Particle collection in small laboratory cyclones as a basis for the design of large-scale cyclones

Grade efficiencies must be measured in order to characterize particle collection in cyclones. For real, irregularly shaped partcles, the grade efficiencies depend on the shape and orientation of the particles and the flow around them. Therefore, the collection characteristics of cyclones should be defined in relation to spherical particles. Deviations occurring on the use of real, irregularly shaped dusts can then be attributed to a material influence. A fast and accurate measuring technique to determine the collection characteristic for spherical particles is described, followed by the presentation of results of extensive investigations on small model cyclones. A similarity relationship is presented. The validity of this relationship was confirmed by investigations with similar, larger cyclones.     

六回路环形炉膛循环流化床试验研究

针对大型循环流化床锅炉存在的二次风穿透不佳、受热面布置困难等问题,提出了适用于600 MW等级及以上超(超)临界循环流化床锅炉的炉型——六回路环形炉膛循环流化床,并进行冷态试验研究,考查环形炉膛内气固流动特性和六回路间循环流率分布特性。结果表明:颗粒浓度沿环形炉膛高度的分布与矩形单炉膛相似,呈下浓上稀的指数型分布;随着流化速度的增大,炉膛下部密相区颗粒浓度减小,炉膛中上部和出口区域的颗粒浓度增大,各回路的循环流率均明显增大;随着静止料层高度的增大,整个炉膛高度的颗粒浓度都增大且高度越高处增幅越小;流化速度较低时循环流率不因静止料层高度的增大而变化,流化速度较高时循环流率随静止料层高度增大而稍有增大;六回路间循环流率的分布较均匀,设计工况下循环流率的相对偏差为4.5%;环形炉膛内环长边壁面悬吊屏对循环流率的大小和分布影响较小。     

单颗粒黏结行为的实验研究

实验研究了固体桥力作用下的颗粒黏结脖颈成长及抗拉强度变化规律。通过颗粒黏结的动态观测,发现烧结理论能很好地解释脖颈的成长过程,接触时间对脖颈影响相对较小,黏结温度影响较大;通过测量温度场中的脖颈抗拉强度,发现黏结温度升高,抗拉强度先增后减,液相出现后抗拉强度迅速下降;黏结时间增长,抗拉强度逐渐增大,并趋向于一个稳定值;接触压力增大,抗拉强度也随着增大。研究还证实了脖颈抗拉强度低于同温度下的材料强度,脖颈存在晶格缺陷。量纲1脖颈强度在温度低于0.8T_melt时变化幅度很小,小于材料强度的0.1倍;在高于0.8T_melt后,量纲1脖颈抗拉强度会迅速增大,直至逼近材料自身的强度。     

小粒径低阶煤热解特性试验研究

为优化小粒径低阶煤热解工艺参数,以典型小粒径长焰煤为研究对象,结合热重分析,利用1kg外热式固定床热解装置,考察了热解温度对热解产品产率及质量的影响。结果表明:500~750℃时,随着热解温度升高,半焦产率降低,煤气产率升高,煤气中H2含量不断增加,最高为44.64%,CH4含量不断降低,为28.83%~38.55%;焦油产率先升后降,在700℃时达到最高。物料热解过程中发生粉化,炉壁温度高于650℃以后,物料粉化现象加剧,粉末比例迅速增加,因此最终确定小粒径神木煤适宜热解温度为600~700℃。     

Gas and particle flow patterns in cyclones at room and elevated temperatures

Experimental results are presented for a study of gas and particle flows in a 102 mm diameter conventional cyclone operated at temperatures between 300 and 2000 K. Inlet gas velocities ranged from 3 to 42 m/s. Particle deposition patterns and the measurements of local pressures were used to determine the flow patterns and velocity profiles within the cyclone. A “Reynolds Number” has been defined based on the mean inlet velocity and the hydraulic diameter of the annulus between the cyclone wall and the gas outlet duct. An empirical equation was derived to correlate the ratio of the wall tangential velocity to the mean inlet velocity with this Reynolds Number.     

太西洗煤厂二次清洗型水力分级旋流器的试验研究

为解决分级旋流器底流夹细的问题,太西洗煤厂对二次清洗型水力旋流器进行了工业试验;通过3因素7水平的均匀实验,探索了底流管直径、给料压力和清洗水压力对旋流器分级效率的影响;最佳工况条件为:底流管直径50 mm,给料压力250 kPa,清洗水压力40 kPa时,水力旋流器的分级效率达到了75.97%,此结果可作为工业生产的首选条件。     

Experimental study of particle trajectory in electrostatics powder coating process

Experimental studies of particle trajectory were conducted in an isolated Plexiglass coating booth. Polyester particles were injected with a Norsdon® electrostatics spray gun with a fixed distance from the gun to a grounded plate. Using a Dantec® Particle Dynamic Analyzer, the particle velocity and size distribution were measured simultaneously. The experimental results showed that the effect of electrostatics charging on the particle trajectory is strong in the close vicinity of the target, but can be neglected at locations away from the target. The influence on particle size and velocity profile due to the electric field between the charged particles and grounded target was weakened as more particles deposited on the target. When no charge is introduced on the coating powder, particle segregation is observed for particles larger than 100 μm. Particle gravitational settlement is noticed even near the gun tip. However, particle charging largely eliminates the segregation at a gun-to-target distance of 25 cm and helps break agglomerates formed in the spray system. The gun-to-target velocities of larger particles exhibited noticeable deviation from those of the flow field as the grounded target was approached. The study revealed that the onset of electrostatic coating is an important period that can affect the transfer efficiency and film thickness.     

粉－粒体系混合流化特性研究

通过实验对粉－粒体系的混合流态化特性进行了探讨。分析了细粉含量及粒径比与传统流化过程中稳定操作区域大小和床层膨胀行为之间的关系，以及在细粉连续稳定加入和带出的条件下，粉－粒体系流化过程中操作条件下对床内细粉含量和细粉在床内平均滞留时间的影响。     

粉－粒体系混合流化特性研究

通过实验对粉－粒体系的混合流态化特性进行了探讨。分析了细粉含量及粒径比与传统流化过程中稳定操作区域大小和床层膨胀行为之间的关系，以及在细粉连续稳定加入和带出的条件下，粉－粒体系流化过程中操作条件下对床内细粉含量和细粉在床内平均滞留时间的影响。     

Zur Berechnung der Partikelabscheidung in ZyklonenA model for particle separation in cyclones

In the present paper a new model is developed for cyclone design. This is based upon results of recent experimental and theoretical studies on gas flow and particle collection in cyclones. Particle transport is interpreted as a process, in which a random particle motion due to flow turbulence is superimposed on a mean motion. The particle flux within the cyclone is calculated using a simple flow model. In this model the separation chamber is divided into four characteristic regions. The model covers all important design parameters and requires little computational effort. Calculated grade efficiencies are in good agreement with the experimental results.     

气液固循环流化床颗粒分布板实验研究

设计了用于气液固三相循环流化床换热器的固体颗粒分布板。采用功能强大的CCD图像采集分析系统,获得颗粒的分布和运动规律,考察了安装高度、运行参数等对分布板颗粒分布性能的影响。研究表明,分布板的安装高度、液体和气体流量、颗粒体积分数等对颗粒的速度和固含率分布有较大影响,得到了使固体颗粒在管束中分布效果较好的设计参数,以指导工程应用。     

Experimental study of particle rotation characteristics with high-speed digital imaging system

Particle rotation plays an important role on several aspects in gas-solid two-phase flow. However, it has not been paid much attention due to a lack of appropriate measurement methods. An attempt has been made in the present paper on the experimental study of particle rotation characteristics in a cold pilot-scale Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) riser, by using a high-speed digital imaging measurement system. It is found that one can measure rotation speeds manually for particles with special speckles on their surfaces or irregular shapes by observing particle image sequences. A dual-frequency imaging method was presented to enlarge the maximal measurable rotation speed at finite frame frequency and the measured rotation speeds are validated theoretically. Furthermore, particle rotation characteristics in a cross-section in upper dilute-phase zone were analyzed statistically. The results show that the average particle rotation speed is about 300 rev/s with the top speed of 2000 rev/s, when the superficial gas velocity U_g, external solids mass flux G_s and average particle diameter are 5 m/s, 1.5 kg/(m² s) and 0.5 mm, separately. The average particle rotation speed near the wall area is higher than that in the center area at the testing cross-section. Those particles, with either smaller size or higher radial component of translational speed, may have higher average rotation speed. The average rotation speed of irregular particles is apparently higher than that of the spherical ones.     

旋风预热器窑预热过程仿真模型的研究

通过“三传一反”基本原理,建立了四级旋风预热器系统的预热过程气体平衡、物料平衡、热量平衡与流体、传热动力学过程耦合的数学模型,并确立了其求解方法,通过对某厂实例的具体分析计算,表明该方法计算结果能较好地反应实际情况,为设计和优化预热器系统提供了一条有效的途径和方法。     

Fine particle capture in biomass boilers with recirculating gas cyclones: Theory and practice

This paper addresses the theoretical development and experimental validation of optimized recirculating reverse-flow gas cyclones. The simulation of these systems is based on the predictive properties of a finite diffusivity model, modified to include partial recirculation of the cyclones' emissions.Experimental validation was obtained at laboratory and pilot scales at low temperatures (up to 350 K) and for cork waste biomass boilers at higher temperatures (up to 600 K). Under certain circumstances, with recirculation, the proposed system showed a better performance than an online pulse jet bag filter, and substantially better than with multicyclone systems. The generally observed unexpected high collection of submicron particles, which occurs with inlet concentrations as low as 100 μg/m³, is attributed to turbulent dispersion, either by promoting fine particle capture by larger ones, much like what occurs in recirculating fluidized beds, or by bringing fine particles near the cyclone wall.The extremely fine particle size distributions exiting from the recirculation system, as measured off-line at laboratory, pilot and industrial scales, were confirmed at pilot scale using online measurements through a laser monitor.     

纳米颗粒粉煤灰绿色混凝土的耐久性试验研究

为配制高性能绿色混凝土,用不同质量分数的粉煤灰（0%~30%）来替代水泥,并在混凝土中掺入不同质量分数纳米颗粒氧化锌（0%~3%）来提高混凝土的抗压强度、抗拉强度和抗氯离子性能。通过制备30组混凝土试块进行试验,得出：1）在粉煤灰替代率相同的情况下,随着纳米颗粒氧化锌含量的增加,纳米颗粒氧化锌粉煤灰混凝土的抗压强度、抗拉强度和抗氯离子性能均逐渐增加。2）在纳米颗粒氧化锌含量相同的情况下,随着粉煤灰替代率的增加,纳米颗粒氧化锌粉煤灰混凝土的抗压强度和抗拉强度均逐渐下降。但纳米颗粒氧化锌粉煤灰混凝土的抗氯离子性能却逐渐提高。因此,当纳米颗粒氧化锌质量分数为1%时,建议粉煤灰的替代率在10%以下;当纳米颗粒氧化锌质量分数为2%时,建议粉煤灰的替代率在20%以下;而纳米颗粒氧化锌质量分数为3%时,建议粉煤灰的替代率仍在20%以下,因此不建议纳米颗粒氧化锌的掺量超过2%。     

Experimental study of oil particle emission rate and size distribution during milling

Metalworking fluids (MWFs) used in milling generate oil particles through impaction, action of centrifugal forces and evaporation/condensation mechanisms. The oil particles suspended in the factory atmosphere can affect the health of the labor force. In order to study the emission properties of these oil particles, this work investigates the oil particle emission rate and size distribution during milling using an environmental chamber method. Two commonly used operating modes for MWFs were selected, the minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) mode (40?ml/h) and the cooling mode (1 m³/h). The cooling mode without cutting was studied separately for comparison with the cooling mode with cutting. The results show that the oil particle emission rate in milling ranges from 7.2 to 641?mg/h, and the size distribution ranges from 0.265 to 12.5?µm. Evaporation/condensation is the main mechanism in the MQL mode. The majority of oil particles formed by evaporation/condensation are in the range of 0.265 to 1.8?µm. As the tool rotation speed increases, the particle emission rate increases, while the mass mean diameter (MMD) and the sauter mean diameter (SMD) decrease. Oil particles are mainly generated by the action of centrifugal force in the cooling mode, and mainly distributed in the range of 1.8 to 12.5?µm. The particle emission rate increases with the tool rotation speed, and the particle MMD and SMD increase with the tool rotation speed only in the cooling mode without cutting. The particle emission rate ranging from 1.8 to 12.5?µm, as well as PM5 and PM10, are a polynomial function of the square of tool rotation speed during the cooling mode. The coefficient of determination (R²) is above 0.99.

© 2018 American Association for Aerosol Research     

Use of ferrous powder for increasing the efficiency of solid particle filtration in natural gas cyclones

This paper investigates the experimental feasibility of using magnetic forces to enhance the efficiency of the overall solid–gas separation in cyclone separators used in gas treatment. More specifically, the use of adhesive ferrous powder to further increase the lateral forces on the solid particles is investigated. The size distribution of the escaping solid particles with clean gas is compared between the conventional cyclone design and the proposed technique. It is shown that these additional forces are added to the centrifugal force, enhancing the separation efficiency in conventional cyclones, particularly for smaller particles.     

颗粒堆积型多孔介质内部液体形态实验研究及机理分析

实验研究了不同含湿率时堆积颗粒聚集状态和试样表观体积的变化,并分析了内在影响机理。含湿率较低时液体在试样内部的主要存在形式为液桥,含湿率较高时液体主要以联通液的形式存在,两种形态水分发生转换的临界含湿率由水在颗粒表面的表观接触角决定。试样内部液体形态及分布的演化,导致液体对颗粒的作用力发生变化,进而影响颗粒的聚集状态以及试样的宏观表观体积变化。利用建立的模型推导了液体形态发生转换的临界含湿率与表观接触角之间的函数关系,计算结果与实验具有较好的一致性。     

硫铁矿焙烧渣资源化实验研究

以硫酸溶液浸出硫铁矿烧渣,可使硫、砷分别降低到0．35％,0．04％。正交实验表明,最佳工艺条件为：矿浆浓度30％,硫酸浓度为15％,反应时间120min,温度50℃,搅拌速度300r／min。