Summary of development of 70 MW class model superconducting generator––research and development of superconducting for electric power application

A 70 MW class superconducting model generator was designed, manufactured, and tested from 1988 to 1999 as Phase I, which was Japan's national project on applications of superconducting technologies to electric power apparatuses that was commissioned by NEDO as part of New Sunshine Program of AIST and MITI. Phase II then is now being carried out by almost same organization as Phase I. With the development of the 70 MW class superconducting model generator, technologies for a 200 MW class pilot generator were established. The world's largest output (79 MW), world's longest continuous operation (1500 h), and other sufficient characteristics were achieved on the 70 MW class superconducting model generator, and key technologies of design and manufacture required for the 200 MW class pilot generator were established. This project contributed to progress of R&D of power apparatuses. Super-GM has started the next project (Phase II), which shall develop the key technologies for larger-capacity and more-compact machine and is scheduled from 2000 to 2003. Phase II shall be the first step for commercialization of superconducting generator.     

Cryogenic power generation

The ac superconducting generator may well be the first large-scale commercial application of superconductivity. In part, this is because the anticipated advantages should occur at power generation levels of today (～ 1000 MVA), rather than at future power levels. Recent definitive feasibility studies indicate that among the advantages to be accrued will be reduced size and weight, higher efficiency, lower capital cost, and greater system stability. This machine, unlike the conventional one, has the potential for generation at transmission line voltages, eliminating the expensive step-up transformer. Consideration is also given to a cryoresistive generator, and to a superconducting stored field generator.     

Pulsed energy conversion with a dc superconducting magnet

A generator system for pulsed power is described which employs a dc superconducting magnet in a magnetic flux compression scheme. Experience with a small-scale generator together with projections of numerical models indicate potential applications to fusion research and commercial power generation. When the system is large enough pulse energy can exceed that stored in the magnet and pulse rise time can range from several microseconds to tens of milliseconds.     

汽轮发电机进相能力分析及试验验证

发电机进相运行是发电机在保持正常有功输出的情况下调节励磁,使发电机欠励磁运行,并从系统中吸收无功的一种运行方式,其进相深度一般受发电机静态稳定极限、定子端部构件发热等因素制约。在对发电机进相运行特征、功角变化及进相运行限制因素分析的基础上,以某火电厂600 MW发电机组为例,分析并记录发电机功角、定子电压、厂用电压等电气量及发电机端部温升在进相试验中的实时数据和变化情况,验证了发电机进相运行深度及其限制因素,检验了自动励磁调节器在进相运行中的调节性能及稳定性,为发电机组后续进相运行实践提供数据支撑,提出的改善策略可有效提升机组进相运行能力。     

Development,Updating and Long-Term Operations of a 10.5 kV HTS Fault Current Limiter

There are many irreplaceable advantages of high temperature superconducting (HTS) fault current limiter, applying in electric utilities. It is expected to be able to solve excessive fault current problems and to enhance safety and stability of power systems. In this paper, the R and D of an improved bridge-type 10.5 kV three-phase superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) was present. Each phase adopted a HTS coil with inductance of 6.2 mH. The three coils wound with 8,571 m Bi2223/Ag tapes totally. After installation at a 110 kV/10.5 kV substation in Hunan Province of China, the performances of the whole SFCL were tested, including a three-phase-to-ground short circuit experiment at the pre-setup short circuit point. And then, the SFCL was put into operations in the 10.5 kV power grids for more than 11000 h. About 3 years later, the SFCL was moved, reinstalled, and put into operation again since February 16 of 2011 at a 10.5-kV superconducting power substation located in Baiyin, Gansu Province of China. In this paper, the redesigned and manufactured cryostats with nonmagnetic stainless steel, tests, and long-term operations of the SFCL in 10.5 kV power grids were also described in detail.     

Ein Konzept zur Wirkungsgradoptimierung von Einzylinder-Dieselgeneratoren mittels Optimalsteuerung und Extremum-Seeking

In this contribution the problem of maximizing the efficiency of a hybrid power unit at a specified output power level by optimizing the generator current trajectory as well as the design variables that can be chosen during the machine design process is investigated. The concept is demonstrated based on a hybrid single-cylinder diesel engine that is coupled to an electric generator. By developing a model of the system and using open-loop optimal control the optimal operating strategy and the optimal machine design are determined. Besides that, the problems occurring in the application of this strategy to a test rig are discussed. For this purpose, a model-free real-time optimization concept based on extremum seeking control is presented. The effectiveness of both the model-based and the model-free concept are demonstrated by simulation and experimental results.     

Electrical parameter evaluation of a 1 MW HTS motor via analysis and experiments

A 1 MW class HTS (high-temperature superconducting) synchronous motor has been developed. Design concerns of the developed motor are focused on smaller machine size and higher efficiency than conventional motors or generators with the same rating simultaneously reducing expensive Bi-2223 HTS wire which is used for superconducting field coil carrying the operating current around 30 K (−243 °C). Influence of an important parameter, synchronous reactance, has been analyzed on the machine performances such as voltage variation and output power during motor and generator operation. The developed motor was also analyzed by three-dimensional electromagnetic FEM (finite element method) to get magnetic field distribution, inductance, electromagnetic stress and so forth.This motor is aimed to be utilized for industrial application such as large motors operating in large plants. The HTS field coil of the developed motor is cooled by way of Neon thermosiphon mechanism and the stator (armature) coil is cooled by water through hollow copper conductor. This paper also describes evaluation of some electrical parameters from performance test results which were obtained at steady state in generator and motor mode of our HTS machine.     

Synchronous generator third-order model parameter estimation using online experimental data

A method to estimate the dynamic parameters of the commonly used third-order d-q model of a synchronous generator, based on measured electrical power, reactive power, terminal voltage, field current, field voltage and rotor angle following a small perturbation of the field voltage, is described. The parameters are estimated from two newly developed nonlinear functions for electrical power and terminal voltage by using a nonlinear least squares (NLS) algorithm. Results of simulation studies and experimental data collected from an 80 MVA, 10.5 kV generator show the efficacy of the proposed method and also reveal that the proposed method is valid for a wide range of operating conditions. For cases where rotor angle is not available, a new method for rotor angle estimation is also proposed.     

Prototype Fault Current Limiter Using Transformer and a Modular Device of YBCO Coated Conductor

A superconducting fault current limiter (SCFL) consisted of a transformer with low reactance connected to the power line and with the secondary winding short-circuited by a modular superconducting limiter device with 16 elements connected in series was constructed and tested. The designed coupling transformer has low dispersion reactance in order to limit the voltage drop in the power line within the range of 5 % to 10 %. The experimental results showed that an insertion of a 0.125 Ω resistance limited the peak current to a factor of 2.5 times of the unlimited current. The power dissipation reached 39 kW during 100 ms, with an energy density of 380 J/cm³. Based on these results, the SCFL will be further tested in a 3 MVA (15 kV/380 V) generator for currents up to 10 kA.     

Development of 500 m HTS power cable in super-ACE project

A high temperature superconducting power cable (HTS power cable) is highly promises as a low cost and large capacity power line. An HTS cable is also effective in increasing power capacity of underground cable in a city part. A demonstration of a 500 m HTS cable that contributes to research for commercial applications was planned in a part of “Super-ACE project” of METI (Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry). Furukawa Electric has been taking charge of designing, manufacturing and installation of the 500 m cable. The cable is a 77 kV 1 kA single-core cable with liquid nitrogen (LN₂) impregnated paper insulation. The manufacturing and the installation of the cable have been completed in November 2003, and now preparations of peripheral equipments are proceeding for a test starting in March 2004. This paper describes the design, manufacturing and installation of the 500 m HTS cable.     

The present state of R & D for superconducting transmission in Japan

The advantages of superconducting cables for large-scale, long-distance power transmission have been widely recognised. However, there is a need for much costly research into the scientific and engineering problems before superconducting cables can be incorporated in the power network. This paper outlines the current state of R & D in Japan on superconducting transmission. The immediate aim is a 10 GW cable that can handle 500 kV ac or ± 200 kV dc.     

超导电力装置失超检测的基础研究

超导电力装置的失超会影响超导电力设备的运行和安全，是超导电力设备技术实用化有待深入研究的一个重要问题。对国内外通用的超导装置失超检测方法进行了分析，并根据电力系统中超导装置失超检测的特点，对高温超导线材在不同幅值的动态电流作用下的失超特性进行了试验研究，通过对试验数据的分析，对高温超导线材的失超特性有了较精细的理解，并在此基础上提出了超导电力装置失超先兆检测及其失超保护设计的新概念。     

微型大气电场监测装置的设计与实现

针对户外场磨式地面电场仪存在的输入阻抗高、感应电流信号弱、易受外界电磁波干扰、功耗大且无市电供电等问题,设计一种光伏发电加蓄电池储能供电的低功耗大气电场监测装置。为减小系统功耗,提高测量精度,设计微型低速双定子差分式电场传感器,传感器感应到的两路微弱电流信号经过T型反馈网络实现I/U变换。通过减法器和4 Hz低通滤波器消除共模干扰和工频干扰,提高信号的信噪比。利用光传感器采集同步感应信号,与AD630锁相放大器配合对信号进行处理,得到与场强成正比例关系的直流电压。经实验验证,系统在–50~50 kV/m的模拟电场强度范围内,测量分辨力可达到10 V/m,测量线性度<1%。所设计系统能够在光伏供电的情况下独立运行,实时测量大气电场强度并将测量结果传输到上位机,为雷电监测预警提供必要的数据支持。     

TES用超导薄膜制备及特性研究

超导转变边沿传感器(TES)是光强单位坎[德拉]量子化所需的单光子探测器,金属超导薄膜物理特性的研究是TES研究的基础.采用不同电源功率磁控溅射制备高纯Al、Ti超导纳米薄膜,分析其薄膜生长速率随气压和功率的变化.利用表面应力仪及电学测量仪,分析薄膜表面应力及电学特征.最后将薄膜放入商用稀释制冷机中,进行超低温测试,获...     

Decentralized linear quadratic power system stabilizers for multi-machine power systems

Linear quadratic stabilizers are well-known for their superior control capabilities when compared to the conventional lead?Clag power system stabilizers. However, they have not seen much of practical importance as the state variables are generally not measurable; especially the generator rotor angle measurement is not available in most of the power plants. Full state feedback controllers require feedback of other machine states in a multi-machine power system and necessitate block diagonal structure constraints for decentralized implementation. This paper investigates the design of Linear Quadratic Power System Stabilizers using a recently proposed modified Heffron?CPhillip??s model. This model is derived by taking the secondary bus voltage of the step-up transformer as reference instead of the infinite bus. The state variables of this model can be obtained by local measurements. This model allows a coordinated linear quadratic control design in multi machine systems. The performance of the proposed controller has been evaluated on two widely used multi-machine power systems, 4 generator 10 bus and 10 generator 39 bus systems. It has been observed that the performance of the proposed controller is superior to that of the conventional Power System Stabilizers (PSS) over a wide range of operating and system conditions.     

Fundamental performance of novel power supply for HTS magnet using solar energy system

A technical fusion is an important option to establish renewal development in the mutual fields. We have proposed a novel superconducting power supply that is combined with superconducting power supply and solar energy system. An eternal electric energy can be converted by solar energy system, which contains solar panel, photovoltaic (PV) controller and energy-storing battery, can be utilized in the utility power of superconducting power applications. The novel power supply could operate without external utility power to charge the HTS load magnet due to the solar energy. We can improve the operating efficiency and install it in remote locations where utility power is not available. In this paper, as a first step of this work, we showed the possibility of technical fusion between a superconducting power supply and a solar energy system.     

21世纪电力工业的一个重要发展方向 --超导电力技术

随着人们对环境与资源保护意识的增强,对生活方式的改善以及信息化社会的发展,对电力系统的经济性、供电可靠性、供电质量、供电容量和密度将提出更高的要求。对于这些要求,仅用常规技术是很难适应社会的进步对电力系统的需求的。在21世纪,迫切希望电力工业开展重大的技术革新,超导技术的应用,将是电力工业在21世纪的重要发展方向。文章系统地分析了未来电力工业所面临的困难和课题,论述了超导应用技术在未来电力系统中的地位,并简要地介绍了超导电力技术的发展现状。     

Design and AC Loss Analysis of a 22.9 kV/50 MVA Class Triaxial HTS Power Cable

Recently, triaxial high temperature superconducting (HTS) power cables have become a mainstream design in the development of HTS cables because of several advantages, such as the reduced amount of HTS wire, low leakage fields, and compactness, when compared with other types of HTS cable. Unlike the AC loss from other types of HTS cable, the AC loss from the triaxial HTS cable is influenced by the magnetic fields of other phases, as the triaxial HTS cable does not have a shield layer between the phase conductors. The authors have designed a 22.9 kV/50 MVA class triaxial HTS power cable. The AC loss and the magnetic characteristics of the triaxial HTS power cable are analyzed using the Comsol program, a commercial finite element method. To confirm the characteristics of the triaxial HTS power cable by wire type, the characteristics of two wire types were applied to the FEM model.     

Modelling the brushless excitation system for a synchronous machine

The structure and the operation of the model for the brushless excitation system for a synchronous machine are presented. The nonlinear model including the excitation machine, the AC-AC converter supplying the excitation machine and the rectifier diode bridge, mounted on the rotor, is based on a state machine. The states are defined by current commutation in the power electric devices. The operation of the excitation system model is verified by measurements with a slip-ring machine imitating the excitation machine. The excitation system model is integrated and simulated as a part of a synchronous machine simulator.     

低温技术在高温超导(HTS)电力系统中的应用

阐述低温技术在超导电力系统中的制冷机支接冷却技术、液氮迫流循环系统以及基于Peltier材料的Peltier冷却方法等几个重要应用。指出用微低温工程学(micro-nanocryogenics)观点研究三维低温界面层和界面层热阻对高温超导动态稳定性的影响是高温超导电力应用低温技术的研究热点及重要研究方向之一。