉稳定运行的影响与对策分析

火电厂采用烟气脱硫(Flue Gas Desulfuri zation,FGD)是减少SO2排放的一个有效措施,其中以石灰石石膏湿法脱硫技术最为成熟。但FGD系统中增压风机控制系统的不可靠和GGH堵塞的问题,对锅炉稳定运行带来很多不良影响。实际应用中,可以通过打开脱硫系统旁路挡板、改变控制模式来提高锅炉烟风系统的稳定性,通过改善GGH在线冲洗方式等措施有效控制堵塞。针对这些问题以定州电厂为例做了较为深入的分析和研究。