Equilibrium and Kinetic Study on Reactive Dyes Adsorption by Palm Kernel Shell-Based Activated Carbon: In Single and Binary Systems

The adsorption of two reactive dyes, Reactive Black 5 and Reactive Red E, onto palm kernel shell-activated carbon (PKSAC) was studied. The effect of the presence of more than one dye in solution on the equilibrium and kinetics of adsorption was investigated. Equilibrium isotherm models were applied to describe the adsorption capacities of single and binary systems. Adsorption of reactive dyes for single system can be represented by the Freundlich and the Redlich-Peterson models. For binary system, the equilibrium was described successfully by the modified extended Freundlich model. Experimental data showed that competitive adsorption for active sites on the carbon surface resulted in a reduction in the overall uptake capacity of the reactive dyes. The rates of adsorption in single system were found to agree well with the pseudosecond-order kinetic model. Finally, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the treated reactive dye solutions from single and binary systems showed that a minimum of 4 g/L dosage of PKSAC was needed to reduce the COD to an acceptable level according to the Water Quality Guidelines and the Pollutant Fact Sheets Guidelines.     

Capacity of Activated Carbon Derived from Peach Stones by K2CO3 in the Removal of Acid, Reactive, and Direct Dyes from Aqueous Solution

The present research deals with the production of activated carbon by chemical activation using peach stones and its adsorption behavior. The prepared activated carbon was used for the adsorption of three kinds of textile dyes, acid, reactive, and direct dyes, from aqueous solution. The results indicated that the overall adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The equilibrium data were found to be well represented by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The calculated adsorption capacities for Reactive Orange 16, Acid Yellow 11, and Direct Red 23 onto activated carbon were 667, 539, and 427?mg?g?1 at 50°C, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters, such as ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS°, were also calculated and indicated that the adsorption of dyes onto activated carbon was spontaneous and endothermic in nature.     

聚乙烯亚胺氨基化改性聚偏氟乙烯接枝丙烯酸纤维膜对活性艳红X-3B的吸附研究

以丙烯酸(AA)为接枝单体,通过溶液聚合法在聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)上接枝AA,制备出PVDF-g-PAA共聚物,再使用聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)对PVDF-g-PAA进行氨基化改性,制备出PEI氨基化PVDF-g-PAA共聚物(PEI-PVDF-g-PAA),再通过静电纺丝法制备出PEI-PVDF-g-PAA纤维膜。使用扫描电子显微镜对PEI-PVDF-g-PAA纤维膜的微观结构进行表征,结果显示纤维膜中纤维的直径为30~50nm,表面有丰富的微孔。以PEI-PVDF-g-PAA纤维膜为吸附材料对模拟活性艳红X-3B染料废水进行吸附,并研究其吸附动力学、吸附等温模型和吸附热力学,结果表明:PEI-PVDF-g-PAA纤维膜的吸附效果远远大于纯PVDF纤维膜和PVDF-g-PAA纤维膜。在活性艳红X-3B溶液的初始质量浓度为150mg/L、pH=1、吸附材料用量为0.015g时,吸附70min后达到平衡,平衡吸附量为494.95mg/g,PEI-PVDF-g-PAA纤维膜对活性艳红X-3B的吸附过程满足拟二级动力学模型和Langmuir吸附等温模型,说明PEI-PVDF-g-PAA纤维膜对活性艳红X-3B的吸附是以化学吸附为主的单分子层吸附,理论平衡吸附量和理论饱和吸附量分别为526.32mg/g和500.00mg/g。吸附热力学研究表明,PEI-PVDF-g-PAA纤维膜对活性艳红X-3B的吸附是自发进行的吸热反应,该吸附过程固-液界面的熵值会增加。     

多孔氧化镁/硅藻土吸附材料的制备及其吸附性能

氧化镁对重金属离子和有机染料都具有良好的吸附性能,通过在改性硅藻土孔道中负载乙酸镁,制定合理的煅烧工艺制备出氧化镁/硅藻土多孔吸附材料. TG-DTA分析结果表明乙酸镁分解完全的最低温度为385 ℃,煅烧温度为400 ℃,得到物相纯净的氧化镁/硅藻土多孔吸附材料;当乙酸镁与硅藻土质量比分别为3:5,硅藻土所有孔道几乎都负载了MgO;所制备的氧化镁/硅藻土多孔吸附材料对有机染料具有优异的吸附性能,采用Langmuir等温吸附模型估算其对刚果红的饱和吸附量为2 591.6 mg/g.      

Effect of rare earth addition on Cu-Fe/AC adsorbents for phosphine adsorption from yellow phosphorous tail gas

Phosphine(PH3) is a highly toxic air pollutant,commonly produced in phosphorous chemical industry.But it has received less research attention due to its handling difficultly.CO is the main content of the phosphorous chemical industry tail gas,the concentration of which is always more than 80 vol.%,and it can be the feed gas to produce various valuable products such as formate,oxalate,and methanol and so on.But,PH3 is one of the important barriers,which is harmful to the following chemical process.In order to make use of the tail gas,PH3 should be removed firstly,and CO should be covered in the whole purified procedure at the same time.In this work,the modified activated carbon(MAC) was used as the adsorbent to separate PH3 from the mixture tail gas.Series of MAC adsorbents were prepared for the adsorption of PH3,which loaded Cu-Fe and Ce(La),or separately.The PH3 adsorption capacities,chemical and physical properties of MAC were all investigated.The results showed that over 99% PH3 adsorption efficiency was achieved when used MAC adsorbents.The removal efficiency and PH3 adsorption capacity of the Cu-Fe-Ce/AC(20:1:0.4) were both much higher than those modified activated carbons.The maximum PH3 adsorption capacity was 71 mg of PH3/g of MAC on the Cu-Fe-Ce/AC,which were much higher than literature data using CuO only for adsorbing hydride gases.     

Adsorption and Precoat Filtration Studies of Synthetic Dye Removal by Acid Mine Drainage Sludge

Adsorption tests of Congo Red, a commercial azo dye, by acid mine drainage (AMD) sludge were carried out at different pH, temperature, dye concentration, contact time, and adsorbent dosage. Precoat filtration was conducted to test if the dye could be removed during continuous filtration by a precoated AMD sludge layer. Adsorption of Congo Red onto AMD sludge followed the Langmuir isotherm model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 389.1?mg/g. Based on thermodynamic studies, adsorption was found to be exothermic, and an increase in temperature led to a decline in dye removal. Dye removal decreased with an increasing pH. Through metal leaching tests, it was observed that most metals associated with AMD sludge remained insoluble when adsorption occurred at pH 6–10. A rather rapid process was observed for the adsorption of Congo Red onto AMD sludge with more than 80% adsorption taking place within 5?min. Adsorption kinetics followed pseudo-second-order model. Precoat filtration continuously removed Congo Red from aqueous solution with success, and dye removal mechanism via precoat filtration was adsorption. The adsorption and precoat filtration studies showed dye removal could be a beneficial use of AMD sludge prior to its final disposal.     

Different Approaches for the Development of Low-Cost CO2 Adsorbents

Different carbon materials were tested as precursors for the production of CO2 adsorbents. The chemical modification of the surface of the prepared adsorbents was studied by means of three different approaches: impregnation with amines, electrophilic aromatic substitution, and heat treatment in the presence of ammonia. The samples were chemically characterized and the porous texture was evaluated from the N2 adsorption isotherms at ?196°C. The CO2 adsorption capacities of the adsorbents at 25 and 100°C were evaluated in a thermogravimetric analyzer. In general, the incorporation of basic nitrogen functionalities enhanced the CO2 capture capacities of the modified carbons, but this increase depended on the textural properties of the support and the surface modification methodology. CO2 adsorption capacities of up to 111?mg CO2/g at room temperature were attained. All the tested samples were completely regenerated when subjected to heat treatment at 100°C under inert atmosphere.     

聚乙烯亚胺氨基化磁性氧化石墨烯的制备及其对活性艳红X-3B的吸附

使用改性hummers法制备出氧化石墨烯(GO),通过水热法在GO上生长磁性CoFe₂O₄,再使用聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)进行氨基改性,制备出聚乙烯亚胺氨基化磁性氧化石墨烯(PEI-MGO)。使用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对PEI-MGO的结构和微观形貌进行表征。结果表明:纳米级尖晶石相CoFe₂O₄均匀分散于GO上,且氨基改性成功。探讨了PEI-MGO对水体中活性艳红X-3B的吸附性能。结果表明:在活性艳红X-3B初始质量浓度为150mg/L、体积为100mL、吸附剂质量为0.04g、pH值为1、吸附时间为60min时达到平衡,平衡吸附量为361.15mg/g。PEI-MGO对活性艳红X-3B的饱和吸附量为470.58mg/g。磁分离和磁回收研究表明,PEI-MGO能快速从水体中分离,回收率为98.6%。     

Adsorption of carbon dioxide by coconut activated carbon modified with Cu/Ce

A series of the coconut activated carbons(CAC) based absorbents modified with Cu and Ce(Cu/CAC,Cu/Ce/CAC) were prepared by impregnation technology for carbon dioxide capture.The adsocrption equilibriums of CO2 on Cu/CAC and Cu/Ce/CAC were measured.The results showed that the adsorption capacity of CO2 onto the activated carbon modified with Cu/Ce increased with the decreasing temperature in the same pressure.The adsorption capacity of CO2 on Cu/CAC was higher than that of the blank CAC,and compared with the Cu/CAC,the adsorption capacity of CO2 of Cu/Ce/CAC with the mass ratio of Cu/Ce=30 was improved at 298 and 303 K.In addition,the adsorption equilibrium data for CO2 at various temperatures was fitted to Langmuir,Freundlich and D-R isotherm models.It was found that the D-R equation was the best model for fitting the adsorption data on Cu/Ce/CAC at different temperatures.     

Separation and recovery of iron and scandium from acid leaching solution of red mud using D201 resin

Red mud is a byproduct of alumina refining of bauxite ores, and is a significant source for extracting scandium. However, a large amount of iron in red mud makes it difficult to recover scandium because Fe(III) and Sc(III) have similar physicochemical properties. In this study, a new method was developed for selective separation of iron and scandium in acid leachate of red mud using D201 resin. Theoretical calculations indicate that the ferric species mainly exists as FeCl₃ or FeCl₄⁻ at chloride concentration above 6.65 mol/L, while scandium still exists as ScCl₂⁺, making it possible to selectively separate iron from scandium through anion resin adsorption. The factors affecting the adsorption of iron and scandium such as chloride concentration, resin dosage, adsorption time, and temperature were evaluated in batch experiments. The Langmuir model was successfully applied to both iron and scandium adsorption, and the maximum adsorption capacities of iron and scandium are 147.06 and 0.95 mg/g, respectively, indicating a significant difference between iron and scandium. Raman analysis further demonstrates that the iron is adsorbed onto D201 resin as FeCl₄⁻ anion.     

氧化石墨烯/壳聚糖复合微球的制备及其对铌的吸附性能

实验采用改进Hummers法合成了氧化石墨烯(GO),再用壳聚糖(CS)与GO制备了交联壳聚糖微球(GCCS)和GO质量分数分别为2%、5%、10%的氧化石墨烯/壳聚糖复合微球(GOCS),对其进行了表征,并研究了其对Nb的草酸配合物的吸附性能。结果表明,在1mmol/L的H_2C_2O_4溶液介质中,优化的吸附条件为GOCS中GO的质量分数为5%、pH=3。该吸附反应符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,为单层吸附,理论最大吸附量为38.46mg/g。动力学实验表明,该吸附反应符合准二级动力学模型。热力学实验表明,该吸附反应为自发反应、放热反应。采用5mL 1mol/L的HNO_3溶液进行洗脱实验,洗脱率为84.9%。3次吸附洗脱循环实验,吸附率和洗脱率并未出现明显下降,表明再生性能良好。     

Arsenic Removal by a Colloidal Iron Oxide Coated Sand

A novel treatment process for arsenic removal from contaminated groundwater has been developed for use as a reactive barrier or a small drinking water treatment unit. In this study, modified porous media was made by the deposition of colloidal iron oxide onto sand grains at intermediate pH and ionic strength. Kd values from column experiments were 0.016–0.37?L/kg for As(III) and 0.023–0.85?L/kg for As(V), being lower than those of batch experiments (0.50 and 1.30?L/kg for As(III) and As(V), respectively) due to lower availability of surface adsorption sites in the packed column. Media-independent Kd values reflect the enhancement of arsenic adsorption with an increase of colloidal iron oxide coated sand fraction, apparently due to adsorption equilibration during arsenic transport under the same flow column conditions. The heterogeneous composition of two groundwater samples also reduced arsenic adsorption. Therefore, arsenic elution near the initial breakthrough was regulated by available adsorption surface in a porous coated sand media as well as the effects of competing oxyanions. The exhaustion of adsorption capacity near the critical contamination level is sensitive to geochemical and remedial properties of the contaminants.     

Biological treatment of dye wastewaters using an anaerobic-oxic system

Three dye solutions, namely, C.I. Acid Yellow 17, C.I. Basic Blue 3, and C.I. Basic Red 2, were treated in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor followed by a semi-continuous aerobic activated sludge tank. When hydraulic retention time was about 12 hours, no significant color removal was observed in the aerobic stage. In the anaerobic stage, Acid Yellow 17, Basic Blue 3, and Basic Red 2 were removed by 20%, 72%, and 78%, respectively. To treat wastewater from a dye manufacturing factor with COD concentration of 1200 mg/l and Color of 500 degrees (dilution factor), an UASB reactor (4.5 liters) and an activated sludge tank (5 liters, adjustable), COD and color were removed by more than 83% and 90% at a COD loading rate of 5.3 kg COD/m3-day in the anaerobic stage, and at the hydraulic retention time of 6-10 hours for the anaerobic stage and 6.5 for the aerobic stage. The anaerobic stage of the A/O system removes both color and COD. In addition, it also improves biodegradability of dyes for further aeroic treatment.     

含氮有机物对活性碳纤维还原吸附银的影响

用H3PO4、ZnCl2等活化剂分别制备了两种化学活化的活性碳纤维（HPSACF和ZCSACF）,并通过水蒸汽活化制备了水蒸气活化活性碳纤维（SACF）。研究了它们对水溶液中Ag(NH3)2^ 的还原吸附性能,并与活性碳（AC）的还原吸附进行了比较。不同方法制备的活性碳纤维（ACF）对Ag(NH3)2^ 的还原吸附能力有显著的差异,以磷酸活化法制备的ACF的还原能力最强,而AC有一定的还原吸附能力。含氮有机物的吸附对活性碳纤维或活性碳的还原吸附能力有很大的影响,一般而言,吸附至碳吸附剂上的对硝基苯酚和苯胺可促进AC、SACF和HPSACF的还原能力,且苯胺的促进作用大于硝基苯酚的促进作用。     

Removal of Nickel(II) from Dilute Aqueous Solution by Sludge-Ash

This work examines the adsorption of Ni(II) onto sludge–ash, a waste produced from a fluidized bed incinerator combusted primarily with biosolids. Results of kinetic experiments showed that the adsorption was rapid. The kinetic adsorption data can be well described by an empirical modified Freundlich equation. The rate of adsorption decreased with either increasing surface loading and ionic strength or decreasing solution pH. The results of equilibrium studies showed that the solution pH was the key factor affecting the adsorption. The modified Langmuir model fit revealed that the hydrogen ion acts as a competitive inhibitor for the adsorption of Ni onto ash. The maximum adsorption capacity for Ni is 5.41 μmol/g. Experimental results indicate that the adsorption is favorable at higher temperature. Thermodynamic adsorption parameters for ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS° are ?7.41 kcal/mol, 7.25 kcal/mol, and 48.9 cal/mol?K, respectively.     

聚乙烯亚胺氨基化磁性氧化石墨烯的制备及其对活性艳红X-3B的吸附

使用改性hummers法制备出氧化石墨烯(GO),通过水热法在GO上生长磁性CoFe₂O₄,再使用聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)进行氨基改性,制备出聚乙烯亚胺氨基化磁性氧化石墨烯(PEI-MGO)。使用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对PEI-MGO的结构和微观形貌进行表征。结果表明:纳米级尖晶石相CoFe₂O₄均匀分散于GO上,且氨基改性成功。探讨了PEI-MGO对水体中活性艳红X-3B的吸附性能。结果表明:在活性艳红X-3B初始质量浓度为150mg/L、体积为100mL、吸附剂质量为0.04g、pH值为1、吸附时间为60min时达到平衡,平衡吸附量为361.15mg/g。PEI-MGO对活性艳红X-3B的饱和吸附量为470.58mg/g。磁分离和磁回收研究表明,PEI-MGO能快速从水体中分离,回收率为98.6%。     

Sepiolite as an Alternative Liner Material in Municipal Solid Waste Landfills

Compacted clay has traditionally been used as a lining material in municipal solid waste landfills. However, natural clays may not always provide good contaminant sorption properties. One alternative material that is abundant in some parts of Europe and Turkey as well as Western United States is sepiolite. A laboratory study was undertaken to investigate the feasibility of sepiolite as a liner material. Two clays, one rich in sepiolite and the other one rich in kaolinite mineral, as well as their mixtures were subjected to geomechanical, hydraulic, and environmental tests. The same soils were also subjected to strength and hydraulic conductivity tests after a series of freeze and thaw cycles. The results of the study indicated that relatively high hydraulic conductivity and shrinkage capacity of sepiolite necessitates addition of kaolinite before being used as a landfill material. The valence of the salt solutions affected the swell and hydraulic conductivity characteristics of the clays tested. Retardation factors for sepiolite for metal solutions are 1.2–2.2 times higher than those calculated for the clay that is rich in kaolinite, and the inorganic contaminant adsorption capacity of the clay can be improved by addition of sepiolite. The results indicated that the clay mixtures utilized in this study provide good geomechanical, hydraulic, and metal adsorption properties which may justify their potential use as a liner material in solid waste landfills.     

Adsorption of carbon dioxide by coconut activated carbon modified with Cu/Ce

A series of the coconut activated carbons (CAC) based absorbents modified with Cu and Ce (Cu/CAC, Cu/Ce/CAC) were prepared by impregnation technology for carbon dioxide capture. The adsocrption equilibriums of CO₂ on Cu/CAC and Cu/Ce/CAC were measured. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of CO₂ onto the activated carbon modified with Cu/Ce increased with the decreasing temperature in the same pressure. The adsorption capacity of CO₂ on Cu/CAC was higher than that of the blank CAC, and compared with the Cu/CAC, the adsorption capacity of CO₂ of Cu/Ce/CAC with the mass ratio of Cu/Ce=30 was improved at 298 and 303 K. In addition, the adsorption equilibrium data for CO₂ at various temperatures was fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R isotherm models. It was found that the D-R equation was the best model for fitting the adsorption data on Cu/Ce/CAC at different temperatures.     

Effect of rare earth addition on Cu-Fe/AC adsorbents for phosphine adsorption from yellow phosphorous tail gas

Phosphine (PH₃) is a highly toxic air pollutant, commonly produced in phosphorous chemical industry. But it has received less research attention due to its handling difficultly. CO is the main content of the phosphorous chemical industry tail gas, the concentration of which is always more than 80 vol.%, and it can be the feed gas to produce various valuable products such as formate, oxalate, and methanol and so on. But, PH₃ is one of the important barriers, which is harmful to the following chemical process. In order to make use of the tail gas, PH₃ should be removed firstly, and CO should be covered in the whole purified procedure at the same time. In this work, the modified activated carbon (MAC) was used as the adsorbent to separate PH₃ from the mixture tail gas. Series of MAC adsorbents were prepared for the adsorption of PH₃, which loaded Cu-Fe and Ce (La), or separately. The PH₃ adsorption capacities, chemical and physical properties of MAC were all investigated. The results showed that over 99% PH₃ adsorption efficiency was achieved when used MAC adsorbents. The removal efficiency and PH₃ adsorption capacity of the Cu-Fe-Ce/AC (20:1:0.4) were both much higher than those modified activated carbons. The maximum PH₃ adsorption capacity was 71 mg of PH₃/g of MAC on the Cu-Fe-Ce/AC, which were much higher than literature data using CuO only for adsorbing hydride gases.     

改性纳米二氧化钛对镍(Ⅱ)吸附行为的研究和分析应用

利用浸渍法对纳米TiO2进行表面改性,制备出改性纳米TiO2,并用扫描电镜(SEM)对其进行了表征。以火焰原子吸收光谱法(FAAS)探讨了改性纳米TiO2在静态吸附条件下对Ni(Ⅱ)的吸附性能,影响吸附和解脱的主要因素及Ni(Ⅱ)的吸附等温线,常见共存离子对Ni(Ⅱ)测定的影响,并做了再生实验。结果表明:在pH 8.0,振荡5 min,静置12 h条件下,0.100 0 g改性纳米TiO2能定量吸附Ni(Ⅱ);10 mL 4 mol/L硝酸作为解脱剂可使Ni(Ⅱ)定量解脱;改性纳米TiO2对Ni(Ⅱ)的吸附性能良好。该吸附剂已用于环境水样中Ni(Ⅱ)的测定。