析出粒子对钛微合金化高强钢奥氏体晶粒长大的影响

通过析出粒子与奥氏体晶粒尺寸的定量关系,建立奥氏体晶粒长大模型,计算TiN和TiC析出粒子共同作用下钛微合金化钢奥氏体晶粒尺寸.根据析出相质点理论计算结果表明:随着加热温度的升高,析出粒子体积分数逐渐减少,粒子半径逐渐增大,TiC粒子强烈阻止奥氏体晶粒长大,TiN粒子对奥氏体晶粒长大钉扎效果一般.采用实验测试手段测量不同加热温度下保温30 min后实验钢的奥氏体晶粒尺寸,与理论计算结果吻合较好.     

加热温度对钛微合金化钢奥氏体晶粒长大的影响

通过将钛微合金化钢在箱式电炉中加热至850~1 250℃保温30 min,观察其奥氏体晶粒组织及Ti的析出粒子分布情况,研究钛微合金化钢奥氏体晶粒长大行为及Ti的固溶规律。结果表明:随着加热温度的升高,试验钢存在两个奥氏体晶粒粗化温度,分别为1 050℃和1 250℃,与Ti两种析出粒子的固溶温度相对应,但数值比固溶温度低。分析奥氏体晶粒两个阶段的长大过程发现,随着TiC析出粒子的溶解,晶粒长大激活能从265.6 k J/mol降低至239.8 k J/mol。     

Nb微合金化对齿轮钢高温渗碳奥氏体晶粒度的影响

摘要：通过Nb微合金化提高渗碳温度是当前发展高端齿轮钢的重要思路。以20Cr钢为基准成分,通过实验室熔炼、锻造以及977~1134℃范围内高温伪渗碳实验,研究了0.02%、0.04%、0.06%、0.08%等不同Nb质量分数下渗碳后的奥氏体晶粒结构。在此基础上,依据热力学计算及析出颗粒熟化模型,对AlN、Nb(C,N)颗粒的钉扎强度进行估算并与晶粒尺寸建立联系,得到了适用于含Al、Nb齿轮钢的奥氏体晶粒度控制预测模型。最后,依据此模型分析了Nb含量对20Cr钢渗碳温度的影响,并基于高温渗碳目标提出了Nb微合金化的成分建议。     

38CrMoAl钢奥氏体晶粒长大动力学研究

研究了VAR和EAF两种不同洁净度的38CrMoAl渗氮钢的奥氏体晶粒长大动力学。将38CrMoAl试验钢加热到940℃和1 000℃奥氏体化,并保温15～600 min,利用金相试验方法观察奥氏体晶粒的变化。结果发现,随着奥氏体化温度的升高和保温时间的延长,38CrMoAl钢晶粒长大趋势较明显;高洁净度的38CrMoAl钢(VAR)中AlN第二相颗粒较少,钉扎晶界作用弱,因而晶粒更易于长大。VAR和EAF两种洁净度的38CrMoAl钢奥氏体晶粒长大激活能分别为193 kJ/mol和321 kJ/mol。     

含铌齿轮钢的晶粒长大动力学

 利用金相试验方法和理论模型研究了几种Nb微合金化齿轮钢的奥氏体晶粒长大动力学。结果表明,试验钢中Nb含量分别为w(Nb)=0%、004%、006%和008%,奥氏体化温度在900~1 200 ℃范围,奥氏体化保温时间为15~600 min条件下,由于NbC颗粒的钉扎晶界作用,齿轮钢中添加微量Nb,可有效阻止奥氏体晶粒粗化,而且随Nb含量的增加,晶粒细化效果越明显。     

Nb微合金化高碳钢奥氏体晶粒长大原位观察

摘要：以往研究表明Nb析出相钉扎和固溶Nb溶质拖曳作用共同阻碍奥氏体晶粒长大。采用高温共聚焦显微镜研究了Nb对一种高碳含Nb钢奥氏体晶粒长大的影响,对含Nb钢加热过程组织演变进行原位观察。结果表明,Nb在没有钉扎作用下（即高温条件下）仍能起到阻碍奥氏体晶粒长大的作用,该阻碍效果主要是固溶Nb的溶质拖曳作用引起的。采用2种模型对奥氏体晶粒长大行为进行拟合,给出了不同加热温度下Nb微合金化高碳钢的Beck长大方程,同时考虑到加热温度和保温时间的共同影响,根据原位观察结果得到实验钢的奥氏体晶粒长大动力学模型,该模型能够较准确地预测Nb微合金化高碳钢奥氏体晶粒长大行为。     

高温渗碳齿轮钢的晶粒粗化行为

  为了开发适合980 ℃高温渗碳的齿轮钢，利用伪渗碳方法，研究了铌质量分数为0、0.036%、0.060%和0.100%的18Cr2Ni2Mo渗碳齿轮钢在930和980 ℃的晶粒粗化行为。结果表明，由于析出NbC钉扎晶界，铌微合金化可以显著细化试验钢在930和980 ℃奥氏体化后的晶粒尺寸，且随着铌质量分数增加，铌微合金化明显抑制试验钢在980 ℃长时间奥氏体化晶粒粗化倾向。添加0.100%Nb的18Cr2Ni2Mo齿轮钢在980 ℃奥氏体化20 h后，平均晶粒尺寸仍然在26 μm左右，适合于980 ℃高温长时间渗碳。     

高强度船板钢奥氏体晶粒长大的规律

 利用光学显微镜和H 800透射电镜研究了不同加热温度和不同保温时间下高强度船板钢奥氏体晶粒长大规律。结果表明,该钢在高温加热时具有较好的抗晶粒粗化能力,奥氏体晶粒粗化温度在1250 ℃左右;在1100 ℃和1200 ℃保温时,奥氏体晶粒等温长大规律较好地服从抛物线型经验表达式;随着温度的升高,钢中的第二相质点逐渐减少,当加热至1250 ℃时,钢中仅存TiN颗粒。     

微钛处理钢的奥氏体晶粒长大行为及第二相质点的作用

本文研究了微钛处理20g,16MnR钢奥氏体晶粒加热时的长大规律及钢中第二相质点阻止奥氏体晶粒长大的机制。试验结果表明,微钛处理细化奥氏体晶粒,主要是通过析出细小弥散的第二相质点(TiN,Ti(CN))对晶界迁移的拖曳作用。同时表明奥氏体晶粒长大在无第二相质点存在时,只由扩散控制:而在第二相质点存在时,明显地改变了其长大规律及AIN在微钛处理钢中的作用。     

预热处理工艺对SCr420H齿轮钢高温渗碳奥氏体晶粒长大行为的影响

实验研究了加热温度和保温时间对具有不同AlN析出状态的SCr420H齿轮钢的奥氏体晶粒长大行为的影响。用Thermo-Calc热力学计算软件计算了实验钢AlN析出相的平衡溶解规律,并用场发射透射电子显微镜研究了实验钢中AlN的析出行为。结果表明,热轧空冷态的试样在950～1 050℃渗碳0.5 h均出现混晶,奥氏体平均晶粒度级别低于5级。经过1 210℃固溶水淬处理的试样在950～1 000℃渗碳0.5～6 h和在1 050℃渗碳0.5～2 h奥氏体晶粒均不发生长大,晶粒度级别在9.5～10级;在1 050℃渗碳2 h以后开始出现异常晶粒长大。试样经1 210℃固溶水淬后在700℃等温1 h水冷处理,可使其在1 050℃渗碳8 h而不发生异常晶粒长大或混晶,奥氏体晶粒平均尺寸为14μm,晶粒度级别为9.4级。试样在渗碳过程中的奥氏体晶粒长大行为主要受钢中第二相AlN的溶解度和熟化速率控制。固溶后在1 050℃渗碳0.5 h的试样中AlN析出相尺寸均小于80 nm,平均尺寸为27.8 nm,渗碳2.5 h的试样中出现了尺寸大于100 nm的AlN粒子,数量占比为14.3%,AlN粒子的平...     

Effect of Nb on Ferrite Recrystallization and Austenite Decomposition in Microalloyed Steels

A promising new method for steel design is based on controlling alloy chemistry and thermomechanical processing parameters to tailor microstructural evolution though an explicit understanding of the physical mechanisms governing microstructural change. Additions of Nb have been shown to have a large effect on microstructural processes in steels and this contribution summarizes recent work on elucidating the effect of Nb on the processes of recrystallization in ferrite and the kinetics of the austenite to ferrite phase transformation. In particular, emphasis is placed on distinguishing the effects of Nb in solution and Nb present as Nb‐containing precipitates. Nb in solution is shown to have a very strong effect on the recrystallization in ferrite and this can be quantified and understood in terms of the well‐known solute‐drag effect. The effect of NbC particles on the kinetics of the austenite to ferrite phase transformation is, however, less clear. Theoretical considerations would lead us to expect interphase boundary carbide precipitation to influence the transformation rate but novel decarburization experiments suggest this is not the case. This illustrates that although we are making progress on our understanding of the physical mechanisms governing change in Nb containing steels, there remains a number of important issues requiring further work.     

Effect of Ti on Austenite Grain Growth Behavior in High Carbon Steels

Austenite grain growth behavior of two high carbon steels was observed using Confocal l.aser Scanning Mi croscope （CLSM）. Apparent austenite grain sizes for different holding time under a series of temperatures were measured by employing linear intercept method. Experimental results showed that Ti bearing steel exhibited a much sluggish growth rate compared with Ti free counterpart, which was attributed to the pinning effect of Ti（C,N） nan oparticles with the size of 20 to 40 nm on austenite grain boundaries. Based on the research conducted by using Transmission Electron Microscope （TEM） observation and Thermo Calc calculation, Ti（C, N） was confirmed to be the dominant phase at elevated temperature. Some models were introduced to predict the grain sizes of both steels. By comparison, the results predicted by the modified Gladman equation are found to be closest to the experimental resuits, which could be employed to predict accurately the austenite grain growth of high carbon steels.     

Effect of Solute Drag and Precipitate Pinning on Austenite Grain Growth in Ti-Nb Microalloyed Steels

A metallurgical model concerning the co-effect of the Nb solute drag and the complex carbonitride precipitates pinning is proposed to predict the recrystallization austenite grain growth of low carbon Nb-containing microalloyed steels.The analysis,both predicted and experimental,reveals the precipitate pinning plays a dominate role in suppressing the austenite grain growth with less Nb solute drag effect in high temperature region whereas the Nb solute drag predominates in relatively low temperature region.A factor p is suggested to assess the effectiveness of drag and pinning.The pinning and the drag are more effective in restraining grain growth as p>0 and p<0,respectively.A low carbon Nb microalloyed steel and a kind of Ti-modified low carbon Nb steel by Ti substituting for part of Nb are employed to validate the modeling results.The theoretical calculations show a good agreement with experimental results.     

Isothermal Grain Growth of Austenite in Hypoeutectoid and Hypereutectoid Plain Carbon Steels

Grain growth kinetics of austenite in a hypoeutectoid steel(containing carbon of 0.35%)at 920 ℃ and in a hypereutectoid steel(containing carbon of 1%)at 980 ℃ for holding time ranging from 1 h to 6 h was investigated.The hypoeutectoid steel exhibited normal grain growth without solute drag hindrance with a time exponent(0.51)close to the theoretical value(0.5).However,the grain growth of austenite in the hypereutectoid steel held up to 3 h was extremely slow,characterizing by a low value of time exponent(0.08).Thereafter,a breakaway occurred and the grain growth in the hypereutectoid steel held from 3 h to 6 h progressed normally with a time exponent(0.52)close to the theoretical value(0.5).     

Austenitization Behaviors of X80 Pipeline Steel With High Nb and Trace Ti Treatment

The austenitization behaviors of two high niobium-containing X80 pipeline steels with different titanium contents, including the dissolution of microalloying precipitates and the austenite grain growth, were investigated by using physical-chemical phase analysis method and microstructural observation. The results illustrated that most niobium could be dissolved into austenite during soaking at 1180℃, whereas little amount of titanium could be dissolved. It was found that during soaking, the austenite grain growth rate was initially high, and then decreased after soaking for 1 h; moreover, the austenite grains grew up more rapidly at temperatures above 1180℃ than below 1180℃. The results show that the steel with titanium content of 0.016% has a larger austenite grain size than that with titanium content of 0.012% under the same soaking conditions, which is explained by considering the particle size distribution.     

几种高速列车用弹簧钢的奥氏体晶粒长大倾向

 弹簧钢的原奥氏体晶粒大小对其力学性能和疲劳性能有重要影响,采用光学显微镜研究了51CrV4、52CrMoV4、60Si2CrVA、60Si2MnA 4种高速列车用弹簧钢的原奥氏体晶粒在加热后的长大倾向,结合透射电镜的观察分析了4种弹簧钢具有不同奥氏体晶粒粗化温度的原因。试验结果表明,化学成分对其奥氏体晶粒长大倾向具有重要影响,弹簧钢中加入Cr、V、Mo能有效阻止原奥氏体晶粒的长大,奥氏体晶粒的粗化温度与微合金碳氮化合物的固溶温度有关。 在800~1100℃温度范围内加热,51CrV4中的奥氏体晶粒长大趋势最小,52CrMoV4和60Si2CrVA次之,60Si2MnA最大。     

铝、钛、钒和铌对中碳钢奥氏体晶粒度的影响

对6炉微合金化高氮L45钢进行了长时间(1800s)加热时和快速(50℃/s)短时间(5s)加热时奥氏体晶粒长大试验。测定了奥氏体晶粒平均截线长度。在萃取复型透射电镜照片上利用图象分析仪测定了1^#、3^#和6^#钢样中微细析出相的尺寸分布。利用透射电镜能谱仪分析了微细析出相的化学成分。还探讨了铝及微合金化元素钛、钒和铌与加热温度对高氮中碳钢奥氏体晶粒度的影响机制。     

Ti对中碳高锰钢奥氏体晶粒长大的影响

研究了Ti对中碳高锰钢在不同加热温度和保温时间下的奥氏体晶粒长大规律的影响。结果表明,随着加热温度的升高和保温时间的延长,含Ti钢的奥氏体晶粒长大速率明显较慢,且相同温度下其晶粒尺寸更为细小。含Ti钢中含有较多的纳米级Ti(C,N)粒子,Thermo-calc计算表明其完全固溶温度约1 450℃,当温度逐渐升高时,Ti(C,N)虽有部分固溶,但尺寸小于100 nm的粒子比例依然较高,起到了阻碍奥氏体晶界迁移的作用,因此高温下含Ti钢的奥氏体晶界迁移速率较慢。建立了含Ti钢的高温奥氏体晶粒长大模型:D_B=729.25t~(0.16)exp(-71 972.3/RT),根据拟合模型所得含Ti钢中的奥氏体晶界迁移能为72 k J/mol,大于不含Ti钢的45 k J/mol,同时生长指数n为0.16,而不含Ti钢为0.25,试验所得奥氏体晶粒尺寸与计算模拟值吻合较好。