Determination of metals in wine with atomic spectroscopy (flame-AAS, GF-AAS and ICP-AES); a review

Metals in wine occur at the mg l 1 level or less and, though not directly related to the taste of the final product, their content should be determined because excess is undesirable, and in some cases prohibited, due to potential toxicity. Lead content in wine, for example, is restricted in several states by legislation to guarantee consumer health protection. Of several methods for metal determination, techniques of atomic spectroscopy are the most sensitive and rapid. Most of the elements present in wine can be determined with these techniques, at concentrations ranging from the mg l -1 to the μg l -1 level. Here, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), flame atomic absorption spectrometry (flame-AAS) and graphite furnace-atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS) are compared for their characteristics as employed in metal determination in wine.     

高效液相色谱-碰撞/反应池-电感耦合等离子体质谱测定贝类中砷形态化合物及健康风险评估

本研究以九种青岛市售贝类样品为研究对象,并且通过高效液相色谱-碰撞/反应池-电感耦合等离子体质谱(HPLC-CRC-ICP-MS)测定总砷及砷形态化合物的含量,并对其食用安全性做出客观评价。样品采用超声提取(0.15 mol/L HNO₃),优化后的色谱条件(50 mmol/L(NH₄)₂CO₃,pH=9.5)进行色谱分离,并采用碰撞/反应池中O₂反应模式进行检测。6种砷形态化合物的线性回归方程相关系数均在0.999以上,检出限为0.009~0.028 μg/L,相对标准偏差在3.6%~8.3%之间,加标回收率在91.2%~106.2%。实验表明,青岛市售贝类样品中的砷元素主要以无毒性的AsB的形式存在,无机砷含量符合国标限量要求。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定果酒中微量元素的含量

建立了果酒中钠、钾、钙等21种微量元素电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定的分析方法。样品经微波消解后用ICP-MS进行分析。优化实验条件下,21种元素的线性范围为0～10μg/mL,线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999,方法的检出限为0.020～5.331ng/mL,相对标准偏差(n=6)为0.6%～4.8%,添加水平为0.001～3000μg/g时,果酒样品中的21种元素平均加标回收率为89.7%～112%。方法具有简单、快速和准确的特点,是一种简便、快速分析果酒中无机元素的方法。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定海鱼中6种重金属含量

目的建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定海鱼中6种重金属的检测方法。方法样品用硝酸溶液微波消解进行前处理,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法对样品中6种重金属进行测定。结果各元素在0~1.0 mg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数均>0.999。方法检出限为铅:2.5μg/kg,镉:0.3μg/kg,汞:2.5μg/kg,砷:12.5μg/kg,铬:10μg/kg,镍:13μg/kg。回收率为92.4%~101%,相对标准偏差为2.1%~4.5%。结论该方法具有较高灵敏度、准确度及精密度,适用于海鱼中6种重金属元素的测定。     

Use of ICP/MS with ultrasonic nebulizer for routine determination of uranium activity ratios in natural water

A method is described that allows precise determination of 234U/238U activity ratios (UAR) in most natural waters using commonly available inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) instrumentation and accessories. The precision achieved by this technique (+/- 0.5% RSD, 1 sigma) is intermediate between thermal ionization mass spectrometry (+/- 0.25% RSD, 1 sigma) and alpha particle spectrometry (+/- 5% RSD, 1 sigma). It is precise and rapid enough to allow analysis of a large number of samples in a short period of time at low cost using standard, commercially available quadrupole instrumentation with ultrasonic nebulizer and desolvator accessories. UARs have been analyzed successfully in fresh to moderately saline waters with U concentrations of from less than 1 microg/L to nearly 100 microg/L. An example of the uses of these data is shown for a study of surface-water mixing in the North Platte River in western Nebraska. This rapid and easy technique should encourage the wider use of uranium isotopes in surface-water and groundwater investigations, both for qualitative (e.g. identifying sources of water) and quantitative (e.g. determining end-member mixing ratios purposes.     

ICP-MS analysis of a series of metals (Namely: Mg,Cr, Co,Ni, Fe,Cu, Zn,Sn, Cd and Pb) in black and green olive samples from Bursa,Turkey

Ninety-two black and green table olive samples from the Bursa, Turkey were analyzed. The olives were sampled from 56 brands, four processing methods and three packing types. The concentration of Mg, Cr, Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn, Sn, Cd and Pb were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). While the most concentrated element was Mg (125.11 ± 5.02), Co (0.09 ± 0.01) had the lowest concentration in tested olive samples. The levels of the ten metals studied are within safe limits. The data here obtained will be valuable in complementing available food composition data, and estimating dietary intakes of heavy metals in Turkey. The metals Mg, Fe, Zn, Sn and Pb presented significant differences (p < 0.05) in content between two types, hence processing method, brand and packing material must influence their content.     

Study of the mineral profile of Catalonian “brut” cava using atomic spectrometric methods

The aim of this study was to investigate the content of several metals in different commercial sparkling wines, all of them with the denomination of origin cava, in order to characterise them. Sixteen metals were determined in 18 samples of cava by inductively coupled plasma atomic-emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), hydride generation atomic-absorption spectrometry (HG-AAS) and graphite furnace atomic-absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS). Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Sr and Zn were analysed by ICP-AES; HG-AAS was employed for As quantification and GF-AAS for Ni, Cd and Pb analysis. The procedure involved the degasification of the cava sample by sonication, followed by H₂O₂/H₂SO₄ treatment and heating in an oven.     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定水果中19种元素

建立水果中19种元素电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)的分析方法。样品经微波消解后用ICP-MS进行分析,用Sc,Ge,Y,In,Tb,Bi作内标校正基体干扰和漂移。优化试验条件下,19种元素的线性范围为0～10μg/mL,线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999,方法的检出限为0.010～3.911ng/mL,相对标准偏差(n=6)为0.59%～4.16%,添加水平为0.001～1 500μg/g时,水果样品中的19种元素平均加标回收率为89.6%～108.2%。该方法具有简单、快速和准确的特点,是一种简便、快速分析水果中无机元素的方法。     

Rapid analytical method for the determination of organic and inorganic species in tomato samples through HPLC–ICP-AES coupling

A HPLC–inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) hyphenation technique was used to determine the concentration of some organic (i.e., carbohydrates, carboxylic acids) as well as inorganic (metals and anions) compounds in tomato samples. A high efficiency nebulizer (HEN) coupled to a low inner volume cyclonic spray chamber (Cinnabar) was used to interface both techniques. The HPLC–ICP-AES chromatograms for organic compounds were obtained by plotting the 193.03 nm carbon emission intensity versus time. In the present work, it was also possible to obtain information about the concentration of several metals in foodstuffs. Finally, by registering the intensity at the sulphur and phosphorous emission wavelengths, the content of anions such as sulphate and phosphate was determined. In general terms, the results obtained with HPLC–ICP-AES did not differ significantly from those found with a refractive index detector. Due to the huge amount of information provided by this hyphenation, it was possible to apply it to the discrimination among different samples of native tomato cultivars.     

Determination of Mineral Composition and Heavy Metal Content of Some Nutraceutically Valued Plant Products

Minerals and heavy metal concentrations of 23 plants (arial parts, leaves, bark, stem, root, rhizome, dried berries, seeds) possessing health-promoting effects and used in indigenous medicines (as medicinal food) were determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic spectrometry. Vital essential minerals and heavy metals were present in all the samples analyzed. The majority of the plant materials were rich in some of the essential minerals like Na, K, Ca, Fe, Mg, Cu, Mn, and Zn, which are known to be beneficial for health. The plant material of Vitiveria zizinalis had highest concentration of toxic heavy metals, including arsenic (53.1 mg/100 g), chromium (6.74 mg/100 g), cobalt (10.2 mg/100 g), mercury (3.6 mg/100 g), and nickel (3.28 mg/100 g). Results of the present study provide vital data on the availability of some essential minerals, which can be useful to provide dietary information for designing value-added foods and for food biofortification. Apart from this, data on the contaminant levels of heavy metals highlights the necessity on the quality and safety concerns about their use.     

大米中总砷和不同形态无机砷含量的测定

分别采用电感耦合等离子体质谱测定大米中总砷含量和高效液相色谱与电感耦合等离子体质谱联用测定大米中不同形态无机砷的含量,并研究了2种方法测定总砷和无机砷的条件。结果表明:大米中砷的存在形式有As(Ⅲ)、As(Ⅴ)、二甲基砷及一种未知的砷化合物;测定样品中As(Ⅲ)、As(Ⅴ)含量分别为3.4μg/kg和17.4μg/kg,其加标回收率为90%-106%,相对标准偏差为3.52%。而样品中总砷含量为88.13μg/kg,其加标回收率在94%-103%,相对标准偏差为1.29%。     

Tenderness evaluation and mineral levels of llama (Lama glama) and alpaca (Lama pacos) meat

Tenderness and mineral levels were determined in the Longissimus thoracis taken from 20 llama and 30 alpaca males reared in Peru and slaughtered at 25 months of age. Mineral contents were determined using an inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer. Tenderness evaluation was determined two and seven days post slaughter using a Warner-Bratzler shear force device. Potassium is the mineral with the highest content, with a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the two species of camelids. The other mineral contents were, in decreasing order, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium and calcium, in addition to smaller percentages of zinc and iron. Shear force values determined seven days post slaughter were significantly (P < 0.01) lower in both the species compared with the results obtained two days post slaughter.     

Some physicochemical properties and mineral contents of stirred yoghurts containing different fruit marmalades

In this study chemical properties and mineral levels of yoghurts containing different fruit marmalades were investigated. Cherry laurel, loquat fruit and kiwi marmalade were used to make the stirred yoghurts, and the calcium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, manganese, iron, zinc, copper, boron, lead, nickel, molybdenum, chromium, cadmium, cobalt levels were determined by an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP–OES). The total solid, fat, ash, pH, viscosity and syneresis contents of the yoghurt samples changed between 13.85–21.02%, 2.45–2.90%, 0.82–0.94%, 4.11–4.22, 2104–2454 cP and 42.0–47.0 mL/100 g, respectively. The mean concentrations in the yoghurts of these minerals were 104.66–118.94 calcium, 95.81–112.42 phosphorus and 13.47–15.04 magnesium as mg/100 g, 235.00–254.00 iron, 429.00–453.00 zinc and 70.45–122.90 copper as μg/100 g. The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) was calculated on the basis of the intake of one yoghurt portion (125 g).     

Microwave-Assisted Digestion Using Diluted Nitric Acid for Multi-element Determination in Rice by ICP OES and ICP-MS

In this work, microwave-assisted digestion using the diluted nitric acid procedure for trace elements determination in rice samples by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was investigated in a multivariate way. The response surface methodology (RSM), based on the Box–Behnken design, was employed to obtain the optimum conditions of the significant parameters. The optimal conditions, for 250 mg of sample, could be obtained at a temperature of 200 °C, digestion time of 20 min, and 4.5 mol L^?1 for nitric acid concentration. The accuracy of the optimized method was evaluated by analysis of the rice flour certified reference materials (NIST SRM 1568a) and spike recoveries. The results showed good agreement with the reference values of the CRM samples. The analytical method was applied to the determination of Al, As, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Se, and Zn in rice samples. Considering some critical parameters such as cost, green chemistry, and analyst safety, the proposed method has advantages compared to classical microwave-assisted digestion procedures based on concentrated acids.     

ICP-MS法测定铝塑复合食品包装中的9 种重金属

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定铝塑复合食品包装容器中的9 种重金属（铅、镍、镉、铬、铜、砷、锰、锌、钛）。该方法的检出限为0.01～1.62 μg/kg,定量限为0.03～5.35 μg/kg,线性良好,相关系数均不小于0.99;在3 个水平（20、50、100 μg/kg）进行添加实验,加标回收率在82.6%～119.3%之间,相对标准偏差在0.1%～12.3%之间。该方法快速、简便,具有较好的准确度和精密度,适合于铝塑复合食品包装中的重金属检测。     

FETV-ICP-AES法直接测定蔬菜中微量元素

采用悬浮体制样氟化电热蒸发(FETV)ICP-AES法直接测定了蔬菜中微量元素的含量。对实验条件进行了优化选择。结果表明,本法具有简便、快速、可靠、不需要化学预处理等特点。     

Occurrence of major and trace elements in powdered milk from Argentina

The concentrations of major and trace elements in Argentinean commercial powdered milk samples were determined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Also the daily intake (DI) was calculated for adults and infants. The concentrations of B, Mg, Na, K and Ca were significantly higher in skimmed milk. Cu, Mo, Fe, Mn and Zn were significantly higher in infant formula. All the DIs were below the tolerable upper intake levels. The mean As concentration (26.0 ± 8.6 ng/g) in the powdered skimmed milk samples was slightly higher than in the others. Mean Pb concentrations ranged from 4.1 ± 2.1 to 13.5 ± 8.2 ng/g. The highest mean U concentration was 7.8 ± 2.6 ng/g for whole milk. This study contributes to the knowledge of major and trace elements in powdered milk and its contribution to the diet in Argentina.     

ICP-AES法测定及分析窖泥中重金属元素

以窖泥为对象,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法快速测定了重金属元素Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn含量,结果表明：窖泥中Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn元素含量平均值分别为0.000 7 μg/g、0.011 3 μg/g、0.098 3 μg/g、0.038 5 μg/g、0.910 7 μg/g,其中Pb迁移变化活跃,变异系数达131.85%。窖泥Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn的单项污染指数值显著低于国标限量水平,各窖池综合污染指数值同样显著低于国标安全评价标准值,表明企业窖泥清洁安全无重金属污染风险。     

Metal content of Armillaria mellea in the Tumen River Basin

Food and environmental safety concerns as well as ecotoxicology considerations require investigation of the metal content of certain types of edible fungi. Thus, we conducted inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry to obtain the metal content profiles of Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd in Armillaria mellea (Vahl ex Fr.) Quel from nine zones in the Tumen River Basin. Statistical analysis showed that the characteristics of Yanji (Zone 1) differed from those of the other eight zones. Compared with the levels in the reference site (0.20 ± 0.01, 0.07 ± 0.02 µg/g for Pb and Cd), the Cd and Pb levels in three zones (1.2 ± 0.1, 8.5 ± 0.4 µg/g for Yanji; 0.35 ± 0.01, 0.73 ± 0.03 µg/g for Longjing; and 6.2 ± 0.4, 0.039 ± 0.000 µg/g for Hunchun) were higher than those listed in the Chinese Industrial Standards (WM/T2-2004; Pb ≤ 5.0 µg/g, Cd ≤ 0.3 µg/g). The present study can contribute data related to pollution control and food safety in the Tumen River Basin.     

Analysis of arsenic, lead and cadmium in wines from the Canary Islands, Spain, by ICP/MS.

Because of their high toxicity, arsenic, lead and cadmium need to be quantified in food and beverages. For the first time, in this study the content of arsenic, lead and cadmium was investigated in 152 wine samples from the Canary Islands, Spain, belonging to eight Denominations of Origin (DO) and four islands by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The ranges of concentration found were 0.58-8.45 microg l(-1) for arsenic, 0.20-1.73 microg l(-1) for cadmium and 3.89-159.5 microg l(-1) for lead, and the mean content was 3.13, 0.63 and 28.74 microg l(-1), respectively. None of the wines contained levels above the limits set by the International Office of Vine and Wine (OIV), and thus did not pose a health hazard. Significant differences in mean content of those elements between harvest, type of wine, islands and DO were observed.