由转盘塔内连续相溶质浓度轴向分布 估算传质系数和轴向混合系数的研究

根据转盘萃取塔内连续相溶质浓度的轴向分布进行了参数估算.在估算中应用液滴尺寸分布,将带轴向混合的柱塞流模型应用于塔内连续相,将前混模型应用于分散相.参数估算结果表明:应用d_(32)所获得的连续相轴向混合系数E_c和传质系数k_c的估算值比应用液滴尺寸分布所得的E_c、k_c的估算值偏高;如果忽略液滴生成过程传质的影响,k_c的估算值略有增加,而E_c的估算值则明显偏高.     

脉冲筛板萃取柱中连续相的轴向混合

通过示踪剂实验方法对38mm脉冲筛板萃取柱中连续相的轴向混合进行了研究。分别采用亚甲基蓝溶液和氯化钾溶液为示踪剂。实验过程中,首先采用"扰动-响应"技术实测了示踪剂的停留时间分布(RTD)曲线,然后依照轴向扩散模型(ADM)应用最小二乘法拟合求出连续相的轴向混合系数Ec,并分析了连续相表观流速、分散相表观流速、脉冲强度对于Ec的影响。实验结果表明,示踪剂浓度、径向取样位置和轴向取样位置对轴向混合系数Ec值的影响可以忽略,轴向混合系数Ec随着脉冲强度和两相表观流速的增加而增大。最后在本实验参数范围内,拟合出了连续相的轴向混合系数随操作参数变化的经验关系式,与实验结果对比,相对偏差在±20%以内。     

涡轮搅拌萃取塔的模型研究

涡轮搅拌萃取塔是一种高效的液液萃取设备。介绍该塔型的两种数学模型:假设均相模型和液滴群模型。前者假设分散相为连续相,无法正确模拟实际流体特性;后者能精确地计算湍流区流体特性。同时描述了液滴群模型的求解及模型参数,包括液滴直径及其分布、液滴破裂与凝聚、滑动速度、传质系数和轴向扩散系数等的计算。     

转盘萃取塔中连续相轴向混合的研究

根据塔内流体运动规律,分别研究了转盘萃取塔单相流和两相逆流时连续相轴向混合的机理.采用光导纤维测定脉冲示踪的浓度响应,从而得到单相流轴向混合Peclet数和两相逆流时分散相对连续相轴向混合的影响(f_w-△~W)的数学表达式.这些表达式对轴向混合的计算,能从高转盘转速扩展到低转速,并能适用于较广的流速范围.为了分析连续相的轴向混合,对分散相滞留量及分散相液滴直径也作了初步研究,并得出了关联式.     

脉冲萃取塔径向扩散系数的测定方法

引　言对于脉冲筛板萃取塔或脉冲填料萃取塔中的轴向混合 ,已有许多人用轴向扩散模型作了研究[1,2 ].但是 ,在脉冲萃取塔工业放大设计的过程中 ,径向混合程度是个不可忽略的重要因素 .然而 ,这方面的研究尚未见报道 .萃取塔中的混合情况会直接影响液液两相传质推动力的大小 .通常 ,希望塔内连续相出现尽可能小的轴向混合 ,使连续相的流形接近活塞流 ,以获得最大的传质推动力 .而对于连续相的径向混合 ,其混合程度越大越有利于径向浓度的均匀 ,有利于获得最大的传质推动力 .因此 ,径向扩散系数大小的确定 ,对于工业规模脉冲萃取塔的设计具有…     

往复振动板式萃取塔水力性能研究

以上－煤油为介质,在内径为０．０３１ｍ的往复振动板式萃取塔内研究了此塔的分散相持液量、轴向混合和液滴大小。研究表明分散相持液量与板振幅、频率、连续相流速和分散相流速有关;Ｓａｕｔｅｒ平均直径与板振幅、频率有关。应用脉冲响应法测试此塔的轴向混合,以无因次方程对轴向混合系数进行关联。     

转盘萃取塔内连续相轴向混合的研究(摘要)

本文从转盘塔内流体流动特性出发研究了塔内连续相轴向混合。应用光导纤维测试仪测定脉冲示踪的浓度响应。这种方法基本上不影响塔内流场,消除滞后现象,所得讯号可记录于磁带,直接送计算机处理。一个直径为D的液滴由于具有表面能     

快速变压吸附制氧动态传质系数模拟分析

研究快速变压吸附制氧过程中的传质过程,结合实验数据对全局动态传质系数与常数传质系数进行对比模拟分析,并考察各传质阻力对传质效果的影响。结果表明：基于轴向、膜扩散和孔扩散估算的动态传质系数是有效的。膜阻力是主要阻力,其次是轴向扩散阻力,大孔扩散阻力较小,微孔扩散阻力可忽略。在快速变压吸附中,由于气速和温度变化较快,传质系数也会有较大变化,总体趋势是传质系数随着温度和气速的升高而升高。采用恒定传质系数无法准确描述吸附塔内各个时间点、空间点上的传质行为,根据各节点状态计算出的动态估算传质系数能够与吸附塔内的行为有较好的吻合度,模型具有较高的可信性。     

快速变压吸附制氧动态传质系数模拟分析

研究快速变压吸附制氧过程中的传质过程,结合实验数据对全局动态传质系数与常数传质系数进行对比模拟分析,并考察各传质阻力对传质效果的影响。结果表明:基于轴向、膜扩散和孔扩散估算的动态传质系数是有效的。膜阻力是主要阻力,其次是轴向扩散阻力,大孔扩散阻力较小,微孔扩散阻力可忽略。在快速变压吸附中,由于气速和温度变化较快,传质系数也会有较大变化,总体趋势是传质系数随着温度和气速的升高而升高。采用恒定传质系数无法准确描述吸附塔内各个时间点、空间点上的传质行为,根据各节点状态计算出的动态估算传质系数能够与吸附塔内的行为有较好的吻合度,模型具有较高的可信性。     

往复振动筛板塔对低界面张力体系萃取过程的强化

对低界面张力体系正丁醇-丁二酸-水在往复振动筛板塔中的萃取性能进行研究,体系中水为萃取剂,萃取正丁醇中的丁二酸。实验考察了两相流速、相比、传质方向和筛板振动速率对流体力学性能和传质性能的影响,并且与相同操作条件下固定筛板萃取塔的性能作对比。结果表明,筛板振动速率不高于3.5 cm/s的情况下体系没有发生乳化现象,相比增大到2.8时接近液泛点,实验稳定性较差。流速和相比增大能够获得更好的液滴分布和更大的体积传质系数,但增大的幅度要综合考虑设备的最大通量和两相在塔内的停留时间。分散相到连续相的传质方向传质相界面积大,更有利于提高传质效率。相同操作条件下,连续相中的轴向混合远大于分散相的轴向混合。与固定筛板塔的萃取性能相比,振动筛板改善液滴分布、增大处理能力和强化传质的作用都很明显。     

A NEWLY DEVELOPED LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION COLUMN——The Open Turbine Rotating Disc Contactor(OTRDC)

The experimental study on hydrodynamics,axial mixing and mass transfer has been carried out in anewly developed liquid-liquid contactor,the open turbine rotating disc contactor(OTRDC).It has been foundthat the OTRDC is possible to be operated with higher hold-up of dispersed phase,larger interface and hencehigher efficiency of mass transfer comparing with the ordinary RDC.In correlating axial mixing data,a combinedmodel has been used in which both forward mixing due to the drop size distribution and backmixingof droplets are taken into account.The RTD curves of dispersed phase predicted by the model were fit wellwith the experimental data.The comparison of the experimental mass transfer data with thosc predicted by theaxial mixing model and theoretical single drop models shown they are in good agreement.     

Hydrodynamics,axial mixing and mass transfer in open turbine rotating disc contactor (OTRDC)

An experimental study of hydrodynamics, axial mixing and mass transfer has been carried out in a newly developed liquid-liquid extraction contactor, namely the open turbine rotating disc contactor (OTRDC). It has been established that the OTRDC can be operated with larger holdups of the dispersed phase, larger interfaces and, hence, more efficient mass transfer than the conventional RDC. In correlating axial mixing data, a combined model has been applied in which both the forward mixing due to drop size distribution and the backmixing of droplets are taken into account. The RTD curves of dispersed phase predicted by the model agree well with the experimental data. Comparison of experimental mass transfer data with those predicted by the proposed axial mixing model and the theoretical single drop model shows that they are in good agreement.     

New Approach in the Prediction of RDC Liquid‐Liquid Extraction Column Parameters

The liquid‐liquid extraction process is well‐known for its complexity and often entails intensive modeling and computational efforts to simulate its dynamic behavior. This paper presents a new application of the Genetic Algorithm (GA) to predict the modeling parameters of a chemical pilot plant involving a rotating disc liquid‐liquid extraction contactor (RDC). In this process, the droplet behavior of the dispersed phase has a strong influence on the mass transfer performance of the column. The mass transfer mechanism inside the drops of the dispersed phase was modeled by the Handlos‐Baron circulating drop model with consideration of the effect of forward mixing. Using the Genetic Algorithm method and the Numerical Analysis Group (NAG) software, the mass transfer and axial dispersion coefficients in the continuous phase in these columns were optimized. In order to obtain the RDC column parameters, a least‐square function of differences between the simulated and experimental concentration profiles (SSD) and 95 % confidence limit in the plug flow number of the transfer unit prediction were considered. The minus 95 % confidence limit and sum of square deviations for the GA method justified it as a successful method for optimization of the mass transfer and axial dispersion coefficients of liquid‐liquid extraction columns.     

Effect of system properties on the performance of Liquid—Liquid extraction columns—II: Oldshue—Rushton column

Mean drop size, fractional hold-up of dispersed phase and axial mixing characteristics have been determined in a 72 mm diameter mechanically agitated extraction column of Oldshue—Rushton type, using the two liquid—liquid mass transfer systems, toluene—acetone—water and MIBK-acetic acid—water. As for normal conditions of packed column operation described in Part I, solute presence and the direction of mass transfer has a significant effect on mean drop size, fractional hold-up and to a lesser extent, axial mixing in the dispersed phase. Probably the most dramatic effect however is the manner in which solute transfer affects dispersed phase behaviour. Highly coalescing conditions with transfer from the dispersed to the continuous phase can make the column practically unoperable. As for the packed column, axial mixing in the continuous phase is unaffected except in so far as solute presence and direction of mass transfer affect the hold-up of dispersed phase.     

“FORWARD MIXING” MODEL: APPLICATION TO PULSED PLATE EXTRACTION COLUMN OPERATION IN THE EMULSION REGION

The “Forward Mixing” model has been applied to data obtained from a 22 cm diameter pulsed plate extraction column. Measurements of drop size distributions, dispersed phase hold-up and concentration profiles for two systems (toluene-acetone-water and n-butanol-succinic acid-water) of quite different properties were made with the column operating in the emulsion region. Generated drop size distribution function parameters, size-dependent slip velocities and mass transfer coefficients, and continuous phase axial dispersion coefficients were accurate in predicting dispersed phase hold-up and extraction efficiencies (or the related plug flow number of transfer units). These parameters were correlated with phase superficial velocities and pulse velocities. The influence of continuous phase axial dispersion was much greater than the influence of drop size variation, and was not accurately predicted by most previous tracer-based correlations. An inlet dispersed phase distributor was beneficial to the performance with the high interfacial tension system.     

Prediction of axial mixing coefficients in rotating disc and asymmetric rotating disc extraction columns

The correlation of axial mixing in the continuous and dispersed phases of rotating disc and asymmetric rotating disc columns is presented. Published experimental results on continuous-phase axial mixing for both single- and two-phase flows, obtained with tracer injection methods and by solute concentration profiles, are considered. The correlation developed is based on 1055 data points for 32 liquid systems obtained by 19 different investigators. The axial mixing in rotating disc columns is found to be up to 20% larger than in asymmetric rotating disc columns. Data for the dispersed phase are harder to correlate than those for the continuous phase. Since the available results are often contradictory, the correlation for the dispersed-phase coefficient is thus less accurate than that for the continuousphase coefficient.     

Hydrodynamicst axial mixing and mass transfer in rotating disk contactors

Correlations for predicting characteristic velocity both above and below the critical rotor speed have been obtained under conditions with and without solute transfer. It has been found that (1) above the critical rotor speed, the characteristic velocity U₀ is proportional to g/D_rN², whereas below this value a transition region exists where U_o is proportional to (g/D_rN²)^0.26; (2) multiple regression analysis of the experimental data of continuous phase axial mixing shows that the axial dispersion coefficient varies not only with the rotor speed and modified velocity of continuous phase but also with the velocity of dispersed phase. With varying RDC operations, the true value of K_od corrected for axial mixing changes continually between the limiting values predicted from stagnant and fully turbulent drop models. However, the highest experimental values were only 30 to 40% of those predicted by the Handlos-Baron model at the same drop Peclet number.     

Drop formation mass transfer coefficients in extraction columns

Mass transfer coefficients (MTC) of single liquid drops during drop formation period, in the presence and absence of down flow of the continuous phase, were measured in an extraction column. The effects of formation time, needle size, and flow rates of the continuous and dispersed phase were evaluated experimentally. It was found that the drop size increases with increasing formation time and decreasing down flow of the continuous phase. The mass transfer coefficients are the largest in the initial stages of drop formation when convection is the most significant. Both flow rates have a significant effect on the rate of the mass transfer, and the convection caused by the dispersed phase flow is more important than the continuous phase. The mass transfer coefficient and the degree of extraction increase with increasing down flow rate of the continuous phase.     

Effect of system properties on the performance of liquid-liquid extraction columns—1: Packed column

Mean drop size, fractional hold-up of dispersed phase, and axial mixing have been determined in a 72 mm dia. packed column, packed with 8 mm glass Raschig rings, using the systems toluene-acetone-water and MIBK-acetic acid-water, in an attempt to assess the effects of the solute transfer processes on column operation.For the MIBK-system, where the packing size corresponded to the normal recommended conditions d_p > d_FC (packing size greater than the critical size of packing), solute presence and the direction of solute transfer was found to affect drop size, fractional hold-up and the axial mixing in the dispersed phase appreciably, in a manner which was consistent with either suppressed or enhanced coalescence characteristics according to the appropriate changes in solute system.For the toluene system, however, with the packing size corresponding to the condition d_p < d_FC, the drop behaviour was dominated by the action of the packing void spaces and mean drop size was independent of solute presence and direction of transfer.In both cases, axial mixing in the continuous phase was independent of solute effects, except in so far as these changes modified hold-up of the dispersed phase.     

Extraction of Uranium Nitrate with 30% (v/v) Tributyl Phosphate in Kerosene in a Pilot Annular Pulsed Disc-and-Doughnut Column—Part II: Axial Mixing and Mass Transfer Performance

Mass transfer experiments were carried out in an annular pulsed disc-and-doughnut column (APDDC) using 30% (v/v) TBP-kerosene + uranium nitrate + nitric acid + water system (uranium nitrate system) for both extraction and stripping processes. Parameters in the axial dispersion model (ADM) and plug-flow model (PFM), namely, the axial dispersion coefficient of the continuous phase and the number of mass transfer units, were regressed by correlating the respective model with the experimental concentration profile. The mass transfer coef?cient is calculated, and new correlations are developed to predict the axial mixing coefficient of the continuous phase and the volumetric mass transfer coefficient. The height of a transfer unit is also calculated. The influence of axial mixing on mass transfer performance for the uranium nitrate system is discussed.