IRRIGATE: A dynamic integrated model combining a knowledge-based model and mechanistic biophysical models for border irrigation management

Water management practices in southern France (the Crau plain) need to be modified in order to ensure greater water use efficiency and less environmental damage while maintaining hay production levels. Farmers, water managers and policy makers have expressed the need for new methods to deal with these issues. We developed the biodecisional model IRRIGATE to test new irrigation schedules, new designs for water channels or fields and new distribution planning for a given water resource. IRRIGATE simulates the operation of a hay cropping system irrigated by flood irrigation and includes three main features: (i) border irrigation with various durations of irrigation events and various spatial orders of water distribution, (ii) species-rich grasslands highly sensitive to water deficit, (iii) interactions between irrigation and mowing. It is based on existing knowledge, adapted models and new modules based on experiments and survey data. It includes a rule-based model on the farm scale, simulating dynamically both irrigation and mowing management, and two biophysical models. The two biophysical models are a dynamic crop model on the field scale simulating plant and soil behaviour in relation to water supply, and a flood irrigation model on the border scale simulating an irrigation event according to plant and hydraulic parameters. Model outputs allow environmental (water supply, drainage), social (labour) and agronomic (yields, water productivity and irrigation efficiency) analyses of the performance of the cropping system. IRRIGATE was developed using firstly a conceptual framework describing the system modelled as three sub-systems (biophysical, technical, and decision) interacting within the farm. Then a component-based spatially explicit modelling based on the identification of the interactions between modules, the identification of temporal and spatial scales of modules and the re-use of previous models was used to develop the numerical model. An example of the use of the biodecisional model is presented showing the effects on a real farm of a severe water shortage in 2006.     

开闭环结合的水肥混灌系统

研发了一种开环和闭环结合的水、液肥混灌的自动控制系统,系统基于无线传感网实现.在系统的闭环部分,节点采集各大棚土壤的湿度,并经路由中继后,传递至协调节点,协调节点根据土壤湿度信息,控制自动灌水.在开环部分,系统接收用户指令,获得目标棚、灌溉量、水液肥比例等信息,然后依此混配水和液肥并将其灌溉至目标棚.本系统开环、闭环无缝结合,且开环、闭环部分均可独立工作,另外系统将业务逻辑功能分散到不同节点,实现了分布式控制.系统有效提高了水、肥的利用率,造价低廉,具有较大的推广、应用价值.     

基于大数据的智慧灌溉系统构建研究

针对传统农作物灌溉方式容易造成严重的水资源浪费,缺乏科学有效的灌溉方式,提出一种基于大数据的智慧灌溉系统。首先,搭建了以STM32F103作为核心处理器硬件平台;通过对无线传感器终端、数据汇集终端、灌溉执行终端和上机位软件功能模块4个部分的设计,完成对系统软件的设计。然后,构建了基于LSTM的智慧灌溉预测模型。最后,根据实际生产要求,对构建的系统进行了验证。实验结果表明,提出的基于大数据的智慧灌溉系统采集数据精准迅速,灌溉的精度能够满足现代智慧农业灌溉。     

A new suggestion for an irrigation schedule with an artificial neural network

This study used artificial neural networks (ANNs) to propose a new system of irrigation ratios and time intervals. Data on soil moisture, soil type, product type and time interval were used as input parameters for the ANN and the network was trained through the Levenberg–Marquardt learning algorithm. The outputs of the model determined the water requirement of the plant and the irrigation time intervals. The aim of this study is to perform irrigation at night, to reduce water losses from evaporation and thereby promote water conservation. In addition, the study aimed to save on energy, as less irrigation would be provided compared to daytime irrigation. The system was tested in a strawberry orchard of 1000?m² in the Serik district of Antalya, Turkey. The trial achieved a 20.46% water saving and 23.9% energy saving.     

作物吸氮效率的试验研究

考虑灌水施肥两方面的影响因素 ,在试验资料的基础上 ,本文初步探讨了水、肥与作物产量的关系 ,分析了作物吸氮效率的内涵 ,建立了单因素氮素生产函数、双因素水肥生产函数 ,为北方缺水地区制定节水灌溉与科学施肥提供了依据。     

基于GIS的玛纳斯河灌区信息系统设计与应用

为进一步提高水资源利用的效率和灌区管理水平，本文针对玛纳斯灌区的实际情况，提出空间信息与灌区业务管理信息有机融合的理念，依据业务管理需求，设计了灌区信息系统的体系结构并定义了系统功能。在对灌区的量测水方法进行研究的基础上，玛纳斯灌区信息系统实现了灌区信息管理中的监测监控、量水测水、配水调度、水费计收以及防汛和工程运行管理等业务工作的自动化和智能化。     

植被含水量的遥感反演方法及研究进展

水分是影响植物生长的最主要限制因子之一.及时准确监测或诊断出植物含水状况,对提高农业的灌溉效率指导农业生产、监测自然群落的干旱状况、预报森林火灾具有重要意义.本文首先简单介绍了植物含水量光谱反演原理及水分的敏感光谱波段,然后对国内外植物水分光谱诊断的研究方法及进展以及存在的困难进行了评述,并提出了今后的研究方向和发展前景.     

水联网全渠道控制系统设计及应用

为提高灌区水资源利用的效率和效益,实现水联网数字治水,基于水联网理论和技术体系,结合宁夏水利建设要求,调研宁夏秦汉渠管理处农场渠的渠道及设备特征和管理状况,设计、开发应用于自流灌区的水联网全渠道控制系统。系统由业务层、算法层、接口层和设备层构成,业务层包含调度控制、监控分析2条业务主线,主要实现需水计划管理、全渠道智能控制、渠道及闸门运行情况监控等功能。系统在农场渠灌溉生产中投入应用,2022年春灌完整1轮供水的运行应用表明：系统在需水计划调度、闸控指令执行、需水口目标达成耗时、流量偏差方面,通过稳定可靠性、高效便捷性验证,可保证取水口高效充分供水,帮助灌区优化水资源配送过程,实现精准灌溉,降低管理成本。     

Analysing complex behaviour of hydrological systems through a system dynamics approach

The interaction among various water cycle components consists of complex, non-linear, and bidirectional (interdependent) biophysical processes which can be interpreted using feedback loops in a system dynamics (SD) environment. This paper demonstrates application of an SD approach with two case studies using a specialised software tool, Vensim. The first case study simulates water balance in a rice field system on a daily basis under aerobic conditions with provision of supplemental irrigation on demand. A physically based conceptual water balance model was developed and then implemented using Vensim to simulate the processes that occur in the field water balance system including percolation, surface runoff, actual evapotranspiration, and capillary rise. The second case study simulates surface–groundwater dynamic interactions in an irrigation area where river water and groundwater are two key sources of irrigation. The modelled system encompasses dynamically linked processes including seepage from the river, evaporation from a shallow watertable, groundwater storage, and lateral flow from upland to lowland areas. The model can be applied to simulate responses of different irrigation management scenarios, to develop strategies to improve water use efficiency and control watertable, to prevent salinization in upland, and to reduce the cost of groundwater abstraction in lowland areas. The discussed applications of the SD approach conclude that it helps to conceptualize and simulate complex and dynamic water system processes deterministically which are otherwise partly simulated by conventional hydrologic and stochastic modelling approaches. It is recognised that conceptualization and implementation phases of this approach are challenging, however, the latter is greatly assisted by modern computer softwares.     

基于HORNER OCS的灌溉施肥智能化控制系统

为全面提升系统对灌溉、施肥操作指令的控制精准性,设计基于HORNER OCS的灌溉施肥智能化控制系统。利用灌溉施肥过程向量,确定协同控制定义式,完成系统的协同控制能力建模。在此基础上,连接ZigBee无线模块与单片机控制芯片,通过设置灌溉传感器与施肥传感器的方式,明确指令信息在系统中的传输位置,达到精准控制操作指令的目的,再借助智能化电平转换电路,完成系统执行设备选型处理。在此应用背景中,选取HORNER OCS通讯协议,进行灌溉施肥组态节点连接,实现HORNER OCS组态软件设置,完成基于HORNER OCS的灌溉施肥智能化控制系统设计。选取番木瓜作为监测对象,分析控制数据可知,应用灌溉施肥智能化控制系统后,在灌溉、施肥控制指令的促进下,植株根系与叶片的生长速率明显加快,由此证明智能化控制系统确实具备更为精准的指令控制能力。     

黑河中游张掖绿洲灌溉渠系的数字化制图与结构分析

人工灌溉渠系对于干旱区内陆河绿洲的生存和发展具有重要作用。以黑河中游的张掖绿洲为例,在收集大量高分辨率遥感影像和地形图资料的基础上,利用GPS实地测量和GIS软件提取了全绿洲干、支、斗3级渠系信息,获得了翔实准确的灌溉渠系空间和属性数据,首次完成了张掖绿洲灌溉渠系的数字化制图并对该渠系网络的空间格局进行了分析。结果表明：张掖绿洲目前渠道总数约为6 300条,总长为8 749.51 km,密度为0.47 km/km²,干、支、斗渠的比例为1∶1.17∶2.4。5个县区中甘州区的灌溉渠系分布最密集,而山丹县渠系建设相对落后。 绿洲人工灌溉渠系建设方式和水资源利用开发程度是影响和改变本地区流域景观结构和土地利用方式的重要因素。     

基于物联网云平台的遂溪县灌区管理系统构建研究

2019年以来,遂溪县连续实施农业水价综合改革,建设了多处用水计量自动监测站点,需要对不同厂商、不同类型用水计量设施进行集中管理。结合遂溪县灌区管理实际,基于物联网云平台构建遂溪县灌区管理系统,包括灌区概况、灌区一张图、实时监测、运行管理、工程管护、智能巡检、水价改革、用水统计、管理APP等模块。该系统的构建有利于全面提高用水计量自动监测站点管理水平,为持续发挥遂溪县农业水价综合改革效能及灌区现代化管理提供技术支撑,为相关地区灌区信息化建设起到示范作用。     

一种智能微机灌溉监控系统的设计

本文介绍了一种智能微机灌溉系统。通过对土壤湿度、电导率、酸碱度及空气温湿度等信号的采集,实现全自动灌溉。由中央监控计算机通过总线控制各个控制单元,并且内置的给水和给肥专家系统及通过Internet获取的天气信息可全方位地提高灌溉的智能化程度。     

淠史杭灌区智能化量测控水与农业节水示范区建设构想

以智能化量测控水技术为手段,数据采集传输系统作支撑,构建智能化量测水监测计量、区域作物需水分析、灌溉决策支持、反馈闸门控制为一体的信息化测控系统,在淠史杭灌区花岗支渠渠系进行淠史杭现代化灌区农业节水示范区建设。结果表明,示范系统建设提高渠系农业灌溉水利用系数,降低区域农业灌溉用水总量,提高水资源利用效率,并提高粮食产量,农业节水示范区初步形成区域现代化灌区"雏形"。     

Assessment of the fertilizer requirement of improved pasture from remote sensing information

The feasibility of using remote sensing measurements to determine the fertilizer needs of improved pastures was studied. Measures of spectral reflectance of pasture similar to those obtained by satellites, such as LANDSAT, were shown to be related to fertilizer treatment in a factorial fertilizer times stocking rate experiment. A classification based on measures of spectral reflectance of the pasture produced similar treatment groups to a classification based on the phosphorus content of the plant material and available soil phosphate. The results suggest that remote sensing data of pasture reflectance might be used to classify and map areas of improved pasture that require additional fertilizer. Problems of developing such a method are discussed and the areas where additional research is needed are noted. In addition, the value of such a method on a farming scale is considered.     

设施农业灌溉量控制模型和营养液供给自动控制系统

文章将作物所需灌溉量(包括养分和水)与影响作物吸收肥水的3个主要环境因素(温室内光照强度、温度、空气相对湿度)相结合，并针对不同控制方式，分别建立了基于人工神经网络的控制模型和基于多元线性回归的控制模型，并研制了一套基于单片机控制的设施农业营养液自动供给系统。其灌溉量控制模型的研究和该套控制系统的研制对我国设施农业朝智能化、高效化方向发展起到了促进作用。     

基于LabVIEW的PID控制草坪喷灌系统

基于LabVIEW的开发平台,采用传感器、数据采集卡与变频器开发自动喷灌系统。通过水泵转速的调节维持管网水压的恒定,达到自动喷灌和按需施水的目标,实现草坪喷灌的节水、节能、省工,并且喷灌质量也得到了一定的保障。     

电磁阀远程控制及水压监测系统设计

为了实现远程控制电磁阀及监测输水管道水压,提高农业灌溉效率;采用STM32微控制器及Android嵌入式系统,开发出一种对电磁阀进行控制及水压监测系统;微控制器通过串口连接GPRS模块,从而接收命令控制电磁阀和发送水压数据;Android手机客户端实现阀门控制界面和水压数据显示功能;云服务器负责连接GPRS模块和手机客户端,并且管理底层设备与用户信息;该系统已运用在某智能节水灌溉公司的实验大棚基地中,实验结果表明,系统能实时进行远程控制及监测,并能确保输水系统正常运行;该系统能够推动农业现代化的发展,减少人力成本,提高生产效率。     

温室微灌恒压组态轮灌自动控制系统

为实现恒压供水且提高微灌灌溉均匀度及自动组态轮灌,提出一种以PC为监控上位机、PLC为下位机的温室大棚微灌自动控制系统。论述系统的硬件与软件的规划与设计,研究多路多时段灌溉计划定时控制模型,设计自适应组态轮灌策略自适应预防压力冲突与过载失压,采用变频调速与改进的PID闭环控制实现恒压供水。应用结果表明,系统具有良好的鲁棒性,自动化程度高,能够满足自动适时适量的恒压科学灌水要求。     

Efficient registration of optical and infrared images via modified Sobel edging for plant canopy temperature estimation

Automatic optical and infrared (IR) image registration is a crucial requirement in the estimation of plant canopy temperature. The latter is used to compute the plant water stress status which can potentially be applied to an automated control system for optimal crop irrigation management. Due to the nature of image sources and plant scene, it is difficult to find enough common features between the pair of images to register them using a simple method. In this paper an improved registration algorithm is described, where a modified Sobel edge detector is adopted and a variable resolution scheme is applied. The algorithm can improve the registration efficiency considerably compared to our previous developed registration method. Experiment results show that the modified algorithm can achieve the same registration accuracy and a better success rate compared to that from the original algorithm with a substantial reduction of computational complexity.