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1.
Conclusions  
1.  To derive the rated capacity with respect to a given load curve, it is proposed to use a system of two (or more) tidal electric power plants utilizing orthogonal hydroelectric turbines in units with a different layout, floating units, the capacity of which is proportional to the flow velocity, and stationary units, the capacity of which is proportional to the head on the unit, the latter varying approximately as the modulus of deviation of sea level from the mean.
2.  It is recommended not to maximize use of local reserves of tidal energy. It is expedient to find the economical and ecological optimum of utilization of this energy, which frequently may be found to be significantly lower than the maximum possible tapping of energy.
3.  The units of a hydroelectric plant with orthogonal turbines may be extremely effective not only in tidal electric plants, but also in utilizing the energy of large rivers under conditions when the construction of dams and the creation of reservoirs are complicated for economic and ecological reasons.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 12, pp. 45–51, December, 1998.  相似文献   

2.
1.  The unique arch dam of the Chirkey hydroelectric power plant is operating under difficult conditions of high natural and excited seismicity under a geodynamic load from the left bank, which is not well defined. Reliable design solutions and the safety factor of the concrete have permitted its reliable operation to date.
2.  The rock mass enclosing the dam exhibits appreciably lower reliability. The clay interlayers contained in the rock and the pattern of dislocation lower the shear strength under the influence of saturation, changes in the upper-pool level, and repeated earthquakes. The safety of the hydraulic facility is determined by the stability of the laft-bank/dam/right-bank system under left-bank creep caused by the gravitational imbalance of the site.
3.  To retain the proper level of reliability and safety of the Chirkey hydroelectric power plant, it is necessary to perform check geomechanical calculations and organize state-of-art monitoring of geodynamic processes and an earthquake-forecasting service.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 5, pp. 30–35, May, 1994.  相似文献   

3.
Conclusions  
1.  The water-power resources of small rivers in the Volga basin are significant: the economic potential of the WPR of these rivers is more than 20% of the production of electric power by the hydroelectric plants in the basin.
2.  Use of the water-power resources of the small rivers in the basin will create a significant nature-preserving effect: thus, the number of releases of polluting substances by thermal electric plants into the atmosphere will diminish by 92,100 tons/year, and the releases of polluted water by 11,100 tons/year.
3.  The production of electric power by hydroelectric plants on small rivers of the basin will increase the reliability of electric supply to rural consumers, owing to which shortages of electric power will be reduced by 13.1 million kWh/year.
4.  The effectiveness of capital expenditures for utilization of the WPR of the small rivers is rather high: considering the nature-preserving effect, the increase in reliability of electric supply, and an increase recreational potential, the payback time may be 5.8 years; this is significantly shorter than the operating period of the hydroelectric plants (30–40 years).
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 5, pp. 46–49, May, 1997.  相似文献   

4.
Conclusions  
1.  In designing heavy-duty high-head hydraulic facilities, where significant hydrodynamic effects on elements of the hydraulic facility should be expected during operation of dummy spillways and units, it is necessary to perform their dynamic calculation.
2.  The MARCHI-designed superstructure of the machine gallery at the Sayano-Shushenskoe hydroelectric power plant is subject to rather vigorous vibrations due, in particular, to the operation of the dam's spillways. Nontraditional structural solutions with respect to the installation of dynamic dampers, which may be adopted after appropriate computational and field investigations, are required for this structure to lower the swings of the oscillations.
3.  Development of maximum oscillations in strictly defined areas occurs not as a result of different stiffnesses of the components of the superstructure of the machine gallery at the Sayano-Shushenskoe hydroelectric plant or the stiffness of the reinforced-concrete unit blocks, but most likely due to the mutual effect of various elements of the hydraulic facility as sources of wave oscillations that develop due to the effect of hydrodynamic forces during idle discharges on the toe basin.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 9, pp. 63–66, September, 1998.  相似文献   

5.
Conclusions  
1.  In connection with the fact that potentially unstable masses exist in the immediate vicinity of the dam and powerhouse, which are referred to as Class I structures in terms of capital expenditures, the approach taken for the design of PUM stabilization should be nonstandard with consideration given to a number of permanent vibratory design loads introiduced by operating hydraulic units and spillways, as well cyclically varying loads due to the weight of the water in the reservoir and the weight of the structures.
2.  It is proposed to define the volumes required for PUM stabilization of the left-bank slope more precisely on the basis of observations of PUM during construction and operation of the hydroelectric plant. The interruptions that have occurred in the instrument observations should therefore be recognized as impermissible.
3.  Construction and operating experience has demonstrated that it is expedient to perform work on stabilization of potentially unstable masses prior to the start of construction on entities located in their immediate vicinity.
4.  A protective rock wall built at the foot of the slope cannot provide for the complete safety of the structures located close to the left-bank slope during the collapse of rock blocks or individual stones.
5.  On-going monitoring of the condition of the left-bank slope does not correspond completely to problems of providing for the safety of the structures and personnel at the hydroelectric plant by reason of the low reliability of the measuring equipment.
6.  Use of the automated “Relos-L” system for observations of the condition of the rock masses will make it possible to carry out continuous on-going monitoring within the framework of the automated production-control system at the Sayano-Shushenskoe hydroelectric plant. Only a multifunctional monitoring system, which includes different kinds of independent observations, can provide a sufficiently valid evaluation of the state of the PUM, and, on their basis, determine measures to prevent possible emergency situations.
7.  The collapse of PUM in the initial stage of construction with subsequent plaining of the slope and the organization of multistory rock-entrapping benches is a more reliable, safe, and, probably, economical (if expenditures for future operation are assumed in the calculation) method than their stabilization.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 9, pp. 67–71, September, 1998.  相似文献   

6.
Conclusions  
1.  The vibration testing of hydroelectric units should be performed prior to and after overhaul.
2.  The volume of measurements taken during the tests should be sufficient not only for comparison of the vibration level with existing norms, but also for determination of basic impairments of the hydroelectric unit.
3.  It is expedient to include vibration tests with an expanded volume of measurements in the schedule for the overhaul of hydroelectric units.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo. No. 12, pp. 21–22, December, 1997.  相似文献   

7.
1.  The energy-storage hydroelectric station (ESHES) can provide a 1.5–2-fold increase in peak capacity with a simultaneous threefold decrease in daily fluctuations of the water level in the lower pool.
2.  A decrease in the length of the concrete structures located in the river channel (especially the length) of the powerhouse) reduces the consumption of concrete for the ESHES in comparison with the HES, which compensates for the cost of constructing the additional structures of the ESHES.
3.  Unlike the HES, the ESHES operates in a sharp-peak regime and also during passage of flood waters.
4.  Contrarotating pump-turbines are best suited for an ESHES because of various combinations of heads on its turbine and pump parts.
5.  With increase in the speed of multistage hydraulic machines their placement depth decreases and the cost of the powerhouse is reduced.
  相似文献   

8.
1.  The data base for existing ACS PP at hydroelectric plants can be successfully employed as points for monitoring the conservation of an environment of local significance.
2.  It is expedient to discuss this problem with organizations, including local control groups interested in the development of territorial-basin systems for ecological monitoring.
3.  The initiative in creating local territorial-basin support points for monitoring should emanate from guidelines for hydroelectric plants with ACS PP.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 12, pp. 1–4, December, 1992.  相似文献   

9.
1.  The plant manufacturer's power and efficiency guarantees are fulfilled.
2.  The power performance curves obtained for the hydraulic unit at four heads make it possible to select the makeup of operating units that will deliver maximum economy with the load distributed between the units.
3.  In operating the hydraulic units, special attention should be given to adjustment of the combiner curves in connection with the fact that its mismatch downgrades not only the economy of the hydraulic-turbine operation, but also the vibrational state of the hydraulic unit.
4.  Measurements of the vibration levels of the hydraulic units under several heads made it possible to determine the boundary line with respect to power over the entire range of operating heads.
Translated from Gidrotechnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 4, pp. 26–30, April, 1991.  相似文献   

10.
Conclusions  
1.  The seismicity of the region of the Zeya hydroelectric plant, which has been defined more precisely, is (for the MCE) nine points; this exceeds the computed seismicity adopted during the design of the structures for the hydraulic facility by two points.
2.  The stress-strain state and stability of the Zeya Dam under basic load combination are in line with standard requirements.
3.  It is impossible to substantiate the earthquake resistance of the dam within the framework of the linearelastic calculation for both the DE, and also, not to mention, the MCE.
4.  Calculations performed with consideration of the actual strength and deformation properties of the concrete on the assumption of the possibility of crack formation indicated that damages sustained by the dam during a nine-point earthquake will not result in break through of the thrust face, and can be subsequently eliminated.
5.  Considering the low effectiveness of measures taken to improve the earthquake resistance of the dam, and also the possibility of performing repairs and bringing the dam to a serviceable condition after passage of the computed earthquake, it is recommended preliminarily not to implement at the present time measures to improve the earthquake resistance of the dam, which were limited only to providing for the possibility of discharging the additional water flow that feeds into the drainage system of the dam via cracks formed on the upstream face during the earthquake.
6.  The conclusion concerning the retention of the dam's bearing capacity corresponds to the effect of a single earthquake. It is impossible to assess the probability of the passage of a repeated seismic effect, and in the case of the high realization of this probability, to establish the level of the dam's earthquake resistance when subjected to a succession of earthquakes, when subsequent tremors (aftershocks) will be taken up by the structure, which has sustained damage during the initial earthquake.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 2, pp. 6–12, February, 1999.  相似文献   

11.
1.  Provision for stability of slopes is one of the main problems in designing plains PSHS.
2.  The reasons for occurrence and a chain reaction of development of landslide phenomena on the south slope of the area of basic structures of the Zagorsk PSHS were peculiarities of its engineering-geological structure that were not properly taken into account in designing and carrying out construction work.
3.  For the purpose of stabilizing the landslide slope, a system of engineering measures was developed and implemented, including a change in the configuration and structure of the right-bank abutment of the upper-basin levee to the water intake, construction of a banquette, filling of a counterbanquette, draining of moraine loams, grading of the slope, surface water diversion, and monitoring of the state of the slope and elements of the antilandslide protection.
4.  Data from full-scale observatins indicate the effectiveness of the antilandslide measures that were performed and a state of the slope corresponding to criteria for the hydro development's safe operation.
5.  Innovative elements of the system of measures to stabilize the south landslide slope of the Zagorsk PSHS are:
–  the complex nature of measures, providing for the optimum set of criteria with respect to reliability, technological efficiency, construction time, and cost of adjusted expenditures;
–  minimization of one-time and total excavation for the banquette, providing for the least disruption of the slope in the process of construction;
–  draining of moraine loams, which has no known analog;
–  the use of an ejector unwatering system, which provides for minimum adjusted expenditures on construction and operation of the drainage system.
Deceased.  相似文献   

12.
Conclusions  
1.  Newly developed information-management systems should specify the existence of a single information space for the entire establishment, which encompasses both technology and administrative-economic activity.
2.  The core of the computerized portion of the system developed should be formulated on the basis of more expensive, but more reliable specialized computers.
3.  Automated support for analysis, assessment, and forecasting of activity both for the establishment on the whole, and also its individual structural parts or forms of production equipment is a promising trend in the development of information-management systems.
4.  Experience gained at the Zagorsk pumped-storage power plant relative to the loading of a generalplant information-management system based on an ACS TP indicates that modern software and hardware and methodological developments available in the field of information technology make it possible, even now, to implement the concept of an intelligent system for support of decision making as a higher level of organization of a single information space for optimal execution of the basic function of a power plant—the generation of electric power in conformity with the dispatchers curve.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 1, pp. 11–21, January, 1999.  相似文献   

13.
1.  The corrosion rates of steel in water during short-term tests under conditions prevailing at the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric plant, and also in all river basins of the middle latitudes in the northern hemisphere vary considerably during the course of the year. They diminish markedly in the winter, reaching 10–20% of the corrosion rates in seawater, and increase vigorously in the summer, attaining 300% of the corrosion rates in that same medium.
2.  In the Enisei, as in the other rivers, the corrosion rate of steel in the zone of periodic wetting under the surface of the water is, in contrast to marine conditions, close to the corrisoon rate in the air, while under marine conditions, vigorous corrosion is observed to be many times greater in this zone.
3.  Under Enisei River conditions, as in other rivers, the underwater zone is the most aggressive; this also distinguishes river from marine corrosion, where the rate in this zone is 4–5 times lower than that in the zone of periodic wetting, and is approximately equal to the rate in the air.
4.  Long-term field studies conducted at the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric plant indicate that under conditions prevailing here, the application of coatings to mechanical equipment and metal structures would probably be necessary not so much to protect them from corrosion, as to provide the required ornamental appearance.
5.  Metallizing the surface of design components with aluminum to a thickness of not more than 50 μm can be recommended as a protective-decorative coating.
Use of cathodic protection is expedient for the underwater zone, where the corrosion rate (possibly due to the formation of vapors of differential aeration and the combined action of corrosion and erosion) may have a more significant effect on the designs than has been shown by the testing of specimens.  相似文献   

14.
1.  Oscillations due to low-frequency sources of excitation beneath the impeller in the draft tube develop in long pipelines of water-storage power plants.
2.  For the Zagorsk water-storage power plant with a long (790 m) and flexible pipeline, the natural frequency of the first type of the system's oscillation is many times lower than the predominant frequency of the lowest-frequency component of the spectrum of pressure fluctuations beneath the impeller (0.24–0.25)fre. For a shorter and stiffer pipeline, the system would approach resonance.
3.  The dynamic properties of the system depend on the opening of the guide apparatus: for small openings, the natural frequency approaches f1=(C/4)L; with large openings, it approaches f2=(C/2)L.
4.  When the unit is operating in the stationary mode, the hydrodynamic loads on the pipe lining do not exceed 0.05 MPa; this corresponds to an additional stress of 0.07 MPa in the lining and vibrational displacements of 0.183 mm (when C=780 m/sec), i.e., not more than 0.06 of the radius of the pipeline; when C=965 m/sec, the vibrational displacements do not exceed 0.08 mm.
5.  The loads on the pipeline supports do not exceed 0.36 tons on any one pile.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 8, pp. 27–30, August, 1992.  相似文献   

15.
1.  One of the new approaches to the use of wave power plants can be their use as a source of compressed air for operating a pneumatic breakwater.
2.  The use of wave power plants for protecting marine hydraulic structures from the effect of storm loads makes it possible to increase the cost effectiveness both of the WPPs themselves and of the hydraulic structures.
3.  A rough estimate of the cost of wave power plants shows their effectiveness as a source of electrical energy for remote regions of the USSR.
4.  The simplicity of the design of wave power plants enables organizing their mass production at shipyards or at the site of construction.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 2, pp. 7–10, February, 1992.  相似文献   

16.
1.  Small hydrostations under high-mountain conditions should operate with trash racks, devices should be provided for their cleaning from trash and shuga, as well as shuga-deflectors into the diversion canal.
2.  To reduce abrasion of the turbine equipment, it is necessary to provide operation of the suspended-particle settling basins.
3.  Specifications on the assembly of bearings and movable couplings should be developed for conducting maintenance works.
4.  During restoration works the profile of the runner blades should be made strictly according to the template in conformity with the plant drawings.
5.  Extremely necessary is the equipping of hydrostation with means for monitoring the technial parameters (bearing temperature, water pressure in the passage, wobble of the shafting, etc.), observation of the changes in which will make it possible to carry out in good time preventive maintenance and to reduce the probability of occurrence of breakdown.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 3, pp. 43–45, March, 1990.  相似文献   

17.
Conclusions  
1.  Models constructed on the basis of network graphs to describe the operation of systems of construction machines can be used to derive simple analytical equations for determining the configurations and productivities of such systems.
2.  The concept of a master equipment is not always justified in defining the configuration of a system.
3.  In calculating the productivity of a system from the proposed equations, it is not necessary to introduce the shift time-utilization factor, because technological downtimes are automatically included in the operation of the system.
4.  The calculation of system productivity in matrix from can be implemented for both homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. The calculations can also be carried out for probabilistic systems, in which case computer engineering and pseudorandom-number generators are required.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel’stvo, No. 2, pp. 24–28, February, 2000.  相似文献   

18.
1.  The actual state of the outlet works as a whole can be evaluated as positive.
2.  To provide complete readiness of the outlet works for service regimes and to keep them in good working order, it is necessary to seal the existing damages and subsequently to carry out annual scheduled preventive maintenance.
3.  Long service of the restored bottom revetment of the stilling basin is possible under conditions of a moderate regime of waste discharges with their uniform distribution over the basin width, shortening of their duration, and reduction of the number of outlets put into operation.
4.  The restored basin revetment is in need of careful observation of its condition and sealing.
5.  The use of outlets for reducing the rate of filling the reservoir and especially for providing navigation releases is not permissible. They should be used only if the discharge capacity of the hydrostation units is insufficient for preventing filling of the reservoir during the spring flood above the elevation of the NPL as well as for not exceeding the NPL during passage of the summer-fall freshets with the reservoir filled to the NPL.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 4, pp. 9–12, April, 1994.  相似文献   

19.
1.  More than a decade of operation of water-cleaning machines with a conical net has demonstrated their good technical and economic characteristics as regards failure-free operation and water-cleaning performance.
2.  After a simple modification, the existing water-cleaning machines with a vertical axis of cone rotation can perform a fish-protecting function.
3.  For larger water consumers (such as water supply systems of thermal and nuclear power plants) machines with a horizontal cone rotation axis are recommended (so-called directflow water-cleaning machines). With some modernization of the flowthrough component, water offtake facilities can ensure bypass and survival of over 90% of young fish without building any expensive fish guard structures.
4.  Instead of fish guard facilities planned to be built at operating thermal and nuclear power plants, one should consider the possibility of removing the existing water-cleaning machines with flat nets and installing machines with conical nets.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 12, pp. 37–40, December, 1990.  相似文献   

20.
Conclusions  
1.  Considering the urgent need to ensure a reliable year-round supply of electric power and process and drinking water to Khabarovsk, it is recommended to accelerate construction of the sediment/floating-anchor-ice/ice-protection shore bucket on the Amur River near the pumping plant for the Khabarovsk-3 thermal power plant with hooded intake heads with an overall productivity of 17,000 m3/h and 100% reserve.
2.  The study that we conducted is an example of the solution of complex problems, when specialists of various organizations are drawn upon to work as members of temporary creative teams. This is a reflection of the trend toward market relations in conducting scientific-research and experimental-construction work.
3.  Many of the solutions developed were first used in a complex; they may also be useful for other power plants or intake structures.
4.  The Khabarovskénergo and the profession as a whole should be interested in completing the construction of the designs that have been developed, since this will solve many problems of the supply of process and drinking water and make it possible to work out typical solutions for other projects with similar floating-anchor-ice/ice and channel complications.
Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitel'stvo, No. 5, pp. 29–31, May, 1997.  相似文献   

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