脉冲电源辉光等离子渗Ti的工艺研究

在低碳钢表面利用脉冲电源进行辉光离子渗Ti工艺研究。结果表明:在本工艺条件下,能够获得200μm以上的渗层,其组织形貌为渗层与基体之间形成一条明显的反应扩散分界线,且分界线两边均出现较为明显的柱状晶;渗Ti层的结构主要由Fe2Ti、Fe-Ti、TiC相组成;随着电压的升高,渗Ti层增加,550V时达到最厚,表面Ti含量也最高,当电压超过550V后,渗层厚度减小、Ti含量降低;随时间的增长,渗Ti层厚度增加,表面Ti的含量增加;渗层厚度随温度的升高而变厚,渗层Ti的含量也随之变大。     

W-Mo-Dy三元共渗合金层的研究

采用双辉等离子渗金属技术,在20钢表面进行W-Mo-Dy三元共渗.探讨了气压、保温时间、温度对合金渗层厚度的影响,并获本试验条件下的最佳工艺参数.对合金渗层金相显微组织和形成机理进行分析;用能谱仪检测合金元素的浓度和分布;用XRD分析合金渗层物相.结果表明:在本试验条件下最佳工艺参数为气压30 Pa,保温时间4.5h,温度1020℃,获得的共渗合金层厚度约115 μm;合金渗层中W、Mo合金元素含量随到试样表面的距离增加而减少,呈梯度分布;由于稀土的较大原子半径与核外电子的极化作用使得Dy分布不规律;合金渗层的物相主要为Fe( Mo,W,Dy)、Dy2O3和少量的DyFe10Mo2等.     

低碳钢表面脉冲单电源等离子渗铬合金化的研究

利用脉冲单电源等离子渗金属技术,在低碳钢表面进行渗铬研究。采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、能谱仪、光学显微镜以及光电温度计分析检测了渗层表面相的结构、表面微观形貌、表面成分以及试样温度。结果在等离子渗铬过程中发生了反应扩散,渗层表面的相结构为铁铬固溶体,渗铬层为白亮层,与基体间有一条明显的分界线。检测结果表明:在一定范围内,随着气压的升高,渗层厚度和表面含铬量增加,但超过临界值时,渗层厚度和表面含铬量反而下降;随保温时间的延长,电压或温度的升高,渗层厚度和表面含铬量均增加。     

深层QPQ工艺参数对3Cr13钢渗层组织的影响

选用3Cr13马氏体不锈钢作为实验材料,利用深层QPQ盐浴复合处理处理技术,研究氮化温度、氮化时间和氰酸根浓度对QPQ复合处理后的渗层组织的影响.运用显微硬度计检测渗层的厚度和显微硬度值的变化,运用金相显微镜观察氮化后试样渗层的显微组织,检测化合物层的厚度和质量.结果表明:随氮化温度的升高或氮化时间的延长渗层深度增加;经630℃×2h氮化可形成深度高达97 μm的渗层组织;随氮化温度的升高,试样的表面硬度值在600℃后呈下降趋势,有疏松层的形成;氰酸根浓度对渗层的厚度影响显著,特别体现在扩散层的厚度上.而对试样表面硬度影响很小.     

钨钼钇等离子共渗工艺及渗层组织的研究

利用辉光等离子渗金属技术,在低碳钢Q235表面进行钨钼钇共渗,研究了极间距、保温温度、气压、保温时间对渗层厚度的影响,进而确定最优工艺参数,并对渗层的金相组织、合金元素分布及物相组成进行分析。结果表明:极间距25mm、保温温度1 000℃、工作气压30Pa、保温时间3h为最优参数,所得渗层的厚度可达37μm;渗层组织为柱状晶,渗层与基体有一明显分界线;钨、钼在渗层中呈梯度分布,钇在渗层中呈不均匀分布并在晶界处发生偏聚。     

T10钢盐浴渗硼工艺及性能研究

为了提高T10钢模具的硬度及耐磨性,笔者对其表面进行液体盐浴渗硼处理.设计L9(34)正交试验,研究盐浴配方中SiC,B4C和KCl含量及渗硼温度对渗层组织及性能的影响.结果表明:B4C含量对渗层厚度和耐磨性的影响最大;随SiC含量增加,渗硼层厚度和耐磨性均升高;随B4C含量、KCl含量及温度的升高,渗硼层厚度和耐磨性...     

40Cr钢TD盐浴渗钒制备VC渗层的组织形貌

为了延长齿轮钢使用寿命,采用热扩散法盐浴渗钒在40Cr钢表面制备VC渗层,并测得了900~1050 ℃盐浴渗钒6 h的渗层厚度,利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)对VC渗层的组织形貌、物相成分进行了分析,同时对渗层硬度进行了测试。结果发现,40Cr钢表面形成了5~50 μm厚的渗层组织,且不同的处理温度造成了不同程度的渗层组织迁移,渗层物相主要由VC和少量α-Fe相组成,同时VC晶粒生长具有VC(111)和VC(200)两个择优取向,且随处理温度升高,择优取向减弱,而渗层对基体表面硬度均有不同程度地提高。     

基于正交试验研究0Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢等离子渗铪的最优工艺

采用L16正交实验,对0Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢双辉等离子渗铪行为进行研究,分析了影响渗铪合金层厚度的主次因素,取最主要因素进行单因素实验,并分析最优工艺下渗铪合金层的元素分布、物相结构以及硬度。结果表明:影响本试验的因素主次为温度时间电压气压极间距,优化的工艺参数为源极电压790~810 V,保温时间5 h,极间距25 mm,气压35 Pa,最主要因素温度的优化值为1100℃,此工艺下渗层厚度为35μm;表面组织晶粒细小、分布连续致密、无裂纹,由表及里铪元素含量呈梯度降低,硬度亦呈梯度降低,渗层表面硬度为600 HV0.1,比基材硬度提高约3倍,渗层物相主要为Hf2Fe、Hf C、Hf。     

碳素工具钢低温双辉等离子渗镀铬硬化的研究

利用双层辉光等离子渗金属技术,在580℃对T10钢进行表面渗镀铬硬化的研究.结果表明:渗镀层由沉积层 扩散层组成;沉积层厚5～6μm,组织致密,与基体结合紧密,且w(Cr)＞48%;内有15～20μm的扩散层,扩散层中铬含量呈梯度分布;经X射线衍射分析,其表面物相由Fe、Fe-Cr、Cr7C3、Cr23C6、等组成;渗层的显微硬度达700HV以上,硬度向内逐步降低,且呈梯度分布.     

工业纯铁电极材料表面渗钼的工艺

利用双辉等离子渗金属技术,在工业纯铁电极材料表面进行正交渗钼试验,用极差分析方法研究了极间距、温度、时间、源极电压和气压对合金渗层厚度的影响,并对渗钼的工艺参数进行优化。采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、显微硬度仪、扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱仪观察合金渗层的金相组织及厚度,测定合金渗层的物相组成和渗层硬度,检测合金渗层的形貌、元素分布。结果表明:渗钼工艺优化参数为源极电压800~850V,保温温度1 020℃,保温时间4h,工作气压35Pa,极间距20mm,可获得满足试验要求的80μm的合金渗层;合金渗层组织为柱状晶,Mo元素在合金渗层中呈梯度分布,合金渗层的物相为Fe(Mo)固溶体和Mo相,合金渗层的硬度呈下降趋势,渗钼后试样的表面硬度为248.5HV0.05。     

激光功率对27SiMn钢熔覆层组织与性能的影响

为了探寻激光功率对熔覆层组织与性能的影响,设计4种不同激光功率在27SiMn钢表面进行Fe-Cr-Ni熔覆层制备,利用超景深显微仪、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机对熔覆层的显微组织、硬度、磨损量及摩擦因数进行了研究。结果表明,4种激光功率下的试件熔覆层均无气孔裂纹等缺陷,激光功率为1800 W时所制备试件的枝晶生长方向较为一致,激光功率为2400 W时所制备试件熔覆层中部的胞状晶和二次枝晶晶胞较为细小致密;随着激光功率增加,熔覆层的熔宽、熔深和稀释率逐渐增大,而熔高则先增大后减小;熔覆层硬度受激光功率影响较小,但增大激光功率可以提高热影响区硬度;激光功率为2400 W时所制备试件的平均摩擦因数最小、磨损量最少、磨损深度最小,其耐磨性能优良。     

Effect of laser power and deposition environment on the microstructure and properties of direct laser metal-deposited 12CrNi2 steel

Direct laser metal deposition was used for preparing blocks of steel 12CrNi2 using four different laser powers under two different deposition environments including atmospheric environment and Ar-protected chamber.The results showed that microstructures and mechanical properties were significantly affected by different laser powers.Increasing laser power and deposition in Ar chamber will lead to a decrease in the quantity and size of the voids,which brings more elongation to the samples.Bainitic microstructure was replaced by Widmanstatten ferrite and pearlite,and the amount of proeutectoid ferrite increased with increasing laser power.Moreover,microstructures of previous layers were completely altered in high laser power.Excessive heat accumulation by using high heat input can produce equiaxed ferritic grains with the pearlites in previously deposited layers.Hardness of deposited samples increased from the bottom layer toward the top layer.By using a diode laser with a spot diameter size of 2 mm,the 900-W laser power is suitable for producing crack-and void-free samples.However,post-deposition heat treatment is necessary for obtaining homogeneous desired microstructure and grain size in the manufactured samples.     

激光功率对42CrMo钢激光熔覆层组织和摩擦磨损性能的影响

利用摩擦磨损试验探究不同激光功率下42CrMo钢激光熔覆层的耐磨性,采用SEM和OM观察了试样摩擦磨损前后的熔覆层组织形貌。结果表明:42CrMo钢基体的摩擦因数较大,且在该摩擦磨损后出现了严重的脆性剥落现象,激光熔覆层可以提升42CrMo钢的耐磨损性能;当激光功率为1600 W时,摩擦因数可降低至0.28,熔覆层表面SEM形貌较为光滑,耐磨性优异,熔覆层组织中的晶粒细化均匀,主要表现为细小的等轴晶,组织较为致密,从而提高了熔覆层的耐磨损性能。     

S135钻杆材料等离子喷涂Al2O3-TiO2涂层组织与性能

目的选用石油钻井工程中常用的S135钻杆钢作为研究对象,在不破坏S135钢优异力学性能基础上,在S135钢基体上等离子喷涂Al2O3-TiO2涂层,研究喷涂功率对涂层的组织与性能的影响。方法在25、30、42 kW三种喷涂功率下,于S135钻杆材料基体表面制备Al2O3+TiO2涂层,对涂层表面进行SEM形貌观察及XRD物相分析,对端面进行金相组织观察,并测定不同位置的显微硬度,借助于材料表面性能试验仪进行涂层与基体结合强度测定,对不同功率下的喷涂涂层的组织、形貌及性能进行比较。结果在三种功率条件下,涂层由α-Al2O3、γ-Al2O3、Al2TiO5及TiO2组成。随着喷涂功率的增加,涂层中γ-Al2O3、Al2TiO5的含量增加;粘结层中气孔、裂纹等缺陷减少,孔隙率下降。在42 kW喷涂功率下,涂层与基体的结合强度达到92 N。在热喷涂过程中,由于正火作用,靠近喷涂界面的S135基体的晶粒得到细化。涂层表面的硬度都高于粘结层及基体,在喷涂功率为30 kW时,涂层表面的硬度达到1419.6 HV。结论通过改变喷涂功率,可在S135钻杆材料上得到具有较高硬度、与基体结合强度较高的Al2O3-TiO2涂层。     

Effect of power on microstructure and properties of laser cladding NiCrBSi composite coating

A laser clad NiCrBSi composite coating was fabricated on the surface of 42CrMo steel using 6?kW fibre laser. The morphology and composition of the composite coating formed under different powers were studied using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. The microhardness and wear resistance were measured with a MICROMET-5103 digital microhardness tester and a MM-200 ring-block wear testing machine, respectively. The results showed that the cladding layer and the substrate have good metallurgical bonding. The microstructure nearing the fusion line is a columnar grain and that of the cladding layer is mainly a cellular grain. The main phases of the laser cladding layer are γ-Ni, (Fe,Ni), M₇C₃, M₂₃C₆ and CrB. The dilution rate of the laser cladding layer increased with the increase of laser power. The microhardness of the cladding layers decreased with the increase of laser power, and wear resistance of the cladding layer first increased and then decreased with the increase of laser power. When the laser power was 2000?W, the wear resistance of the composite coating was at its highest.     

铸态γ—TiAl合金的激光气相渗氮组织

采用波长为10.6um的连续CO2激光束对铸态γ-TiAl合金进行表面气相渗氮处理,形成深度为50-400um渗氮层,用X-Ray衍射、SEM、EPMA技术研究了表面渗氮层的微观组织与结构。渗氮层厚度、氮化物尺寸、形貌和分布随激光渗氮工艺不同而异,氮化物主要由TiN、Ti2AlN组成,以颗粒状、针状、枝晶状等形貌存在。分析了贫铝层的形成原因,渗氮反应过程、以及对流对氮化物形貌与分布的影响。     

Behavior of porosity and copper oxidation in W/Cu composite produced by plasma spray

A spherical tungsten (W)/copper (Cu) composite powder was plasma-sprayed onto a boron-nitride-coated graphite substrate to produce heat sink material for the electronic packaging by atmospheric plasma spray using different input powers. At the surface of the deposited layer, Cu became oxidized to cuprite (Cu₂O). The degree of oxidation at the surface layer did not vary significantly with input power. Very little Cu₂O was detected at the inner layers after grinding off the 70 μm from the surface. The input powers had a strong effect on the porosity in the deposit layers. The porosity in the deposit layers at 25 kW was very small, about 3 vol%. The microstructures of W/Cu composite were discussed.     

Characterisation of 4043 aluminium alloy deposits obtained by wire and arc additive manufacturing using a Cold Metal Transfer process

ABSTRACT

4043 aluminium deposits were elaborated using a 3D print device equipped with a Cold Metal Transfer welding source. Two sets of process parameters leading to different average powers were compared in order to establish the relations between the powers and energies produced and the geometrical characteristics of the deposits. The effects of the travel speed and layer superposition on the transfer mechanisms as well as on the geometrical characteristics of the deposits were discussed for both sets of parameters. Finally, the formed microstructures were analysed and the porosity defects were quantified and discussed with regard to the heat input characteristics and the solidification conditions.     

Fluxless laser brazing of aluminium alloy to galvanized steel using a tandem beam – dissimilar laser brazing of aluminium alloy and steels

Tandem beam brazing with aluminium filler metal (BA4047) was conducted in order to develop the fluxless laser brazing technique of aluminium alloy (AA6022) to galvanized steels (GA and GI steels). Laser powers of tandem beam and offset distance of preheating beam from the root to the steel base metal were varied. Sound braze beads could be obtained by optimizing the preheating and main beam powers under the offset distances of 0–1 mm. A small amount of zinc remained at the braze interface between galvanized steels and the braze metal. The reaction layer consisting of Fe–Al intermetallic compounds was also formed at the steel interface, and the thickness of reaction layer could be predicted during the laser brazing (thermal cycle) process based on the growth kinetics with the additivity rule. The metal flow analysis of the melted filler metal on joints revealed that wettability and spreadability of the filler metal on the GI steel joint were superior to those on the GA steel joint. The fracture strength of the lap joint attained approx. 55–75% of the base metal strength of aluminium alloy. It was concluded that fluxless laser brazing could be successfully performed by using a tandem beam because the zinc coat layer acted as the brazing flux.     

工艺参数对直流磁控溅射膜沉积的影响

在为进一步了解工艺参数对溅射膜沉积的影响,开展了不同工作气体压强、不同溅射功率和有无负偏压条件下的Zr、Cu、Ni单金属溅射膜和Zr—Cu、Zr-Ni二元合金溅射膜的溅射沉积实验。使用称重法,分析了溅射膜沉积量随工作气体压强、溅射功率的变化规律;通过分层溅射和共溅工艺实验,对比了相同溅射功率下Zr与Cu、Zr与Ni元素间分层溅射膜和共溅膜的沉积量;采用扫描电子显微镜,分析、研究了溅射过程中负偏压对Cu溅射膜膜层生长方式的影响。结果表明,由于工作气体压强对电子与气体分子以及对靶材原子与气体分子碰撞几率的影响,使得膜层的沉积量不是随着工作气体压强的升高单纯地呈下降趋势,而是有一最佳压强范围;随着溅射功率的增大,膜层沉积量增加,在溅射功率相等的条件下,由于辉光放电电场叠加增大了工作气体的离化率,使得共溅膜比分层溅射膜的沉积量大得多;溅射过程中施加较高负偏压可以抑制柱状结构生长,细化晶粒,提高膜层致密度。