冻融与硫酸盐侵蚀耦合作用下再生混凝土劣化规律

采用快冻法,对再生骨料取代率为30％的混凝土分别在3％Na2SO4,5％Na2SO4,10％Na2SO4(质量分数)溶液以及水中的冻融情况进行试验,试验过程中测试了再生混凝土质量变化、相对动弹性模量、抗压强度损失及损伤层厚度,分析了再生混凝土在冻融与Na2SO4溶液耦合作用下的损伤机理,建立了再生混凝土的冻融损伤模型,利用模型预测了再生混凝土的抗冻寿命.结果表明:再生混凝土在5％Na2SO4溶液中冻融损伤最严重;再生混凝土在10％Na2SO4溶液中的冻融损伤大于在3％Na2SO4溶液和水中的冻融损伤;再生混凝土的相对动弹性模量变化和损伤层厚度的变化相关,可以利用相对动弹性模量表示再生混凝土的内部损伤;曲线模型可以较好表征再生混凝土在硫酸盐环境下的冻融损伤,在5％Na2SO4溶液中,再生混凝土的抗冻寿命最差.     

玄武岩纤维再生混凝土抗冻性能及损伤劣化模型

为了研究纤维再生混凝土的抗冻性能,提高寒区再生混凝土结构服役寿命,试验采用等体积再生骨料替代石子制备了5组不同玄武岩纤维掺量的再生混凝土,分别从质量损失率、相对动弹性模量、抗压强度和抗拉强度等方面探讨纤维再生混凝土抗冻性能损伤劣化规律。研究结果表明:冻融初期,再生混凝土质量损失率呈现负增长现象,相对动弹性模量、抗压强度和抗拉强度曲线随冻融循环次数的增加呈下降趋势;玄武岩纤维加入能够减缓再生混凝土冻融破坏,掺量为1.2 kg·m~(-3)时再生混凝土的抗冻性能最优;纤维加入对冻融作用下再生混凝土抗拉强度的作用效果优于抗压强度。建立了基于相对动弹性模量和强度为损伤变量的线性及多项式损伤劣化模型,模型可以准确预测纤维再生混凝土冻融损伤劣化程度。     

聚脲涂层和环氧涂层对混凝土抗冻性的影响

我国很多地区混凝土结构腐蚀严重,其中冻融破坏是导致混凝土耐久性下降的一个重要因素.采用快冻法,研究聚脲涂层和环氧涂层对混凝土抗冻性的影响.研究发现:环氧涂层混凝土在50次冻融循环后就出现裂缝,250次冻融循环后环氧涂层大面积脱落,相对动弹性模量下降60%,达到破坏;而聚脲涂层混凝土经300次冻融循环后表面仍完好无损,相对动弹性模量只下降8%.     

纤维混凝土抗冻性能及损伤劣化模型研究

为了提高寒冷地区建筑的安全性和使用寿命等问题,通过分析不同纤维、粉煤灰掺量的混凝土试件在相应冻融次数下的质量损失率、相对动弹性模量及强度(抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度)变化规律,研究掺入纤维的比例对混凝土抗冻性的影响.结果 表明:掺入钢纤维(SFs)和PVA纤维时,抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度显著提高,在冻融次数相同的情况下,掺量与强度呈正相关;随着冻融次数的增加,质量损失率曲线先下降后上升,相对动弹性模量曲线呈下降趋势,掺入4％(质量分数)的SFs及0.05％(质量分数)的PVA纤维时,混凝土试件抗冻性能最优;掺入适量粉煤灰可有效改善混凝土质量、动弹性模量及强度损失.基于相对动弹性模量、强度数据建立冻融循环损伤模型来评价纤维混凝土的损伤程度,选用二次函数衰减模型进行数据拟合,发现建立的模型拟合程度较高,可有效反映冻融循环作用下纤维混凝土的冻融损伤程度.     

硫酸盐侵蚀与冻融循环共同作用下混凝土损伤研究

对水胶比为0.45的引气混凝土分别在质量分数为1％ Na,SO4、5％ Na2 SO4、5％ MgSO4溶液及水中进行快速冻融试验,采用超声平测法测量混凝土损伤层厚度,分析了不同溶液中混凝土的损伤层、未损伤层超声波速及损伤层厚度随冻融循环次数的变化规律.结果表明:混凝土损伤层厚度能够反映硫酸盐-冻融共同作用下混凝土损伤程度;不同溶液与冻融共同作用下混凝土损伤程度有所不同,原因在于硫酸盐溶液对混凝土冻融破坏既存在抑制作用,又存在促进作用;随着硫酸钠溶液浓度的升高,硫酸钠溶液对混凝土的冻融破坏由促进作用逐渐转变为抑制作用,由于硫酸镁具有镁盐和硫酸盐的双重腐蚀,对混凝土的冻融破坏促进作用最大.     

大掺量矿物掺合料混凝土抗盐冻性能研究

开展了普通混凝土、复掺粉煤灰和矿粉的大掺量矿物掺和料混凝土(HVMAC)分别在清水、5％ MgSO4溶液、10％ NaCl溶液、5％ Na2SO4 +5％ MgCl2复合溶液中的快速冻融试验,以试件的质量、动弹性模量及抗压强度变化表征混凝土在盐冻作用下的抗冻性能.结果表明,两种混凝土试件在清水中的冻融破坏比盐溶液中严重,普通混凝土在MgSO4溶液中形成致密结构,破坏较小,在NaCl溶液中,HVMAC对溶液的吸收较小,其破坏程度较轻,混凝土在5％ Na2SO4 +5％ MgCl2复合溶液中几乎没有劣化,综合考虑,HVMAC的抗盐冻性最好.     

不同冻融介质作用下再生骨料透水混凝土耐久性试验研究

为探索不同冻融介质下再生骨料透水混凝土的冻融耐久性,分别以清水和3.5wt％ NaCl溶液为冻融介质,分析比较了不同冻融环境下再生骨料透水混凝土质量损失、动弹性模量、剩余抗压强度、CT扫描断面平均孔隙率随冻融循环次数的变化规律.试验结果表明,不同冻融介质作用下,再生骨料透水混凝土的质量损失率、相对动弹性模量、平均抗压强度与CT扫描断面平均孔隙率的劣化程度均随冻融循环次数增加而逐渐增大,氯盐环境下更易引起再生骨料透水混凝土的冻融破坏;再生骨料透水混凝土相对剩余抗压强度与相对动弹性模量之间具有良好的相关性,可通过测量冻融后再生骨料透水混凝土相对动弹性模量来评估其剩余抗压强度;最后基于两参数Weibull概率分布函数建立了再生骨料透水混凝土冻融损伤演化方程,可用于表征不同冻融介质作用下再生骨料透水混凝土试件的冻融损伤破坏程度.     

盐碱与冻融耦合作用下再生混凝土耐久性试验研究

通过再生混凝土在3.5%NaCl、3.5%Na2SO4、3.5%NaCl+3.5%Na2SO4和水四种溶液中的冻融循环试验,分析再生混凝土在同浓度不同种类盐碱溶液中经过不同冻融次数后(N)的质量变化(△m)和动弹性模量变化(△E) ,绘制N-△m和N-△E的曲线.同时,设置单掺10%、20%粉煤灰和2%、4%硅灰为对照组,研究粉煤灰和硅灰组分别在3.5%NaCl和3.5%Na2SO4环境下混凝土的抗冻性能规律.结果表明:氯盐环境中,随冻融次数的增加,混凝土表面剥削、开裂现象明显,质量和动弹性模量损失严重,而硫酸盐环境中,冻融前期混凝土内部生成水化产物使质量增加,表面膨胀开裂,后期质量和动弹性模量急剧下降,与浓度3.5%氯盐盐冻相比,硫酸盐盐冻动弹性模量损失更大.冻融破坏强度由强到弱排序为氯盐冻、硫酸盐冻、复合盐冻、水冻;掺入粉煤灰后,氯盐环境下的混凝土抗冻性反而下降,10%掺量优于20%掺量.掺入硅灰后,硫酸盐环境下再生混凝土抗冻性提高,破坏程度要比水冻小,4%掺量优于2%掺量;最后分析了混凝土腐蚀机理.     

不同除冰盐冻融环境下对混凝土耐久性的影响

本文针对我国冬季水泥混凝土路面常年遭受冰雪灾害,使用除冰盐对路面造成侵蚀损害现象,分析了盐冻对混凝土的破坏原理,通过试验比较两种不同除冰盐NaCl、CaCl2在冻融环境下对混凝土质量损失和相对动弹性模量等耐久性因素的影响,得出混凝土在除冰盐NaCl、CaCl2在冻融环境下,随冻融次数的增加,试块表面剥浊腐蚀严重,动弹性模量逐渐下降,力学性能变差,抗压强度降低;两种除冰盐在各自不同浓度3％、6％、12％、25％冻融环境下,3％盐冻的试块破坏最为严重,试块表面剥落露骨,相对动弹性模量迅速降低.     

冻融损伤后喷射混凝土耐久性研究

采用快速冻融法,比较同配合比喷射混凝土与模筑混凝土冻融循环作用后质量损失率、相对动弹性模量、立方体抗压强度及劈裂抗拉强度损失率,研究喷射混凝土的抗冻性能,并分析钢纤维的掺入对其抗冻性能的影响,同时,采用扫描电镜(SEM)分析冻后喷射混凝土微观结构的演变特征.试验结果表明,冻融循环150次,喷射混凝土的相对动弹性模量为0.819,而模筑混凝土已进入破坏状态,喷射混凝土抗冻性能优于模筑混凝土;冻融循环200次,钢纤维喷射混凝土(SFRS)劈裂抗拉强度损失率较普通喷射混凝土减小60％,说明钢纤维的掺入能够显著提高喷射混凝土的抗冻性能.     

Effect of sulfate solution on the frost resistance of concrete with and without steel fiber reinforcement

Properties of plain concrete (PC) and steel fiber reinforced concrete(SFRC) (with water/cement ratio of 0.44, 0.32 and 0.26) subjected to freeze-thaw cycles in 5.0% sodium sulfate solution were investigated in this paper. It was found that during the initial 300 freeze-thaw cycles, sulfate solution had little effect on the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity (E_d) of concrete. In further freeze-thaw cycling, the effect of sulfate solution on E_d was much more obvious. Both PC and SFRC specimens with w/c of 0.44 failed before 300 cycles and exhibited similar developing trends of the E_d whether freezing and thawing in sulfate solution or in fresh water. As for the concrete specimens with w/c of 0.26, the decline of E_d was more serious when freezing and thawing in sulfate solution than that in fresh water after 300 cycles. The adoption of steel fiber greatly restrained the decline of E_d and changed the failure mode of the specimen from brittle crack in midspan of PC to gradually decline of E_d up to failure under the combined action of freeze-thaw cycles and sulfate attack. Test results also demonstrated that there was an interaction effect between the action of freeze-thaw cycles and sulfate attack.     

粉煤灰混凝土抗盐冻性能的研究

研究粉煤灰混凝土在水中和硫酸镁溶液中的抗冻性,探讨粉煤灰掺量、含气量及砂率对混凝土抗冻性的影响。试验结果表明：粉煤灰掺量25％对混凝土的抗冻盐性能有利,在相同粉煤灰掺量时,适量引气可大大延缓混凝土相对动弹性模量的下降,在保持水胶比一定时,适当的砂率也会在一定程度上改善混凝土的抗盐冻性能。     

普通混凝土在盐湖环境中的抗卤水冻蚀性与破坏机理研究

采用快冻法测定了普通混凝土在新疆、青海、内蒙古和西藏盐湖卤水环境中的抗卤水冻蚀性,提出了混凝土在盐湖卤水的物理化学腐蚀和冻融循环双重因素作用下的冻融破坏机理,定量研究了混凝土的冻融损伤叠加效应与交互作用。结果表明,普通混凝土在不同冻融介质中的耐久性顺序是:青海盐湖卤水>新疆盐湖卤水>水>西藏盐湖卤水>内蒙古盐湖卤水;其冻融破坏特征是盐结晶压导致混凝土膨胀开裂。盐湖卤水对于混凝土冻融的损伤效应,既有降低冰点、缓解冻融的损伤正效应,也有促进盐类结晶、导致混凝土膨胀开裂的损伤负效应,两者之间的大小决定了混凝土在盐湖卤水中冻融时的损伤规律。     

Effects of alkali addition on the mechanical properties and durability of concrete

Increasing the concrete alkali content from 0.6% to 1.25% of Na₂O_e of the cement mass by adding NaOH to the mixture water has harmful effects on most mechanical properties (compressive, splitting, direct tensile, and flexure strengths) of concrete made with a water-to-cement (w/c) ratio of 0.41 and limestone aggregates not susceptible to alkali-silica reaction (ASR), however not on the elasticity modulus measured under compression or direct tension. Shrinkage tests at 50% RH and 23 °C started after 7 days at 100% RH and 23 °C show that the low-alkali concrete shrinks more than the high-alkali one, despite similar water losses. Freeze-thaw tests performed on air-entrained concretes show that the two concretes resist well to freezing and thawing while showing similar air-void systems. When examined under the scanning electron microscope (SEM), the hydrates in the two concretes present similar microstructure; however, the high-alkali concrete shows a more reticular and porous microtexture, which could explain the reduction in strength.     

Aggregate-cement paste transition zone properties affecting the salt-frost damage of high-performance concretes

The influence of the cement paste-aggregate interfacial transition zone (ITZ) on the frost durability of high-performance silica fume concrete (HPSFC) has been studied. Investigation was carried out on eight non-air-entrained concretes having water-to-binder (W/B) ratios of 0.3, 0.35 and 0.42 and different additions of condensed silica fume. Studies on the microstructure and composition of the cement paste have been made by means of environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM)-BSE, ESEM-EDX and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) analysis. The results showed that the transition zone initiates and accelerates damaging mechanisms by enhancing movement of the pore solution within the concrete during freezing and thawing cycles. Cracks filled with ettringite were primarily formed in the ITZ. The test concretes having good frost-deicing salt durability featured a narrow transition zone and a decreased Ca/Si atomic ratio in the transition zone compared to the bulk cement paste. Moderate additions of silica fume seemed to densify the microstructure of the ITZ.     

Characteristics of a thermally activated alumino-silicate pozzolanic material and its use in concrete

This paper presents the results of the physical and chemical properties of a thermally activated alumino-silicate material (MK), and deals with the properties of fresh and hardened concrete incorporating this material. The properties of fresh concrete investigated included workability, bleeding, setting time, and autogenous temperature rise. The properties of the hardened concrete investigated included compressive, splitting-tensile and flexural strengths, Young's modulus of elasticity, drying shrinkage, resistance to chloride-ion penetration, freezing and thawing, and saltscaling resistance. The properties of the MK concrete were also compared with those of the control portland cement concrete and the silica fume concrete.

The test results indicate that the MK material is highly pozzolanic and can be used as a supplementary cementing material to produce high-performance concrete. Although it requires a higher dosage of the superplasticizer and air-entraining admixture compared with that of the control concrete, the MK concrete can be produced with satisfactory slump, air content, and setting time. The concrete incorporating 10% MK had higher strength at all ages up to 180 days compared with the control concrete; in comparison with the silica fume concrete the MK concrete showed a faster strength development at early ages, but had lower strength after 28 days. At 28 days, the MK concrete had somewhat higher splitting-tensile and flexural strengths, Young's modulus of elasticity, and lower drying shrinkage compared with that of the control and the silica fume concretes. The resistance of the MK concrete to the chloride-ion penetration was significantly higher than that of the control concrete, but similar to that of the silica fume concrete. The MK concrete showed excellent performance in the freezing and thawing test. The performance of the MK concrete subjected to the de-icing salt scaling test was similar to that of the silica fume concrete, but marginally inferior to the control concrete.     

全浸泡作用下混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能试验研究

研究了不同水胶比混凝土试件在(20 ±2)℃全浸泡作用下的抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能.试验制作了0.32与0.36两种水胶比的普通硅酸盐水泥、中抗硫水泥以及矿粉-硅灰复掺的混凝土试件,试件标养28 d后,测定了各试件在(20 ±2)℃的3%Na2SO4溶液中全浸泡侵蚀的抗压侵蚀系数、相对动弹性模量,并且测定了侵蚀240 d后混凝土的含气量和连通孔隙率,对混凝土在(20 ±2)℃下的抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能进行了评价.结果表明:在(20 ±2)℃全浸泡作用下,(1)混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能E>A>B,中抗硫水泥主要通过限制C3A的含量,进而改善混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能,不一定在任何环境下都适用;(2)0.36水胶比混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能低于0.32水胶比混凝土,抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能随着水胶比的降低而提高;(3)低水胶比混凝土复掺矿粉-硅灰后抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能得到显著的提高;(4)混凝土抗压侵蚀系数和相对动弹性模量高度相关,侵蚀240 d后,不同配比混凝土的含气量与连通孔隙率趋势极为接近,相关系数为0.93,因此可以合理选择试验评价指标,减少原材料浪费和试验工作量.     

特性环境对水泥砂浆硫酸盐侵蚀类型的影响

研究了硫酸盐种类(Na2SO4,MgSO4)及温度(5 ℃,20 ℃)等影响因素对水泥砂浆硫酸盐侵蚀类型的影响,以明确碳硫硅酸钙型硫酸盐侵蚀的特性环境条件.试验结果表明:掺加石灰石粉的水泥砂浆试件置于5% MgSO4溶液、5 ℃及20 ℃温度环境下浸泡450 d后,均能生成碳硫硅酸钙.而一般水泥砂浆试件置于5% Na2SO4溶液、5 ℃及20 ℃温度环境浸泡侵蚀后,未生成碳硫硅酸钙.证明水泥混凝土在＞15 ℃的硫酸盐侵蚀环境下亦可生成碳硫硅酸钙,而Mg2 的存在对碳硫硅酸钙的形成过程具有加速催化作用.