微生物法合成ZnS纳米颗粒及应用

近年来,纳米材料以其独特的尺寸、形状及光学、电学、化学性能引起广泛的关注。ZnS纳米颗粒更具有独特的光电效应、荧光效应和电致发光等功能,在电学、磁学和催化等领域的出色表现引起了很多科学家的重视。微生物法合成ZnS纳米颗粒在常温常压下进行,可以减少或消除有毒的中间产物,和化学法相比是一种绿色环保的合成方法。综述了利用细菌、真菌、病毒等微生物合成ZnS纳米颗粒,以及ZnS纳米颗粒在医学、生物标记、荧光传感探针、锌酶的替代物及光催化等方面的应用,并对ZnS纳米颗粒的前景及发展方向进行了展望。     

ZnO/ZnS纳米颗粒的制备和光谱特性研究

用胶体化学法制备了ZnO/ZnS纳米颗粒 ,并且用超声分散的方法对其进行表面修饰 ,表面修饰的效果很好。ZnO和ZnO/ZnS纳米颗粒的光学带隙分别为 3.88eV和 4 .6 0eV ,ZnO纳米颗粒的荧光峰为 4 2 2nm ,而ZnO/ZnS纳米颗粒的荧光主峰在 2 99nm ,而且有对称的肩峰 2 6 8nm和 332nm ;表面修饰后的ZnO和ZnO/ZnS纳米颗粒的光学带隙分别为 3.10eV和 2 .93eV ,而ZnO/ZnS纳米颗粒的荧光峰在 311nm处表现出“红移”现象     

枝蔓晶硫化锌的水热合成

用水热法通过氧化-还原反应制备ZnS纳米颗粒。制得的ZnS颗粒按一定规律连生生长,形成锯齿状、枝状和叶片状等枝蔓晶形态。粉末X射线衍射谱显示反应产物为立方相结构。样品选区电子衍射表明反应产物是立方相和六方相结构,认为这是硫化锌的同质异构现象。用负离子配位多面体生长基元模型讨论了纳米晶粒的取向连生和晶粒相连的枝蔓晶结构,其形成机理是沿着晶体中负离子配位多面体相互联结的稳定方向生长,为晶体生长速率最快的方向,其分布的对称性与晶体结构的对称性一致。     

纳米ZnS吸附水体中有机染料的研究

本文以微乳液法合成的ZnS纳米粒子作为吸附剂,研究该吸附剂对溶液中有机染料的吸附性能。结果表明,纳米ZnS对有机染料的吸附受溶液pH值的影响,在溶液pH=4.0的条件下达到最大吸附容量。纳米ZnS对有机染料具有一定的吸附能力和良好的吸附动力学特性,其吸附行为基本符合Langmuir吸附等温式。     

复合掺杂的纳米二氧化锡粒子的制备与表征

分别采用微乳液法（辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚＋正己醇／环己烷／水组成的微乳液体系）和柠檬酸溶胶-凝胶法制备了镁与铈、锌、锆复合掺杂的纳米二氧化锡颗粒，通过热分析（TG-DTA）、X射线衍射（XRD）、比表面积测定（BET）、红外吸收光谱（FT-IR）和紫外-可见光谱（Uv-Vis）对其结构进行表征。结果表明，两种方法制备的产物均为金红石结构，微乳液法制备的颗粒较后者具有较小的晶粒粒径、较大的比表面积和紫外吸收边；复合掺杂后，样品的粒径减小，比表面积增大，样品的紫外-可见吸收发生红移；其中，镁-铈复合掺杂的样品具有最小的晶粒粒径和最大的比表面积，分别为4．53nm和78．50m^2／g；复合掺杂能够抑制二氧化锡颗粒生长，增大其比表面积。     

月桂酸改性氧化锌纳米颗粒的Pickering乳化性能研究

研究了不同程度月桂酸表面改性氧化锌纳米颗粒的Pickering乳化性能。通过调节月桂酸用量来改变氧化锌纳米颗粒表面亲疏水性(接触角θ),并探讨了不同接触角氧化锌纳米颗粒稳定的Pickering乳液的乳滴粒径、相转变及稳定性变化规律。结果表明,部分亲水的氧化锌纳米颗粒稳定(三相接触角40°～60°)的O/W型乳液具有最小的液滴尺寸和最优的稳定性。在最优条件下利用Pickering乳液聚合法制备了表面负载氧化锌纳米颗粒的有机硅弹性微球,粒径为5～20μm。     

多重乳液法制备空腔状纳米二氧化钛

采用多重乳液法制备纳米二氧化钛,研究了运用多重乳液法制备二氧化钛的现实意义。将钛酸四正丁酯以一定比例溶于外油相中,再加入一个水包油的微乳液内相,生成O／W／O型多重乳液体系,钛盐在水相中水解形成空腔状的纳米二氧化钛颗粒,用X光衍射仪对其进行了表征,得知产物为锐钛型纳米TiO2,并进行了紫外一可见吸收分析。结果表明,材料吸收带有一定程度的蓝移,即表明纳米颗粒变小,纳米尺寸效应明显。     

淀粉纳米颗粒的制备及其作为药物载体的研究进展

介绍了淀粉纳米颗粒的制备方法:机械研磨法、纳米沉淀法、超声波法、反相微乳液法、细乳液法、碱冷冻法、酶解回生法,阐述了其作为药物载体的应用,最后对淀粉纳米颗粒的发展前景进行展望。     

具有ZnS负载富羧基PVDF复合膜的制备及乳液分离和光催化染料降解

含大量有机染料的含油废水对环境的污染日益严重。超润湿材料具有特殊的润湿性，在膜分离技术中得到了广泛的应用，其优异的乳液分离性能与特定的表面形貌有关。本研究先通过溶液转化法制备了聚偏氟乙烯/乙烯-co-马来酸酐共聚物（PVDF/PEMA）膜，后依次进行酸碱处理制备出富羧基离子的PVDF复合膜，最后在膜表面原位沉积ZnS微纳米颗粒。制备的复合膜在水中表现出超疏油性，对含植物油的水包油乳液的分离效率达到97%以上。此外，该膜具有自洁性和抗污染性。对亚甲基蓝降解效率高达98%以上，重复5次吸附-降解实验表面该膜具有优异的可重复使用性。因此，该膜在乳液分离和染料降解方面具有潜在的应用前景。     

磁性氧化铁纳米颗粒的研究进展

磁性纳米颗粒是一种多功能性材料,在医学、催化和磁记录材料等领域有着广泛的应用。本文综述了磁性氧化铁纳米颗粒的制备方法,包括共沉淀法、热分解法、微乳液法、水热合成法;改性途径,包括表面活性剂改性、有机聚合物包覆,和硅、碳、金等无机材料包覆的研究现状和最新研究成果,并对其以后的发展方向进行了展望。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.