某电站调压井围岩稳定分析

本文根据某电站调压井围岩稳定模型试验研究成果,分析了调压井开挖后围岩应变重分布、上室开挖对调压井应变分布的影响、调压井采用不同支护方式的效果和围岩失稳时的破坏机制。研究结果表明:调压井围岩应变重分布主要取决于地应力特征;上室开挖只扰动调压井与上室衔接部分应变分布;支护方式不同导致围岩破坏荷载、过程、形态不同,但是破坏机制不变。     

锚杆支护条件下围岩应力及变形特点分析

本文采用数值模拟方法比较分析了有无锚杆作用下深部开采圆形和矩形巷道围岩应力、应变及变形随距巷道表面距离变化的不同特点。结果表明:锚杆随距巷道表面一定范围围岩应力、应变及变形减小,围岩应力、应变及变形随距巷道表面距离增加而衰减速度变缓;距巷道表面较远处围岩应力反而增加。锚杆作用下围岩整体移动趋势增加并将近处围岩较大应力传递到远处。     

深井软岩表面变形随围岩性质变化分析

依据理论分析得出的圆形巷道围岩表面变形计算公式,分析了原岩性质对围岩表面变形影响。分析结果表明：随原岩应力增加,不同岩性围岩表面变形增长速率不同,深井软弱围岩表面变形显著;通过注浆法改变围岩性质,提高围岩粘结力和内摩擦角是减少围岩表面变形,保持围岩稳定较为有效的手段。     

层状地层中矩形隧洞围岩应力及位移

为从理论上探析层状地层中隧洞围岩应力和位移求解问题,基于Покровский当层法理论,将层状地层转化为均质地层,再利用复变函数将坐标平面z上均质地层中矩形隧洞映射为复平面ζ的单位圆。首先,针对浅埋隧洞,阐述计算其应力及位移的方法;其次,针对深埋隧洞,通过求解解析函数Φ(ζ)和Ψ(ζ),得出层状地层中深埋矩形隧洞围岩应力,进而获得围岩应变和位移;最后,针对某具体矩形隧洞,借助MATLAB软件求解其解析函数Φ(ζ)和Ψ(ζ),研究围岩侧压力系数、边界力和隧洞高宽比等对隧洞围岩应力的影响。     

张集铁路旧堡隧道围岩初始应力反演分析及分级评价

隧道围岩初始应力分析评价是进行围岩稳定性分析、实现隧道安全快速掘进的前提.采用位移反演分析和场区构造地应力分析2种方法,对旧堡隧道围岩初始应力状态进行分级评价.研究表明,开挖区段隧道横截面上平行洞轴方向为最大主应力方向,围岩的最大、最小主应力均大于自重应力,岩石强度应力比低,该隧道围岩的初始应力属于高地应力.     

公路隧道应力释放率对软弱围岩稳定性影响

近年来,由于新奥法广泛地运用于地下工程的施工过程中,围岩与支护结构之间的相互作用以及支护时机受到越来越多的关注。中条山隧道洞口段软弱围岩开挖步序多、工序及应力变化复杂,尤其是核心土解除后和二衬施工前安全风险大。本文采用有限差分软件对该隧道洞口段施工过程进行三维数值模拟,研究了洞周位移及支护结构在不同应力释放率下的力学响应,重点分析了典型断面处洞周围岩及支护结构的位移和受力情况,以及洞周位移随施工过程的动态变化规律。研究结果表明：对于软弱围岩公路隧道,应力释放率越大,围岩的塑性区发展范围越大,洞周位移越大;开挖过程中,拱顶沉降受到的持续性扰动较大;待二次衬砌施作后,仰拱隆起和收敛位移趋于稳定。     

不同断面形式深埋巷道围岩破坏数值模拟分析

以Ⅲ级围岩为例,利用有限差分软件FLAC对不同埋深情况下不同断面形式的巷道进行数值模拟,分析矩形、直墙拱形和圆形断面巷道围岩应力应变、围岩塑性区随埋深的变化规律及特点。结果表明：拱形断面巷道的围岩变形、围岩塑性区最小,尤其是顶板下沉量较矩形和圆形断面巷道的要小得多;圆形断面巷道围岩水平向位移最小;矩形断面巷道围岩应力及变形随埋深增加幅度都要大于拱形和圆形断面巷道。     

围岩与衬砌复合体的粘弹性分析

本文在平面应变条件下,对粘弹性圆形巷道和衬砌的耦合问题进行分析,衬砌(粘弹或弹性的)是在巷道开挖后,或巷道形成后经过一段时间蠕变才加上的。使用积分型粘弹本构关系——Boltzmann记忆积分求出围岩和衬砌的位移,然后根据它们交界面处的连续条件,得到位移围岩和衬砌交界面上支护反力为未知量的积分方程。最后,对一些具体情况由积分方程求得支护反力,从而得到围岩和衬砌的位移和应力,并对其进行了分析。     

地面基础荷载作用下井壁侧压力计算

本文采用Ｗｅｂｅｒ积分变换方法分析了在井塔或其它建筑物作用下井筒围岩的应力分布，相应地获得了井壁侧压力的计算公式，最后，给出了两个算例。     

二道垭隧道开挖与支护的数值模拟分析

大量工程实践表明，岩体工程开挖后的应力调整和变形并不是瞬时完成，本文采用大型有限元工程模拟分析软件ABAQUS，模拟二道垭隧道的开挖与支护过程，研究隧道开挖后考虑不同的应力释放比例后再支护时，围岩的变形及锚杆的受力情况．计算结果表明：对于松软岩层来说，考虑应力释放后再支护的计算结果更好地反映工程围岩的变形和破坏特性．     

Domino instability effect of surrounding rock-coal pillars in a room-and-pillar gob

To discuss the domino instability effect and large area roof falling and roof accidents of surrounding rock-coal pillars in a room-and-pillar gob, the equilibrium equation for a roof-coal pillar-floor system with the influence of mining floor was developed based on the engineering conditions of the surrounding rock in a room-and-pillar gob in the 3^?2 coal seam of Tanggonggou mine. The conditions of system instability and the relationship between system stability and system stiffness were analyzed from an energetic point of view. Numerical simulation using the discrete element software UDEC was also carried out to simulate conditions causing the domino effect on surrounding rock-coal pillars in a 3^?2 room-and-pillar gob. The results show that: if we want the system to destabilize, the collective energy in roof-and-floor must be larger than that in the coal pillar. When the stiffness of the coal pillars and the roof-and-floor are both greater than zero, the system is stable. When the stiffness of the coal pillars is negative but the summed stiffness of the coal pillars and roof-and-floor is larger than or equal to zero, the system is statically destroyed. When the sum of the coal pillars and the roof-floor stiffness is negative, the system suffers from severe damages. For equal advance distances of the coal mining face, the wider coal pillars can reduce the probability of domino type instability. Conversely, the smaller width pillars can increase the instability probability. Domino type instability of surrounding rock-coal pillars is predicted to be unlikely when the width of coal pillars is not less than 8 m.     

Time-dependent safety of lining structures of circular tunnels in weak rock strata

Following tunnel excavation and lining completion, fractured surrounding rock deforms gradually over time; this results in a time-dependent evolution of the pressure applied to the lining structure by the surrounding rock. Thus, the safety of the tunnel lining in weak strata is strongly correlated with time. In this study, we developed an analytical method for determining the time-dependent pressure in the surrounding rock and lining structure of a circular tunnel under a hydrostatic stress field. Under the proposed method, the stress–strain relationship of the fractured surrounding rock is assumed to conform to that of the Burgers viscoelastic component, and the lining structure is assumed to be an elastomer. Based on these assumptions, the viscoelastic deformation of the surrounding rock, the elastic deformation of the lining structure, and the coordinated deformation between the surrounding rock and lining structure were derived. The proposed analytical method, which employs a time-dependent safety coefficient, was subsequently used to estimate the durability of the lining structure of the Foling Tunnel in China. The derived attenuation curve of the safety coefficient with respect to time can assist engineers in predicting the remaining viable life of the lining structure. Unlike existing analytical methods, the method derived in this study considers the time dependency of the interaction between the surrounding rock and tunnel lining; hence, it is more suitable for the evaluation of lining lifetime.     

Characteristics of stress distribution in floor strata and control of roadway stability under coal pillars

Given the difficulties encountered in roadway support under coal pillars, we studied the characteristics of stress distribution and their effect on roadway stability, using theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. The results show that, under a coal pillar, vertical stress in a floor stratum increases while horizontal stress decreases. We conclude that the increased difference between vertical and horizontal stress is an important reason for deformation of the surrounding rock and failures of roadways under coal pillars. Based on this, we propose control technologies of the surrounding rock of a roadway under a coal pillar, such as high strength and high pre-stressed bolt support, cable reinforcement support,single hydraulic prop with beam support and reinforcement by grouting of the surrounding rock, which have been successfully applied in a stability control project of a roadway under a coal pillar.     

Non-destructive testing and pre-warning analysis on the quality of bolt support in deep roadways of mining districts

The bolt support quality of coal roadways is one of the important factors for the efficiency and security of coal production. By means of a self-developed technique and equipment of random non-destructive testing, non-destructive detection and pre-warning analysis on the quality of bolt support in deep roadways of mining districts were performed in a number of mining areas. The measured data were obtained in the detection instances of abnormal in-situ stress and support invalidation etc. The corresponding relation between axial bolt load variation and roadway surrounding rock deformation and stability was summarized in different mining service stages. Pre-warning technology of roadway surrounding rock stability is proposed based on the detection of axial bolt load. Meanwhile, pre-warning indicators of axial bolt load in different mining service stages are offered and some successful pre-warning cases are also illustrated.The research results show that the change rules of axial bolt load in different mining service stages are quite similar in different mining areas. The change of axial bolt load is in accord with the adjustment of surrounding rock stress, which can consequently reflect the deformation and stability state of roadway surrounding rock. Through the detection of axial bolt load in different sections of roadways, the status of real-time bolt support quality can be reflected; meanwhile, the rationality of bolt support design can be evaluated which provides reference for bolting parameters optimization.     

Failure mechanism and stability control of a large section of very soft roadway surrounding rock shear slip

The measured data and simulation test phenomenon of surrounding rock deformation and failure at the project site indicate that shear failure which firstly occurs in surrounding rock, block slip and second shear failure are the root cause of deformation and damage of supporting structure of the surrounding rock at a large scale. We derived limit load of surrounding rock shear slip failure and reasonable support resistance of given load by means of shear slip line field theory, discussed the main factors which influence the limit load of surrounding rock. Shear slip line field and limit load of circular tunnel surrounding rock were obtained by means of physical simulation test, which agreed well with the theoretical analysis results. Based on the theoretical analysis and physical simulation test, the cause deformation and failure at large scale of Xinshanghai No. 1 coal mine big section ingate was analyzed, and the shear failure resistance and block slip in surrounding rock were proposed as the core technical supporting ideas. Proper range of supporting resistance which came from calculation was suggested. The support scheme which is mainly composed of large grouting anchor, sprayed anchor net support technique and full-face grille concrete finally ended the dilemma of repeated failure and mending of ingate and created critical conditions for smooth production in the coal mine.     

Research on the “three shells” cooperative support technology of large-section chambers in deep mines

The "three shells" cooperative support technology was proposed herein according to both the large deformation of the rock surrounding large-section chambers in deep mines and the precarious stability of the support structures therein. The development range of the plastic zone in the surrounding rock was controlled by a stress shell to reduce the difficulty of controlling the surrounding rock. Additionally, the residual strength of the rock mass in the plastic zone and the self-bearing capacity of the surrounding rock were improved by a reinforced load-bearing shell. Furthermore, a passive load-bearing shell could restore the triaxial stress state of the surrounding rock on the free surface, reduce the influence of the external environment on the surrounding rock, and reinforce the surrounding rock with the strength of the shell. Reasonable layouts of large-section chambers were determined by analyzing the control effect of the stress shell on the surrounding rock under three kinds of in situ stress fields. The orthogonal test method was applied to reveal the influences of different support parameters in the reinforced loadbearing shell and passive load-bearing shell on the surrounding rock stability. The surrounding rock control effect of the "three shells" collaborative support technology was analyzed through numerical simulation and field monitoring. The results show that the maximum displacement between the roof and floor of the coal preparation chamber in the Xinjulong coal mine was approximately 48 mm, and the maximum displacement between its two sides was approximately 65 mm, indicating that the technology proposed herein could meet the long-term control requirements of the surrounding rock stability for large-section chambers in deep mines.     

Stress distribution and surrounding rock control of mining near to the overlying coal pillar in the working face

The occurrence of overlying coal pillar (OCP) exerts a strong effect on the stress and strain distribution of the surrounding rock in the stope. In this paper, the stress distribution characteristics are analyzed via the numerical calculation with the account of OCP presence or absence. In addition, this study revealed the joint effect of side pressure relief area of the goaf and stress concentration in OCP on the final stress distribution. Furthermore, the rules of abutment stress distribution affected by three influencing factors, namely horizontal-vertical distances between OCP and working face and buried depth of OCP, are analyzed. The functional model linking the peak stress of surrounding rock with the above influencing factors is developed. The field application of the above results proved that the rib spalling and deformation of a 2.95 m-high and 5.66 m-wide roadway could be efficiently controlled by rationally adjusting working states of the support, and adopting the hydraulic prop coordinated with the π type metal beam and anchor cable to strengthen the surrounding rock of working face and roadway, respectively. The proposed measures are considered appropriate to satisfy the safe operation requirements.     

Surrounding rock control of gob-side entry driving with narrow coal pillar and roadway side sealing technology in Yangliu Coal Mine

Gob-side entry driving can increase coal recovery ratio, and it is implied in many coal mines. Based on geological condition of 10416 working face tailentry in Yangliu Coal Mine, the surrounding rock deformation characteristics of gob-side entry driving with narrow coal pillar is analysed, reasonable size of coal pillar and reasonable roadway excavation time after mining are achieved. Surrounding rock control technology and effective roadway side sealing technology are proposed and are taken into field practice. The results showed that a safer and more efficient mining of working face can be achieved. In addition, results of this paper also have important theoretical significance and valuable reference for surrounding rock control technology of gob-side entry driving with narrow coal pillar under special geological condition.