Detection of water stress in orchard trees with a high-resolution spectrometer through chlorophyll fluorescence in-filling of the O/sub 2/-A band

A high spectral resolution spectrometer with 0.065-nm full-width half-maximum was used for collecting spectral measurements in an orchard field under three water stress treatments. The study was part of the FluorMOD project funded by the European Space Agency to develop a leaf-canopy reflectance model to simulate the effects of fluorescence. Water deficit protocols generated a gradient in solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence emission and tree physiological measures. Diurnal steady-state chlorophyll fluorescence was measured from leaves in the field between June and November 2004 using the PAM-2100 fluorometer to study the effects of water stress on chlorophyll fluorescence. Spectral measurements of downwelling irradiance and upwelling crown radiance were conducted with the narrow-band spectrometer, enabling the canopy reflectance to be obtained at subnanometer spectral resolution and permitting the evaluation of the fluorescence in-filling effects on reflectance in trees under water stress conditions. Diurnal and seasonal measurements showed consistently lower steady-state fluorescence (Ft) and quantum yield /spl Delta/F/Fm' in water-stressed trees, yielding mean values of Ft=0.38 (well-irrigated) and Ft=0.21 (water-stressed trees). The agreement between Ft and water potential showed that steady-state fluorescence could be used to detect differences in water stress levels, with determination coefficients ranging between r/sup 2/=0.48 and r/sup 2/=0.81 for individual dates. Analysis in the 680-770-nm range showed that the chlorophyll fluorescence in-filling in the O/sub 2/-A band at 760 nm is sensitive to diurnal variations of fluorescence and water stress, yielding r/sup 2/=0.76 (well-watered treatment), r/sup 2/=0.89 (intermediate stress treatment), and r/sup 2/=0.7 (extreme stress treatment), demonstrating the close relationships between Ft and in-filling at the crown level.     

日光诱导叶绿素荧光高光谱成像仪研究(特邀)

研究了一种可用于植被日光诱导叶绿素荧光遥感的高光谱成像仪样机,用以满足对植被微弱荧光辐射探测的高信噪比、高光谱分辨率的科学探测需求。根据荧光与太阳夫琅禾费线的作用探测机理,结合探测科学需求分析完成了具备高性能的光学系统设计。系统工作波段为670~780 nm的可见-近红外谱段,可覆盖植物受太阳光照射而产生的荧光辐射特征波长;系统数值孔径为0.25,这种大通光能力可确保系统具备足够的信噪比;系统光谱分辨率优于0.3 nm,并同时具备良好的成像质量。样机的初步结果完全满足设计要求,该研究将为我国未来日光诱导叶绿素荧光高光谱成像探测提供一种有力的手段。     

Observation of lasing from vertically self-organized InAs three-dimensional island quantum boxes on GaAs (001)

We report the first observation of lasing from vertically self-organized multiple stacks of electronically uncoupled InAs three-dimensional island quantum boxes grown via molecular beam epitaxy on GaAs (001) substrates. A low-threshold current density of 310 A/cm/sup 2/ at 79 K is found for a stack of five sets of islands corresponding to 2 ML InAs depositions separated by 36 monolayer GaAs spacers grown via migration enhanced epitaxy. The distribution of the island volumes (1.5/spl times/10/sup 5/ /spl Aring//sup 3/-4 /spl times/10/sup 5/ /spl Aring//sup 3/) gives, as expected, a multitude of laser lines between 980 mm and 996 nm.     

547-GHz f/sub t/ In/sub 0.7/Ga/sub 0.3/As-In/sub 0.52/Al/sub 0.48/As HEMTs with reduced source and drain resistance

We fabricated 30-nm gate pseudomorphic channel In/sub 0.7/Ga/sub 0.3/As-In/sub 0.52/Al/sub 0.48/As high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) with reduced source and drain parasitic resistances. A multilayer cap structure consisting of Si highly doped n/sup +/-InGaAs and n/sup +/-InP layers was used to reduce these resistances while enabling reproducible 30-nm gate process. The HEMTs also had a laterally scaled gate-recess that effectively enhanced electron velocity, and an adequately long gate-channel distance of 12nm to suppress gate leakage current. The transconductance (g/sub m/) reached 1.5 S/mm, and the off-state breakdown voltage (BV/sub gd/) defined at a gate current of -1 mA/mm was -3.0 V. An extremely high current gain cutoff frequency (f/sub t/) of 547 GHz and a simultaneous maximum oscillation frequency (f/sub max/) of 400 GHz were achieved: the best performance yet reported for any transistor.     

Remote Estimation of Crop Chlorophyll Content Using Spectral Indices Derived From Hyperspectral Data

This paper examines the use of simulated and measured canopy reflectance for chlorophyll estimation over crop canopies. Field spectral measurements were collected over corn and wheat canopies in different intensive field campaigns organized during the growing seasons of 2004 and 2005. They were used to test and evaluate several combined indices for chlorophyll determination using hyperspectral imagery (Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager). Several index combinations were investigated using both PROSPECT-SAILH canopy simulated spectra and field-measured reflectances. The relationships between leaf chlorophyll content and combined optical indices have shown similar trends for both PROSPECT-SAILH simulated data and ground-measured data sets, which indicates that both spectral measurements and radiative transfer models hold comparable potential for the quantitative retrieval of crop foliar pigments. The data set used has shown that crop type had a clear influence on the establishment of predictive equations as well as on their validation. In addition to generating different predictive equations, corn and wheat data yielded contrasting agreement between estimated and measured chlorophyll contents even for the same predictive algorithm. Among the set of indices tested in this paper, index combinations like modified chlorophyll absorption ratio index/optimized soil-adjusted vegetation index (OSAVI), triangular chlorophyll index/OSAVI, moderate resolution imaging spectrometer terrestrial chlorophyll index/improved soil-adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI), and red-edge model/MSAVI seem to be relatively consistent and more stable as estimators of crop chlorophyll content.     

湖泊水环境指标的超光谱响应特征分析

为了探索湖泊水质遥感的可能性,以我国三大富营养化湖泊之一的太湖为研究对象,进行了冬夏二季太湖水面反射光谱测量与水质采样分析同步试验．对试验结果进行了统计分析．结果表明：（1）高锰酸盐指数与叶绿素浓度具有很好的相关性;(2)夏季太湖北部水面反射率主要反映叶绿素浓度的影响,可以用线性摸型来表示,以700nm以上波段体现叶绿素散射作用最为明显;(3)冬季太湖水面反射率主要反映悬浮物浓度的影响．可以用对数线性模型来表示(若仅考虑悬浮物浓度小于100mg/L区域．用线性模型更好些),悬浮物散射作用响应的液长范围比较宽,以500nm～800nm比较明显,优势波长随着悬浮物浓度的增加而右移,给出了不同波长水面反射率与水环境指标的统计关系模型。     

三维荧光光谱技术及平行因子分析法在绿茶分析及种类鉴别中的应用

提出了一种绿茶成分分析和种类鉴别的新方法。利用FS920荧光光谱仪测量得到国内生产的26个绿茶样品的三维荧光光谱矩阵(EEMs),建立了不同种类绿茶在特定范围内(激发波长为300～550 nm,发射波长为310～750 nm)的三维荧光光谱图和等高线光谱图。采用平行因子分析法(PARAFAC)计算得到绿茶的3因子激发-发射光谱轮廓图和样品因子投影得分图。通过因子光谱特征分析确定绿茶的三种主要成分(茶多酚、黄酮醇及叶绿素);通过三维荧光光谱图和等高线光谱图的图谱特征和样品因子投影得分图的分析,证实三维荧光光谱技术和平行因子分析法对绿茶进行成分分析和种类鉴别,是一种高效、精确的方法。     

高斯分解法研究浮游植物荧光激发光谱

研究了甲藻和硅藻两个门类的六种浮游植物在发射波长为675 nm处的活体叶绿素荧光激发光谱.对其作四阶导数分析的基础上,根据导数光谱中出现的极大值位置和数量,对甲藻门和硅藻门的激发光谱分别设定统一的初始中心波长.以初始波长为中心对激发光谱做高斯分解及多峰拟合,建立门类水平上统一的高斯基库.研究发现,在波长为350~550 nm内,甲藻和硅藻的高斯基库特征差异显著,而同门类的高斯基库特征相似,表明高斯分解法为甲藻和硅藻的分类识别提供有效的技术手段.利用高斯基库的参数拟合原光谱,拟合曲线与原光谱能较好地吻合,误差小.高斯分解法可再现活体激发光谱中重叠的色素荧光峰,也为光合色素的活体测定提供了新的方法.     

空心阴极灯中激光泵浦铥原子荧光谱的测量

在铥空心阴极灯中,用波长分别为567.584,571.579,576.020,576.429,589.563及597.126nm的激光泵浦铥原子,对应各泵浦波长在371～684nm谱区内观察到相同的约74条荧光谱线,本文确定了相应荧光的跃迁能级及荧光强度。实验证明在空心阴极灯中铥原子能量的碰撞转移现象很剧烈。     

Optical and electrical properties of nanostructured metal-silicon-metal photodetectors

We report an experimental evaluation of the performance of silicon (Si) photodetectors incorporating one-dimensional (1-D) arrays of rectangular and triangular-shaped nanoscale structures within their active regions. A significant (/spl sim/2/spl times/) enhancement in photoresponse is achieved in these devices across the 400- to 900-nm spectral region due to the modification of optical absorption properties that results from structuring the Si surface on physical optics scales smaller than the wavelength, which both reduces the reflectivity and concentrates the optical field closer to the surface. Both patterned (triangular and rectangular lineshape) and planar Ni-Si back-to-back Schottky barrier metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors on n-type (/spl sim/5/spl times/10/sup 14/ cm/sup -3/) bulk Si were studied. 1-D /spl sim/50-250-nm linewidth, /spl sim/1000-nm depth, grating structures were fabricated by a combination of interferometric lithography and dry etching. The nanoscale grating structures significantly modify the absorption, reflectance, and transmission characteristics of the semiconductor: air interface. These changes result in improved electrical response leading to increased external quantum efficiency (from /spl sim/44% for planar to /spl sim/81% for structured devices at /spl lambda/=700 nm). In addition, a faster time constant (/spl sim/1700 ps for planar to /spl sim/600 ps for structured at /spl lambda/=900 nm) is achieved by increasing the absorption near the surface where the carriers can be rapidly collected. Experimental quantum efficiency and photocurrents results are compared with a theoretical photocurrent model based on rigorous coupled-wave analysis of nanostructured gratings.     

基于小波变换与支持向量机回归的冬小麦叶面积指数估算

叶面积指数(LAI)是作物长势诊断及产量预测的重要参数。通过对冬小麦采样点的高光谱曲线进行连续小波变换(CWT),然后利用小波系数与LAI 建立支持向量机回归(SVR)模型,实现冬小麦不同生育时期的叶面积指数估算。通过对所研究方法与选取的植被指数、偏最小二乘(PLS)回归等5种方法的反演结果进行统计分析。结果表明:利用连续小波变换确定的LAI 的敏感波段为680、739、802、895 nm,对应尺度分别为8、4、9 和8,对应小波系数的LAI 回归确定系数(R2)明显高于冠层反射率的回归确定系数;利用小波系数与LAI 建立的SVR 模型的反演精度最高,模型实测值与预测值的检验精度(R2)为0.86,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.43;而常用植被指数(归一化植被指数,NDVI;比值植被指数,RVI)建立的估测模型对冬小麦多个生育时期LAI 反演精度最低(R2 0.76,RMSE0.56)。因此利用连续小波变换进行数据预处理,能更好地筛选出对叶面积指数敏感的信息,LAI 回归方法比较结果表明,SVR 比PLS 更适合于LAI 的估测,通过将CWT 与SVR 结合(CWT-SVR)能实现不同生育时期冬小麦叶面积指数的遥感估算。     

Microwave Attenuation Properties of Vegetation Canopies

A major impediment to the understanding and modeling of propagation through and backscattering and emission from vegetation canopies has been the lack of canopy attenuation data as a function of frequency, incidence angle, and polarization configuration. This paper presents the results of attenuation experiments conducted for canopies of winter wheat and soybeans in the late spring and early summer of 1984. Attenuation data were acquired at 1.55, 4.75, and 10.2 GHz for horizontal and vertical polarizations at incidence angles near 20° and 50°. In addition, wheat decapitation and soybean defoliation experiments were conducted to evaluate the relative importance of different canopy constituents (such as heads, leaves, and stalks) to the total canopy attenuation. The measured data were compared to calculations based on a model that treats the stalks as parallel elements of a uniaxial crystal and the leaves and branches as randomly oriented disks and needles, respectively. Very good agreement was obtained between theory and experimental observations for the soybean canopy for both polarizations and for the wheat canopy for vertical polarization; however, the model consistently underestimated wheat attenuation (relative to the data) for horizontal polarization. This deficiency of the model is attributed to the fact that it considers all the stalks to be vertically oriented, whereas in reality the stalks exhibit an orientation distribution, although it is centered around the vertical direction.     

用于高光谱图像分类的归一化光谱指数的构建与应用

成像高光谱的近地田间应用为农业定量遥感的发展提供了新的契机。如何发挥其图谱合一的数据优势,尤其在解析土壤、阴影等背景地物对作物养分反演模型的影响需要关注。该研究借助可见/近红外成像高光仪,在近地田间采集小麦群体的成像立方体,根据影像中光照裸土、阴影裸土、光照叶片和阴影叶片的反射光谱特征建立了归一化光谱分类指数,并应用该指数提取大豆影像中不同类型地物的光谱,分析了背景土壤剔除前后的大豆植被归一化光谱与叶绿素密度的决定系数变化情况。结果表明:土壤和阴影叶片光谱去除后,反演叶绿素密度的敏感波段由红-近红外区间（727 nm,922 nm）向蓝、绿,尤其是红波段（710 nm,711 nm）移动。对叶绿素密度敏感的波段区间表现为可见光增加,近红外减少,且红边波段决定系数最高。由此说明,基于归一化光谱指数的植被光谱提纯对定量遥感反演研究具有重要意义。     

掺Yb~(3+)/Er~(3+)石英光纤中频率上转换的实验研究

首次报道了实验研究连续1064nm Nd:YAG激光器泵浦的掺稀土离子Yb~(3+)/Er~(3+)石英光纤中频率上转换过程。测量了掺Yb~(3+)/Er~(3+)石英光纤产生的频率上转换可见荧光谱,并用能量转移、受激态吸收和双光子吸收过程解释了467,546和667nm三条频率上转换荧光谱线的产生机理。     

基于红外热图像的棉花水分胁迫指数高光谱遥感估算研究

分别用Fluke公司生产的红外热像仪和ASD公司生产的非成像高光谱仪获取了棉花在5个生育时期的冠层的红外热图像和反射光谱。对红外热图像进行了技术处理,并根据Jones定义的作物水分胁迫指数CWSI计算了CWSI;利用光谱分析技术确定了反射光谱654 nm和一阶微分光谱738 nm处为CWSI的敏感波段;分别建立了它们与CWSI的线性相关模型方程。经检验,CWSI定量模型方程的估算精度分别为72.4%和80.5%。研究结果表明,用红外热图像技术作为获取作物冠层高分辨率空间信息的手段,可以消除背景干扰因素的影响,从而更精确地计算棉花冠层的CWSI。而与反射光谱相比,棉花冠层一阶微分光谱更适用于对棉花水分胁迫指数CWSI进行实时、动态估算。     

Spectroscopic and stimulated emission characteristics of Nd/sup 3+/ in transparent Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/ ceramics

Nd:Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/ ceramic materials have been synthesized using the vacuum sintering technique with the raw materials prepared by the nanocrystalline methods. The TEM measurements reveal the excellent optical quality of the ceramic with low pore volume and narrow grain boundary. The radiative spectral properties of Nd:Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/ ceramic have been evaluated by fitting the Judd-Ofelt model with the absorption and emission data. Individual Stark levels for /sup 2s+1/L/sub J/ manifolds are obtained from the absorption and fluorescence spectra and are analyzed to identify the stimulated emission channels possible in the Nd:Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/ ceramic. Laser performance studies reveal two stimulated emission channels at 1074.6- and 1078.6-nm wavelengths with stimulated emission cross sections of 7.63/spl times/10/sup -20/ and 6.35/spl times/10/sup -20/ cm/sup 2/. With 1.5 at % Nd:Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/ ceramic acting as a laser medium, we obtained a slope efficiency of 32% with 160-mW output power and pump threshold of 200 mW at 1078.6 nm.     

Improvement in heat dissipation by transfer of IV-VI epilayers from silicon to copper

A successful metallization (Au-InSn alloy) bonding and substrate removal procedure is described for improving epilayer heat dissipation. Two IV-VI semiconductor multiple quantum well (MQW) structures grown on silicon host substrates by molecular beam epitaxy with a CaF/sub 2/ (or CaF/sub 2/-BaF/sub 2/) buffer layer were bonded epilayer down to the tips of a copper bar assembly and then the Si substrates were removed by dissolving the CaF/sub 2/ (or CaF/sub 2/-BaF/sub 2/) buffer layer in water. The bonded IV-VI epilayers were cleaved by separation of the copper bars. Photoluminescence (PL) data before and after transfer showed that an increase in diode laser pumping caused a smaller blue shift in the PL energies for the structures bonded to copper when compared to the as-grown samples. Calculations revealed that epilayers transferred to copper were at least 20/spl deg/C cooler than the same epilayers on silicon when illuminated with a continuous wave (/spl lambda/=911 nm) laser at a power density of about 25 W/cm/sup 2/.     

基于激光散射图像小麦叶片叶绿素检测研究

为了实现叶绿素含量的无损检测研究,采用激光后向散射图像技术来测量小麦叶片光学特性参量的方法,进行了理论分析和实验验证。利用670nm和970nm的半导体激光器和视频成像系统获得了小麦叶片的激光后向散射图像,通过漫反射理论分析了叶片组织表面的漫射光分布和在这两个波长下绿叶、黄叶、干叶的激光后向散射图像的变化特征,取得了其光学特性参量数据(约化散射系数和吸收系数),并与叶片的叶绿素相对含量值建立对应的函数关系。结果表明,小麦叶片的光学特性参量与叶绿素相对含量值呈现线性相关,其中利用约化散射系数建立的叶绿素相对含量值预测模型中,预测集样本的相关系数为0.9095,预测均方根误差为5.9;利用吸收系数建立的叶绿素相对含量值预测模型中,预测集样本的相关系数为0.8366,预测均方根误差为7.5,说明激光后向散射图像技术测定植物叶绿素含量是可行的。这一结果对激光散射图像实现农作物长势诊断是有帮助的。     

森林冠层氮含量遥感估算

使用高光谱数据估算叶片与冠层尺度的森林氮含量.首先采用基于高斯误差函数的BP神经网络Erf-BP建立叶片尺度氮含量的遥感估算模型;其次根据几何光学模型原理,推导冠层光谱与叶片光谱的尺度转化函数,将Hy-perion影像的冠层光谱转换到叶片尺度并反演叶片尺度的氮含量;最后,利用森林结构参数LAI得到研究区域冠层尺度氮含量.结果表明,隐含层包含8个神经元的Erf-BP模型最优,检验精度为76.8597%;利用尺度转化函数估算670 nm和865 nm冠层光谱与实测光谱决定系数为0.5203和0.4117;反演叶片尺度氮含量与实测数据的决定系数为0.7019;该方法为高精度快速估算叶片和冠层尺度森林氮含量提供参考.     

一种正丙基环己烷修饰红光铱(Ⅲ)配合物的合成与发光性能研究

为了提高铱配合物材料的溶解性,同时具有较高的热稳定性,将正丙基环己烷引入到配体中合成了一种新型结构的红色磷光铱(Ⅲ)配合物Ir(pcpiq)₂acac (pcpiq=1-[4-(4-丙基环己基)苯基]异喹啉,acac=乙酰丙酮负离子)。通过紫外-可见光吸收光谱、荧光发射光谱、循环伏安测试和差热扫描分析对其光学性能、电化学性能和热稳定性进行了研究。以其作为发光材料,按照4~12%的掺杂浓度,分别以真空蒸镀和溶液旋涂工艺制备了有机电致发光器件(OLED)。结果显示,以Alq3为主体的蒸镀工艺制备的器件,EL光谱发射峰位于639 nm,亮度达到5 987 cd/m²,10 V电压时电流效率和功率效率分别为6.11 cd/A和1.64 lm/W,器件发出了较纯正的红光,其色坐标位于(0.68,0.32)。