基于结构参数的平纹机织复合材料等效弹性性能预测

经向纤维束与纬向纤维束纵横交错引起的纤维弯曲(也称为波纹)是平纹机织复合材料固有特征。首先,提出了一种精确描述平纹机织复合材料单胞3D结构特征的数学表达式。其次,基于经典层合板理论和等应力假设,考虑平纹机织复合材料厚度方向非对称引起的弯曲-拉伸耦合效应及单胞结构特征,建立了含结构参数的平纹机织复合材料等效弹性性能多参数解析模型。通过数个典型算例验证了建立的多参数解析模型,结果表明：该多参数解析模型预测值与相关文献中有限元模型预测值、解析模型预测值、实验值等均吻合较好;该多参数解析模型预测值尤其是Z向弹性性能预测值,比文献中解析模型预测值更接近于实验值。在此基础上,进一步探讨了纤维束波纹比(包括纤维束波动方向波纹比与纤维束横截面波纹比)、经向与纬向纤维束构成的预成形体厚度、纤维束中弯曲部分的长度、相邻纤维束之间间距等结构参数对平纹机织复合材料弹性性能影响。该多参数解析模型建模方法为研究纺织复合材料力学性能提供了参考。     

二维机织复合材料弹性常数的有限元法预测

为了预测二维机织复合材料的弹性性能,建立了有限元力学分析模型。基于二维机织复合材料的几何特征,建立了参数化的单胞模型;考虑了织物纤维束呈现出的各向异性材料特征,将有限元中材料主方向转化到纤维屈曲方向,建立其力学分析有限元模型;分析了单胞边界面保持平面假设的不足,提出了对于二维机织复合材料通用的周期边界条件,获得了更为准确的二维机织复合材料的工程弹性常数。结果表明:织物衬垫单胞边界面,在单向拉伸载荷和纯剪切载荷下,呈凹凸翘曲变形,即为周期边界;应用给出的织物参数化几何建模方法与有限元求解方法,可以精确地获得工程弹性常数,数值计算结果与实验值吻合较好。      

三维机织C/C-SiC复合材料弹性性能预测

试验研究了三维机织C/C-SiC复合材料的弹性性能, 基于复合材料的扫描电镜(SEM)照片, 分析了材料的细观结构的特点, 并提出了一系列的假设, 建立了三维机织C/C-SiC复合材料的细观力学模型, 利用均匀化方法预测了复合材料的弹性常数, 分析了材料的弹性性能随经纱倾斜角的变化规律。结果表明: 预测结果与试验结果吻合较好, 表明该预测模型和方法的正确性; 随着经纱倾斜角的增加, 经纱方向的弹性模量降低, 其它方向的弹性模量均增大, 但面内剪切模量和厚度方向的弹性模量增幅很小。      

平纹机织叠层复合材料飞轮弹性参数预测及测量

针对纤维缠绕复合材料高速飞轮径向分层问题,提出环向和径向同时强化的圆环平纹织物结构,环向纱束为单一纤维束连续织造。建立了“平头梭形”截面的单胞模型,兼顾双向纱束轮廓差异。基于扇形单胞和矩形单胞结构相似性,定义了“等参数”织造约束条件。采用体积平均法预测圆环织物扇形单胞等效弹性参数,并采用轮缘径向多层分割模型,分析了机织飞轮旋转载荷下的应力和变形特征及其影响参数,轮缘理论计算位移与圆标记法径向变形测量结果一致。机织复合材料飞轮测试极限圆周速度为889 m/s,储能密度为63.7 Wh/kg。理论分析和实验表明,环形织构的双强化理论可行,能够获得比缠绕飞轮更高的旋转速度。      

三维机织复合材料多尺度黏弹性分析

建立了一种三维机织复合材料多尺度的黏弹性分析模型。首先构造了微观尺度纱线束胞元和细观尺度复合材料周期结构胞元两级有限元模型, 由微观尺度胞元分析得到纱线束的弹性常数, 再代入细观尺度胞元计算出复合材料的平均弹性常数。两级胞元模型均施加周期边界条件, 保证了胞元边界上位移和应力满足周期性和连续性。随后分别建立了树脂基体和浸润树脂纱线束的蠕变模型, 用实验标定树脂的蠕变参数, 代入微观尺度胞元进行蠕变计算来修正纱线束蠕变模型的参数。最后将树脂和纱线束的蠕变本构关系应用于细观尺度胞元, 得到材料宏观平均的应力-应变响应, 模拟了三维机织复合材料的蠕变实验曲线。本文模型对于该种复合材料弹性常数和蠕变性能的预测, 均与实验吻合。      

非正交二维平纹编织树脂基复合材料的弹性性能

二维编织布在铺设形状复杂的复合材料结构时,如果边缘受到拉剪,经纬纱之间的夹角会发生变化;在固化过程中,原本正交的经纬纱走向也可能发生偏转。经纬纱之间夹角的变化会增加材料的各向异性,进而影响结构的力学性能。本文通过试验研究了纤维束偏转对二维编织复合材料弹性性能的影响,分别进行了三种典型试验件面内拉伸弹性模量的测试。基于刚度体平均方法,提出了一种非正交二维编织树脂基复合材料的刚度预测模型,并在此基础上分析了纤维束偏转对材料有效性能的影响规律。计算结果与试验数据符合良好。     

2.5维机织复合材料经向拉伸弹性模量预测与试验验证

采用沿经向切片积分的方法计算2.5维机织复合材料的宏观经向拉伸弹性模量,与试验结果和传统的体积平均合成方法进行了对比,分析表明,本文中的方法能够有效提高传统体积平均法的预测精度.利用文中的方法分析了2.5维机织复合材料沿在机织循环过程中的经向拉伸弹性模量分布情况,并且对相关机织结构的2.5维机织复合材料进行了试验研究.研究发现,经纱弯曲程度较小的直联结构和添加平直经纱的衬经结构能够有效提高2.5维机织复合材料的经向拉伸弹性模量,并且能够改善经向拉伸应力-应变曲线的非线性.     

2.5维机织复合材料经向拉伸弹性模量预测与试验验证

采用沿经向切片积分的方法计算2.5维机织复合材料的宏观经向拉伸弹性模量, 与试验结果和传统的体积平均合成方法进行了对比, 分析表明, 本文中的方法能够有效提高传统体积平均法的预测精度。利用文中的方法分析了2.5维机织复合材料沿在机织循环过程中的经向拉伸弹性模量分布情况, 并且对相关机织结构的2.5维机织复合材料进行了试验研究。研究发现, 经纱弯曲程度较小的直联结构和添加平直经纱的衬经结构能够有效提高2.5维机织复合材料的经向拉伸弹性模量, 并且能够改善经向拉伸应力-应变曲线的非线性。     

间隙率对三轴向机织复合材料弹性性能的影响

采用有限元分析方法研究了间隙率对三轴向机织复合材料弹性性能的影响。首先,根据三轴向机织复合材料几何构型和基本参数,建立了三轴向机织复合材料的面密度和单胞特征边长与间隙率之间的关系;然后,建立了三轴向机织复合材料的有限元模型,利用该模型预测了拉伸、压缩和剪切刚度并与文献的实验结果进行了对比,证明了模型的有效性;最后,分析了间隙率对弹性性能的影响。研究发现,拉伸、压缩和剪切刚度随间隙率的增加而显著下降,而比刚度和泊松比随间隙率的增加变化较小。     

2.5D机织复合材料弹性性能的有限元分析

在已有研究的基础上,提出了一个新的2.5D机织复合材料有限元模型,该模型较为真实的模拟了织物内纤维束的轮廓结构和走向,模型中纤维束单元的材料属性根据其所处位置及纱线走向的不同对其分别进行定义。利用该模型,以机织结构和纤维束排列密度为参数,详细研究了其对2.5维机织复合材料弹性性能的影响情况,并对其影响特征进行了分析讨论。将计算结果与实验值和刚度平均法预测结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,有限元法预测结果介于实验值和刚度平均法预测值之间,非常接近于实验值,且优于刚度平均法预测的结果。     

Initial fracture behavior of satin woven fabric composites

Final fractures of composites is considered to be caused by cumulation of the microfractures, so that, the initiation of microfracture, namely, initial fracture is important factor to know the mechanical properties. Microfracture behaviors in textile composites were regarded to be decided by the geometry of textile fabric quantitatively. In this study, initial fracture in plain and satin woven fabric composites was investigated and the effect of weaving structure on initial fracture behavior was clarified. First, in order to investigate the geometry of textile fabric, crimp ratio and aspect ratio were measured. Tensile testing was performed and knee point on the stress–strain curve was identified. Fracture process of composites was observed by replica method. Initial fracture in plain woven fabric composite was confirmed as transverse crack in weft fiber bundle, on the other hand, in satin woven fabric composites both transverse crack and filament fracture at the same time was observed. The effects of changes in crimp ratio and aspect ratio on the initial fracture of woven fabric composites were discussed.     

管道修复用涤纶-苎麻复合机织物性能试验

针对传统管道内衬修复材料施工中易出现内壁塌陷等问题,结合目前快速发展的绿色纤维复合材料,提出在涤纶机织物内衬材料中加入苎麻纱线,制作涤纶-苎麻复合机织物材料来提高树脂对管道修复用内衬机织物的浸透性能,增强内衬材料和管壁的粘结性能。以纤维外观、抽拔实验后纤维断面形貌的电镜观察,并通过树脂与织物接触角的测试、粘结实验,综合分析了涤-麻复合机织物的树脂浸透性,同时对涤纶-苎麻复合机织物力学性能进行测试来保障内衬复合材料满足强度的要求。实验结果表明,采用上述涤-麻复合织造的方法,可以显著提高树脂的浸透性能,有利于携带更多的树脂粘结剂提高树脂与管壁的粘结性,减少塌陷发生的可能性。同时加入麻复合的机织物,拉伸顶破性能都满足高压燃气管道的修复要求。     

Quasi-static tensile behavior and damage of carbon/epoxy composite reinforced with 3D non-crimp orthogonal woven fabric

This paper presents a comprehensive experimental study and detailed mechanistic interpretations of the tensile behavior of one representative 3D non-crimp orthogonal woven (3DNCOW) carbon/epoxy composite. The composite is tested under uniaxial in-plane tensile loading in the warp, fill and ±45° bias directions. An “S-shape” nonlinearity observed in the stress–strain curves is explained by the concurrent contributions of inherent carbon fiber stiffening (“non-Hookean behavior”), fiber straightening, and gradual damage accumulation. Several approaches to the determination of a single-value Young’s modulus from a significantly nonlinear stress–strain curve are discussed and the best approach recommended. Also, issues related to the experimental determination of effective Poisson’s ratios for this class of composites are discussed, and their possible resolution suggested. The observed experimental values of the warp- and fill-directional tensile strengths are much higher than those typically obtained for 3D interlock weave carbon/epoxy composites while the nonlinear material behavior observed for the ±45°-directional tensile loading is in a qualitative agreement with the earlier results for other textile composites. Results of the damage initiation and progression, monitoried by means of acoustic emission, full-field strain optical measurements, X-rays and optical microscopy, are illustrated and discussed in detail. The damage modes at different stages of the increasing tensile loading are analyzed, and the principal progressive damage mechanisms identified, including the characteristic crack patterns developed at each damage stage. It is concluded that significant damage initiation of the present material occurs in the same strain range as in traditional cross-ply laminates, while respective strain range for other previously studied carbon/epoxy textile composites is significantly lower. Overall the revealed advantages in stiffness, strength and progressive damage behavior of the studied composite are mainly attributed to the absence of crimp and only minimal fiber waviness in the reinforcing 3DNCOW preform.     

碳纤维织物力学性能和冲压成形实验研究

在实际成形过程中,碳纤维复合材料往往处于复杂的应力状态,开展近于真实载荷环境下的力学试验分析,能够更准确地认识实际应用中材料的成形性能和变形机理.为获得碳纤维织物的基本力学特性,设计了平纹碳纤维织物拉伸试样及成形试样,进行了单轴拉伸、双轴拉伸、镜框剪切试验和方盒冲压成形实验研究,对比了不同双拉比及纱线取向对力学性能及成形性能的影响.研究结果表明:碳纤维织物具有高度的非线性、各向异性和双拉耦合特性,即经纬向纤维的力学性能会相互影响;剪切变形是成形过程中的主要变形模式,当剪切角达到临界锁死角时,织物发生起皱现象;同种织物不同纱线取向试样表现出不同的成形性能,因此可以根据零件几何形状选择合适纤维取向的织物,从而减少缺陷,优化成形零件的力学性能.研究结果为后续建立碳纤维织物本构模型和成形仿真奠定了基础.     

Modeling and analyses of thermo-elastic properties of radially grown carbon nanotubes-based woven fabric hybrid composite materials

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) may be useful due to their sound thermo-mechanical properties. The present work deals with the evaluation and analysis of elastic properties and coefficient of thermal expansions (CTEs) of a CNTs-based 2D plane woven fabric composite material system where the CNTs are radially grown on the surface of the carbon fiber. Detailed constructional features of the proposed trans-scale composite material system is explained in detail. The mathematical modeling for the material properties of each constituent or building block of the hybrid composite is developed. The mathematical model for the thermo-elastic properties of yarns is also formulated based on strength of material method whereas the thermo-elastic properties of representative unit cell is based on the unit cell method. Various numerical results have been obtained by varying the CNTs content, carbon fiber contents, and temperatures. Effects of different geometrical parameters (such as yarn thickness, yarn width, and the ratio of gap length to yarn width of the yarn) on the elastic properties as well as the CTEs are also investigated.     

Z-pin植入对二维机织复合材料层合板力学性能影响的数值模拟

针对植入Z-pin后的碳纤维增强平纹机织复合材料的微观结构,建立了含Z-pin机织复合材料单层板和层合板的单胞模型。预测了Z-pin直径、分布间隔对单层板的面内纵向拉伸力学性能的影响,发现含有Z-pin的机织复合材料单胞在受面内拉伸时,会在Z-pin附近出现应力集中,单胞首先会在应力集中区域发生失效而导致强度降低。通过三维单胞模型模拟了Z-pin在层合板中拉出脱离的过程,得出了不同Z-pin直径、不同分离层厚度下的拉拔力-位移曲线。建立了用非线性弹簧模拟Z-pin的双悬臂梁（DCB）模型,结合虚拟裂纹闭合技术（VCCT）,模拟了含有Z-pin复合材料层合板的Ⅰ型裂纹扩展,结果表明：Z-pin直径越大,分布越密,层合板的等效Ⅰ型应变能释放率 G_IC越大,且直径越大,G_IC 随裂纹扩展的波动幅度越大,分布越密,G_IC 波动的波长越小。     

织物形式对苎麻纤维渗透率及其复合材料力学性能的影响

采用树脂传递模塑工艺(RTM)研究了三种典型苎麻纤维织物结构(平纹、 斜纹和缎纹)对树脂流动性的影响, 并研究了三种苎麻纤维织物结构对其增强酚醛树脂复合材料的拉伸性能和层间剪切性能的影响。结果表明, 苎麻纤维织物树脂渗透率主要受纤维屈曲和流道面积的影响。斜纹和缎纹苎麻织物的纤维屈曲较小且流道面积较大, 其织物的树脂渗透率较大, 同时, 较小的纤维屈曲使其增强的复合材料拉伸性能也较优。然而, 不同织物形式对苎麻纤维织物/树脂复合材料的层间性能影响不大。     

湿热环境下含分层平面编织玻璃纤维/环氧树脂基复合材料层合板振动特性

通过理论推导与有限元仿真,研究了湿热环境下一端固支与四端固支约束含分层平面编织玻璃纤维/环氧树脂基复合材料层合板的不同分层夹角及分层位置的振动特性。首先基于Mindlin一阶剪切变形理论与Hamilton原理,考虑湿热应力和质量效应,依据湿度与温度的等效性,推导了受湿热环境影响的含分层层合板的湿热本构方程与固有频率表达式。利用有限元软件ABAQUS自带的用户材料子程序（UMAT）接口,编制相应的接口程序,建立了一系列温湿度组合下的分层损伤模型。并将数值结果与文献中试验值进行了验证。算例结果表明:湿热效应下,分层加剧了湿热环境下平面编织层合板各阶固有频率的下降;不同的分层夹角会引起固有频率值的改变,夹角越大固有频率下降幅值越大;湿度对分层层合板振动特性的影响比温度对分层层合板振动特性的影响显著;湿热效应会引起高阶频率向低阶的漂移,加剧局部共振现象;表面分层与中面分层都会引起各阶固有频率值下降,但下降幅值两者之间差别不大。      

On the L2 and the H1 couplings for an overlapping domain decomposition method using Lagrange multipliers

In this paper, a comparison of the L² and the H¹ couplings is made for an overlapping domain decomposition method using Lagrange multipliers. The analysis of the local equations arising from the formulation of the coupling of two mechanical models shows that continuous weight functions are required for the L² coupling term whereas both discontinuous and continuous weight functions can be used for the H¹ coupling. The choice of the Lagrange multiplier space is discussed and numerically studied. The paper ends with some numerical examples of an end‐loaded cantilever beam and a cracked plate under tension and shear. It is shown that the continuity enforced with the H¹ coupling leads to a link with a flexibility that can be beneficial for coupling a very coarse mesh with a very fine one. To limit the effect of the volume coupling on the global response, a narrow coupling zone is recommended. In this case, volume coupling tends to a surface coupling, especially with a L² coupling. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.