青霉菌QMYCS-2菌株的分离鉴定及其对烟草黑胫病的防治作用

为了寻找烟草黑胫病生物防治的有效途径,采用平板涂布法从健康烟株根际土壤中分离筛选出1株对烟草黑胫病菌(Phytophthora parasitica var.nicotianae)具有较强拮抗作用的青霉菌株(QMYCS-2),根据其形态学特征和ITS-r DNA序列分析,鉴定为马德里青霉菌(Penicillium madriti)。QMYCS-2菌株与黑胫病菌对峙培养抑菌结果表明,该菌株对烟草黑胫病菌的生长具有良好的抑制作用,抑制率达到71.76%。选取5种真菌培养液培养QMYCS-2菌株,获得不同的发酵滤液,测定其对烟草黑胫病菌的抑制作用,结果发现马铃薯葡萄糖液体培养基效果最好。比较QMYCS-2菌株发酵滤液与青霉素对黑胫病菌生长的抑制效果发现,二者抑菌效果差异很大,前者抑制率为64.89%~100.00%,后者最高为7.33%。温室测试QMYCS-2菌株发酵滤液对烟草黑胫病的防治效果(防效)达到73.25%,与常规药剂对照甲霜灵锰锌的防效(71.50%)相近。     

放线菌F8对烟草黑胫病的拮抗作用及其产酶活性

从山东五莲于里黑胫病烟田健康烟株根际土壤分离到一株拮抗放线菌,编号为F8.为了科学评价该菌株在烟草黑胫病生防中的应用潜力,测定了其抑菌活性、产酶活性及控病效果,并通过形态学及16S rDNA序列分析研究其分类地位.结果表明,该菌株对于供试的烟草黑胫病菌具有较强的抑制作用,经无菌滤液处理后的菌丝生长畸形且停滞;该菌株具有几丁质酶、纤维素酶及蛋白酶活性.温室盆栽试验的防治效果显示接种后30 d,F8发酵液对烟草黑胫病的防效为70.3%;根据菌株形态特征、培养特性、生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定该菌株为链霉菌属不产色链霉菌(Streptomyces achromogenes subsp. streptozoticus).     

烟草内生细菌YN201448的定殖能力研究

为测定烟草内生细菌YN201448的定殖能力,通过自然转化法将携带绿色荧光蛋白基因的质粒pGFP4412成功导入YN201448细胞中,获得了GFP标记菌株48-pGFP。48-pGFP能稳定表达GFP蛋白,且对5种病原真菌的拮抗能力与野生型YN201448的相同。用48-pGFP菌液浸泡烟草种子和浇灌烟草苗后,在烟草的根、茎、叶等组织中都能检测到标记菌,其定殖数量分布为根 > 茎 > 叶;同时标记菌也能在根际土中稳定地定殖。激光共聚焦显微镜观察发现标记菌株主要聚集在烟草茎组织的表皮、皮层部位及维管组织。因此,YN201448可以在烟草体内外较长期定殖。     

烟草黑胫病拮抗菌XF10的筛选与鉴定

为丰富烟草黑胫病拮抗细菌菌株资源,有效利用生物防治方法控制烟草黑胫病,在烟草黑胫病发病严重地块的健株根际周围选取土壤样品300份,通过喷施病原指示菌快速初筛、平板对峙培养复筛等方法获得了对烟草黑胫病菌有明显拮抗作用的生防菌株XF10。该菌株菌落为圆形,表面光滑凸起,边缘整齐,可产生橙色色素。经形态特征观察、生理生化特性观察、BIOLOG自动微生物鉴定系统鉴定和16S rDNA序列分析,结果显示:该菌株与假单孢菌属的多个绿针假单胞菌序列的同源性达到99%,为假单孢菌属绿针假单胞菌(Pseudomonas chlororaphis)。XF10菌株的菌液以及胞外代谢产物粗提液对烟草黑胫病菌的抑制率均达80%以上,且该菌株的挥发性代谢产物能有效抑制烟草黑胫病菌菌丝生长,抑制率为86%。     

产几丁质酶菌拮抗烟草黑胫病菌研究

从烟草根际土中分离筛选到两株产几丁质酶能力较高、对烟草黑胫病菌有稳定拮抗作用的菌株ZY-9-1和ZY-19-2。将两菌株发酵液用于烟草黑胫病菌的拮抗试验和初步大田防治试验并研究其对烟叶品质的影响,结果表明:在培养基平板上,量菌株发酵液对烟草黑胫病菌的生长有较好的抑制作用;菌株ZY-9-1和菌株ZY-19-2发酵液应用于大田后,对烟草黑胫病有一定的防治效果,防效分别达到56%和50%;试验样品经过常规化学分析和感官评吸,结果表明菌株发酵液对烟叶品质无不良影响。     

寡雄腐霉发酵液对烤烟的促生及防黑胫病效应分析

为了研制高效、无毒、成本低廉的生物农药,安全有效地防治烟草黑胫病,利用自主分离的寡雄腐霉生防菌株(Pythium oligandrum CQ2010)制备发酵液(Pythium oligandrum broth,POB),通过拮抗、盆栽和田间试验研究了POB对烤烟生长和黑胫病的防治效果,以及对小鼠的急性毒性。拮抗试验表明,POB能显著抑制离体烟草黑胫病菌的菌丝生长和孢子萌发。在盆栽试验中,POB能显著提高烟草叶片叶绿素含量(质量分数),增强烟株根系活力,增加烤烟对氮、磷、钾的吸收,促进烟苗生长,生物量比对照提高58.91%,效果优于寡雄腐霉卵孢子制剂。POB还能激活烟草叶片中与抗病性相关酶如过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶的活性,诱导烟株产生抗病性反应,有利于消除活性氧和过氧化氢,使病害减轻。烤烟幼苗接种黑胫病菌后,施用POB使烟株发病率下降42.95%~65.77%,相对防治效果达到46.99%~57.32%,并显著降低烟草叶片中丙二醛含量,减轻病原菌对细胞膜的伤害。在田间试验中,POB对烟草黑胫病的防治效果达47.91%,烟叶产量提高44.47%,产值增加36.33%。小鼠急性毒性试验表明,用POB大剂量灌胃给药对小鼠体质量无显著影响,供试小鼠外观和行为均无异常,心、肝、肾、肺等器官未见病理改变。因此,POB能有效防治烟草黑胫病,促进烟株生长,提高烟叶产量和产值,且对动物安全无毒。     

生防真菌与氨基寡糖素组合对烟草黑胫病和根黑腐病的防治

针对烟草黑胫病和根黑腐病两种烟草土传病害日益加重的现状,利用生防真菌棘孢木霉MX菌株和产紫青霉Q2菌株分别与植物诱抗剂氨基寡糖素进行组合,在盆栽条件下测定了其分别在两种病害胁迫下的抗病效果。结果表明,产紫青霉Q2和棘孢木霉MX对烟草黑胫病菌和根黑腐病菌均有较强的拮抗作用,其发酵滤液能有效抑制两种病原菌的生长,与氨基寡糖素组合后能够更好地促进烟草幼苗的生长,对黑胫病和根黑腐病的防治效果均达到65%以上,能显著提高发病烟草中防御酶PAL、SOD、POD的活性。     

烟草内生细菌对烟草病害的拮抗和防治作用

利用烟草内生细菌进行了防治烟草黑胫病的试验,获得了对烟草黑胫病有较好防效的内生细菌菌株118、57、93等,其防效分别达69.23%、61.53%和65.38%。其中118菌株具有较广的抗菌谱,对几种主要的烟草病害的病原菌均有拮抗作用,对烟草疫霉菌有明显的拮抗作用,而且对烟草有促生效果,鲜重增产率为13.10%。     

烟草疫霉菌拮抗细菌的筛选鉴定及发酵条件优化

为了筛选对烟草疫霉菌具有拮抗作用的生防细菌菌株,本研究从烟草黑胫病病圃地采集健康烟株的根际土样,采用对峙培养法筛选得到8株对烟草黑胫病具有拮抗作用的细菌菌株,其中编号为LB-9的菌株对烟草疫霉菌的抑制作用最强且效果稳定,抑菌率为60.6%,且抑菌谱广,对其进行16S rRNA基因序列分析后将该菌株鉴定为多粘芽孢杆菌。采用单因素优化试验初步探究了多粘芽孢杆菌LB-9的最适发酵条件,明确了LB-9的最适发酵培养基、最适发酵温度、最适发酵时间和最适发酵初始pH值,对其生防制剂的开发应用具有重要意义。     

短小芽孢杆菌AR03对烟草黑胫病菌的拮抗活性及其田间防效

为测定短小芽孢杆菌AR03对烟草黑胫病菌的拮抗作用及其发酵菌剂的田间防效,通过对峙培养法、固态发酵及田间小区试验的方法发现,AR03菌体和发酵液对烟草黑胫病菌具有很强的拮抗活性,而其除菌上清无拮抗活性,初步说明AR03分泌的抗菌物为胞内物质。AR03经固态发酵后的活菌数为3.82×1011cfu/g。该菌剂的田间小区试验结果显示,对混合有青枯病发生的烟草黑胫病的防治效果明显好于对照药剂,且与72%甲霜灵•锰锌可湿性粉剂协同防治效果最好。因此,AR03对烟草黑胫病和青枯病具有可持续控病作用,是一株极具开发潜力的生防菌株。      

Natural pigments: carotenoids, anthocyanins, and betalains--characteristics, biosynthesis, processing, and stability

Pigments are present in all living matter and provide attractive colors and play basic roles in the development of organisms. Human beings, like most animals, come in contact with their surroundings through color, and things can or cannot be acceptable based on their color characteristics. This review presents the basic information about pigments focusing attention on the natural ones; it emphasizes the principal plant pigments: carotenoids, anthocyanins, and betalains. Special considerations are given to their salient characteristics; to their biosynthesis, taking into account the biochemical and molecular biology information generated in their elucidation; and to the processing and stability properties of these compounds as food colorants.     

卷烟中锂、铬、镍、铜、砷、硒、钼、镉、铊和铅含量分析

采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定了41个牌号烤烟型卷烟和雪茄烟样品烟丝中的锂、铬、镍、铜、砷、硒、钼、镉、铊和铅含量,并按照类型和价位对卷烟中这10种有害元素含量进行了统计分析。结果发现:①卷烟中锂和铜的含量较高,铊的含量很低,铬、镍、镉、铅、砷、硒和钼7种元素的平均含量为0.55～4.42μg/g;②雪茄烟中铬、镍、砷、钼、镉、铊和铅的含量一般高于烤烟型卷烟,而硒元素的含量则相反,但差别较小;烤烟型卷烟中锂和铜的含量与雪茄烟没有显著差异;③高档卷烟中的锂、镍、镉、铊和铬含量较低,而砷、铅的含量较高;不同价位卷烟的铜、硒和钼含量差异不显著。     

Tyrosinase, Laccase, and Peroxidase in Mushrooms (Agaricus, Crimini, Oyster, and Shiitake)

Enzyme assays and electrophoresis were used to monitor the activity of tyrosinase, laccase, and peroxidase in Agaricus bisporus (common cultivated button mushrooms and Crimini mushrooms), Oyster, and Shiitake mushrooms. The three enzymes could be differentiated using specific substrates and inhibitors. Tyrosinase seemed to be the major phenol oxidase in the Agaricus strains, while Oyster and Shiitake mushrooms had much lower levels. Peroxidase activity was low or undetectable in all types examined. Control of enzymatic browning in different mushroom types may depend upon the distribution of different oxidases within any given type.     

Polyphenols, Anthocyanins, Ascorbic Acid, and Radical Scavenging Activity of Rubus, Ribes, and Aronia

ABSTRACT: Total polyphenols, total anthocyanins, and reduced ascorbic acid were evaluated in berries belonging to the genera Rubus, Ribes, and Aronia by means of spectrophotometric and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of the fruit extracts was tested. Total polyphenols ranged from 140.6 to 888.5 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW), total anthocyanins ranged from 22.0 to 460.5 mg/100 g FW, and reduced ascorbic acid ranged from 12.4 to 153.8 mg/ 100 g FW. The average EC50 values for Aronia melanocarpa, Ribes nigrum, Ribes rubrum, Rubus fruticosus, and Rubus idaeus were 1.8, 2.8, 5.3, 6.4, and 8.2 mg FW, respectively. The results indicate that the fruits tested are good sources of natural antioxidants.     

Hormones, metabolites, and reproduction in Holsteins, Jerseys, and their crosses

Holsteins (HH), Jerseys (JJ), and their crosses in first (n=157) and second (n=107) lactation were used to determine if reproduction, progesterone (P4), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and milk production differed between genetic groups. Thirty-four cows were Holstein-Jersey (HJ) crosses, 46 were Jersey-Holstein (JH) crosses, 48 were purebred Holsteins (HH), and 29 were purebred Jerseys (JJ) in first lactation, whereas the second-lactation animals included 23 HJ, 35 JH, 35 HH, and 14 JJ. Blood samples were collected weekly for the first 10 wk postpartum. Analyses were conducted using the MIXED, chi-square, and GLIMMIX procedures (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Seasons of calving were cold (November to May) and hot (June to October) and were combined with year to form 8 year-seasons. Days open and number of services were affected by genetic group. The HH were open 169±8 d, which was greater than HJ (143±9 d), JJ (132±10 d), and JH (127±8 d). The HH had 2.4±0.1 services per pregnancy, which was greater than JH (1.9±0.1), but not different from HJ (2.1±0.2) or JJ (2.1±0.2). Concentrations of NEFA were greater in lactation 2 (0.52±0.02 mEq/L) than in lactation 1 (0.45±0.02 mEq/L) and decreased over the 10-wk period. Concentrations of NEFA were greater in the cold season except in yr 3. Insulin in lactation 1 (0.81±0.03 ng/mL) was greater than in lactation 2 (0.72±0.03 ng/mL); insulin decreased to wk 2 then gradually increased. The HJ had the greatest insulin concentrations (0.87±0.04 ng/mL) and the JJ had the lowest (0.66±0.04 ng/mL), and IGF-1 gradually increased over the 10-wk period. Milk production (actual yield in the first 305 d, not adjusted for fat and protein) was affected by genetic group, lactation number, year-season, and wk 1 insulin. The HH produced 10,348±207 kg of milk, which was greater than the HJ (9,129±230 kg), the JH (9,384±190 kg), and the JJ (7,080±240 kg). Milk production in lactation 2 (9,676±163 kg) was greater than that in lactation 1 (8,294±160 kg). The JJ (10.3±4.7%) had the highest frequency of mastitis. The chance of getting mastitis for HH (1.1±0.9%) differed from that for HJ (9.4±4.1%), JH (8.1±3.4%), and JJ (10.3±4.7%). Genetic group affected hormones and metabolites, which may partially explain differences in reproductive measures and milk yield.     

Water-, oil-, and soil-repellent treatment of textiles,artificial leather,and leather

Several products are on the market to realize water-, oil-, and soil-repellent properties on textiles or textile-related materials. To make an adequate and fast rating of repellent properties of finished textiles, different drop tests according to AATCC and ISO standards are commonly used. For evaluation of the repellent properties of solid substrates against different liquids often contact angle measurements are performed. The aim of the work presented here is to determine and evaluate the repellent effects gained by the application of three different finishing agents on three different substrates, such as polyester fabric, artificial leather, and leather. The main questions are at that point: It is possible to gain similar repellent effects with the same finishing product applied on different substrates? Do the different testing methods lead to comparable results? Is there a relation to the repellency against everyday consumer products as red wine, ice tea, or coffee? This article should help the reader to evaluate different testing methods and the influence on common substrates.     

Capsicum--production, technology, chemistry, and quality. Part V. Impact on physiology, pharmacology, nutrition, and metabolism; structure, pungency, pain, and desensitization sequences

The spice Capsicum is the fruit of the cultivated species of the genus Capsicum (family, Solanaceae), C. annuum principally, and C. frutescens L. to a lesser extent. A third variety of C. annuum var. annuum fruits, the large-sized, fleshy bell capsicum is used as a fresh vegetable and valued for its aroma, color, and crisp texture, but with no pungency. This variety is not considered in this series of reviews covering primary processing, production, international trade, chemistry, and biochemistry of functional components--the red keto carotenoids, the aromatic volatiles and the pungent capsaicinoids in Parts I to III. The valid qualitative aspects correlating the specific components of capsicum and their sensory responses are critically covered in Part IV. In this the concluding part of the series of reviews, the significant preference of the spice for initially evoking an aversive response, its potent physiological and pharmacological effects, and the aspects of structure-activity relationships of the pungent stimuli of the capsaicinoids are reviewed. The beneficial effects particularly associated with long usage by some ethnic groups and its safe consumption levels, with a critical review of the studies on the gastrointestinal tract, the cardiovascular system, the sensory system, thermoregulation, nutritional impacts, and an overview of the five series is also detailed.     

Simultaneous and Direct Determination of As, Bi, Pb, Sb, and Se and Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Mn in Milk by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Tungsten permanent modifier with coinjection of Pd(NO₃)₂ and W–Ru permanent modifiers are proposed for the direct and simultaneous determination of As, Bi, Pb, Sb, and Se (group 1) and Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Mn (group 2), respectively, in milk by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The performance of modifiers was evaluated by means of thermal behavior of analytes, sensitivity, atomic signal profile, repeatability, graphite tube lifetime, and background intensity. An air-assisted pyrolysis step was necessary to quantitative elimination of the organic matter. After methods optimization, 14 commercial milk samples were analyzed. The found concentrations of As, Bi, Pb, Sb, Se, Co, and Cr were lower than their limit of detection (2.13, 2.21, 1.49, 1.63, 2.05, 1.0, and 1.2 μg L⁻¹, respectively). Concentrations of Cu, Fe, and Mn were in the 1.58–5.74 μg L⁻¹, 9.79–49.3 μg L⁻¹, and 2.25–4.08 μg L⁻¹ intervals, respectively. The limits of detection for Cu, Fe, and Mn were 1.7, 5.3, and 2.0 μg L⁻¹, respectively. The accuracy of methods was checked after analysis of two milk standard materials. Results for Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Mn were in agreement with certified values of SRMs at the 95% confidence level. Accuracy was also evaluated by addition–recovery tests and recoveries in the 86–127% range were obtained for all elements. The use of pretreat platform of graphite tubes with W or W–Ru allowed enlarging the lifetime of atomizer in 750 heating cycles.