Network-Supported Layered Multicast Transport Control for Streaming Media

Multicast is very efficient in distributing a large volume of data to multiple receivers over the Internet. Layered multicast helps solve the heterogeneity problem in multicast delivery. Extensive work has been done in the area of layered multicast, for both congestion control and error control. In this paper, we focus on network-supported protocols for streaming media. Most of the existing work solves the congestion control and error control problems separately and does not give an integrated efficient solution. In this paper, after reviewing related work, we introduce our proposed protocols, namely, router-assisted layered multicast (RALM) and router-assisted layered FEC (RALF). The former is a congestion control protocol, whereas the latter is an error control protocol. They work under the same framework and provide an integrated solution. We also extend RALM to RALM-II, which is compatible with transmission control protocol (TCP) traffic. We analyze the complexity of the proposed protocols in the network and investigate their performance through simulations. We show that our solution achieves significant performance gains with reasonable additional complexity.     

基于区分服务的分层多播拥塞控制算法

多媒体多播应用在Internet上的广泛部署对拥塞控制提出了要求,分层多播是适应网络异构性较为有效的方案.为了克服现有分层多播存在的拥塞响应延时大、吞吐率抖动剧烈和不满足TCP友好的问题,给出了一个基于区分服务的分层多播模型,提出了一种基于区分服务的分层多播拥塞控制算法DSLMCC(DiffServ-based layered multicast packet dropping),在边缘路由器上引入了基于概率的区分优先级的分组标记算法,在核心路由器上采用区分优先级的分组丢弃算法.仿真结果表明,该算法能够有效地改进区分服务网络上的分层多播拥塞控制的性能,具有较快的拥塞响应速度、较好的稳定性和公平性,并且较好地适应了网络的异构性.     

一种新的固定速率分层组播拥塞控制协议

提出了一种新的固定速率分层组播拥塞控制算法FLMCC。组播会话中的每层按照固定速率发送数据包。各接收端根据估计的期望速率累计订购数目不等的层，从而获得不同的吞吐量。为准确估计期望速率并实现TCP友好性，各接收端采用在接收端实现的窗口机制，即在每层独立维护拥塞窗口，利用GAIMD算法调整窗口，并根据窗口值计算期望速率。为测量RTT，采用了一种精确测量和粗略测量相结合的策略；为避免RTT精确测量时产生的反馈内爆问题，采用了基于随机定时器机制的反馈抑制策略。协议实现简单。仿真表明，算法具有良好的TCP友好性、响应性和协议内公平性，且链路利用率高。     

基于混合应答机制的层次型可靠移动组播算法

由于移动主机位置的不断改变引起组播树的频繁重构,已有的可靠组播算法已不适用于主机移动的无线网络环境.首先提出了前向网络签署的移动组播机制,然后在基于区域的层次型网络结构中,集成前向网络签署和远程签署,采用ACK和NAK相结合的应答机制,在子网局部范围内使用组播恢复机制和应答抑制机制,提出了一个新的支持主机移动的可靠移动组播算法.在重传延迟、重传开销、协议开销和服务中断时间这些方面的模拟结果和分析显示,该算法是一个高效的、可扩展的可靠移动组播算法.     

分层迁移：分层多播拥塞控制中的快速响应方法

1 引言随着多播(multicast)技术的发展以及多播主干(Mbone)的普及,在Internet上出现了许多基于IP多播的音频/视频会话工具和多播流应用,然而这类应用却面临Internet的异构性和缺乏拥塞控制等主要问题。缺乏拥塞控制措施的多播应用无疑会影响行为规范的TCP流,还有导致网络瘫痪的可能。基于收方驱动的分层多播协议(RLM)最先提出分层多     

Fuzzy Based Reliable Load Balanced Routing Approach for Ad hoc Sensor Networks

Energy management and packet delivery rate are the important factors in ad hoc networks. It is the major network where nodes share the information without administration. Due to the mobility of nodes, maximum energy is spent on transmission of packets. Mostly energy is wasted on packet dropping and false route discovery. In this research work, Fuzzy Based Reliable Load Balanced Routing Approach (RLRA) is proposed to provide high energy efficiency and more network lifetime using optimal multicast route discovery mechanism. It contains three phases. In first phase, optimal multicast route discovery is initiated to resolve the link failures. In second phase, the link quality is estimated and set to threshold value to meet the requirements of high energy efficiency. In third phase, energy model is shown to obtain total energy of network after transmission of packets. A multicast routing is established Based on path reliability and fault tolerant calculation is done and integrated with multicast routing. The routes can withstand the malicious issues. Fuzzy decision model is integrated with propose protocol to decide the performance of network lifetime. The network simulation tool is used for evaluating the RLRA with existing schemes and performance of RLRA is good compared to others.     

MTCP: scalable TCP-like congestion control for reliable multicast

We present MTCP, a congestion control scheme for large-scale reliable multicast. Congestion control for reliable multicast is important, because of its wide applications in multimedia and collaborative computing, yet non-trivial, because of the potentially large number of receivers involved. Many schemes have been proposed to handle the recovery of lost packets in a scalable manner, but there is little work on the design and implementation of congestion control schemes for reliable multicast. We propose new techniques that can effectively handle instances of congestion occurring simultaneously at various parts of a multicast tree.Our protocol incorporates several novel features: (1) hierarchical congestion status reports that distribute the load of processing feedback from all receivers across the multicast group, (2) the relative time delay concept which overcomes the difficulty of estimating round-trip times in tree-based multicast environments, (3) window-based control that prevents the sender from transmitting faster than packets leave the bottleneck link on the multicast path through which the sender's traffic flows, (4) a retransmission window that regulates the flow of repair packets to prevent local recovery from causing congestion, and (5) a selective acknowledgment scheme that prevents independent (i.e., non-congestion-related) packet loss from reducing the sender's transmission rate. We have implemented MTCP both on UDP in SunOS 5.6 and on the simulator ns, and we have conducted extensive Internet experiments and simulation to test the scalability and inter-fairness properties of the protocol. The encouraging results we have obtained support our confidence that TCP-like congestion control for large-scale reliable multicast is within our grasp.     

基于TRAC的显式速率组播拥塞控制协议

针对现有的组播拥塞控制协议计算量大、实现复杂且实际控制效果不好的缺点,提出一种简单高效的显式速率组播拥塞控制协议。该协议只在组播树的发送端和接收端执行,通过计算拥塞吞吐率来监控拥塞、调节发送速率,避免了对所有往返时延和丢包率等复杂参数的计算,各节点只需少量内存来维护必要的数据和状态信息。NS2仿真证明该协议具有良好的TCP公平性和扩展性,可有效跟踪最拥塞链路,解决“反馈内暴”和“drop to zero”等问题。     

TFAMCC:TCP友好的自适应分层多播拥塞控制机制

满足接收端异构性的分层多播传输机制,源端一般只用于编码及各层数据流的传输,而拥塞控制主要在接收端来完成。这里提出一种源端与接收端协同作用共同完成多播的拥塞控制机制。源端根据接收端的反馈调节多播层次数目及各层传输速率,接收端根据TCP吞吐量模型计算本地允许带宽,进行层次的接收及形成对源端调节的反馈。经试验证明,此机制具有TCP友好性、接收端带宽充分利用及良好的可扩展性。     

一种具有路由器支持的单组分层组播协议

针对传统分层组播协议中成员离开的延迟所造成的慢速拥塞会聚问题,提出了一种新型的单组分层组播协议（SGLM）,使用一个组播组表达同一个会话中的所有分层,避免了成员离开的延迟问题,并节省了组地址资源。协议还考虑了计费相关的问题,同时提出了有效的TCP-friendly解决方案。最后通过仿真测试了协议和方案的有效性。     

一种基于层次结构的移动组播算法

移动IPv6协议给出了支持主机移动的远程签署和家乡签署两种组播方法,它们具有互补的优缺点.提出的移动组播算法综合了这两种基本方法,同时采用区域的层次型结构的路由思想,减少因主机移动而重构组播树的频率,并对模拟结果进行了分析和比较.     

一种REM算法辅助的分层组播流量控制方案

基于分层组播中公平速率分配算法实施过程中存在的问题以及分层组播协议策略中同步点的优化问题,提出了将主动队列管理算法REM作为对端系统的辅助加入到分层组播流量控制中,将分层组播同步点策略、满足Max-Min公平性要求的速率分配算法以及基于REM的显式拥塞指示技术有机地结合起来,设计了一种基于速率的、由接收者和发送者混合驱动的分层组播流量控制方案。仿真实验结果表明该方案使得分层多速率组播在保证会话内、会话间公平性的前提下,提高了流量控制机制的高效性和对网络状态适应的灵敏性。     

双向路径重选的自组网负载均衡路由协议

基于跨层负载感知和双向路径重选的自纽网负载均衡路由协议（CLBLR）在路由发现阶段和路由维护阶段，将整个路径中各节点MAC层的总平均估计时延和路径总业务流负载结合起来，共同作为路由选择和路由调整的重要依据，通过双向路径重选方法实现最优路径选择和网络业务流的均衡分布和均衡传输．协议通过禁止中间节点对路由请求进行应答和阻止不必要的路由请求分组，经由重负载中间节点转发，以保证路由发现时能够利用最新负载信息，并避免了节点在重负载情况下成为新建路由的中间节点，使协议具有一定的拥塞控制功能，以间接的方式实现了请求接纳控制．上述措施使分组传输路由很好地避免了拥塞节点，减少了网络瓶颈对网络性能的影响．仿真表明，CLBLR在分组丢失率、平均端到端时延和路由附加开销等方面具有良好性能，其优良的分布式控制特征能适应自组网的动态环境．     

Organizing multicast receivers deterministically by packet-loss correlation

The ability to trace multicast paths is currently available on the Internet by means of Internet Group Management Protocol MTRACE packets. We introduce Tracer, a protocol that organizes the receivers of a multicast group deterministically into a logical tree structure while maintaining exact packet-loss correlation for local error recovery, and without requiring any changes to existing multicast routing protocols. Tracer uses MTRACE packets in the Internet Group Management Protocol to allow a receiver host to obtain its path to the source of a multicast group. Receivers use the multicast path information to determine how to achieve local error recovery and effective congestion control. We compare the tracing approach with prior mechanisms that attempt local recovery. Results of measurements carried out over the Collaborative Advanced Internet Research Network illustrate the fact that tracing multicast paths is an effective tool to organize receivers based on their packet-loss correlation.Received: November 1998 , Accepted: August 2001,     

ANLMCC--一种基于主动网的分层多播拥塞控制方案

多媒体多播应用在Internet上的广泛部署对多播拥塞控制提出了要求．分层多播是适应网络异构性较有效的方案．针对现有分层多播大多存在拥塞响应延时大、吞吐率抖动剧烈和不满足TCP友好的问题。提出一种新的基于主动网的分层多播拥塞控制方案(ANLMCC),利用主动网灵活的服务定制能力,采用主动标记分层、优先级分层过滤,以及主动节点间逐跳的交互信令机制,大大改进了分层多播的性能．仿真实验表明,ANLMCC具有较快的拥塞响应速度、较好的稳定性和TCP友好的优点．     

一种基于组播路由的拥塞控制改进算法

本文融合了网络层组播与应用层组播以及隧道技术,在可靠组播差错恢复算法的基础上引入拥塞控制,使组播的一些中间接收者充当虚拟组播源,在拥塞发生处进行灵活的速率调节,从而灵活有效地解决异构网络中组播的拥塞控制问题,通过仿真试验对组播拥塞控制算法的评价指标进行有效的验证。     

Generic congestion control

The nowadays Internet architecture is mainly based on unicast communications and best-effort service. However, the development of the Internet encouraged emerging services that are sensitive to delay or packet loss, as it is the case for multimedia and group applications. The deployment of these applications should not compromise the proper transmission of TCP flows and would benefit significantly from flows that are responsive to congestion.We propose efficient congestion avoidance mechanism (ECAM)¹ as a generic framework for congestion control in the Internet, to address this lack and important need of congestion control in various situations that occurs in the Internet. ECAM is designed for uncontrolled unicast and multicast traffic and supports both reliable and unreliable best-effort flows. ECAM works not only for best-effort service, but supports as well the new differentiated services, where out of profile packets may experience congestion. Implementation problems are also discussed.