碳纤维陶瓷基复合材料用于密封摩擦副的温度场研究

机械密封摩擦副材料的选择对密封的性能有很大的影响。碳纤维陶瓷基复合材料作为新兴复合材料,具有耐腐蚀性能优异、机械强度高、耐热性和热传导性能良好等特点,是机械密封副配对材料的很好选择。选用碳纤维陶瓷基复合材料作为机械密封摩擦副材料,用数值模拟方法得到其机械密封摩擦副间温度场的模拟值,并通过实验验证数值模拟的准确性。碳纤维陶瓷基复合材料应用于机械密封摩擦副时,密封在降低温升、减少泄漏及减少摩擦磨损方面改良效果明显。     

Friction and wear of PTFE composites at cryogenic temperatures

This paper presents investigations on the tribological behaviour of PTFE composites against steel at cryogenic temperatures. The results showed that the friction coefficient decreases with temperature down to 77 K, but did not follow a linear evolution further down to extreme low temperatures. It can be stated that the cryogenic environment has a significant influence on the tribological performance of the polymer composites. The effect of low temperatures was more clearly detected at low sliding speed, where friction heat is reduced. A change in wear mechanism from adhesive to abrasive was observed in this case. SEM and AFM analyses showed that the PTFE matrix composites investigated under these experimental conditions have transferred material onto the disc down to very low temperatures. Chemical analyses indicate the presence of iron fluorides.     

Study on Tribological Performance of NiAl Matrix Self-Lubricating Composites Containing Graphene at Different Loads

This study aimed to explore the possibility of improving the tribological performance of NiAl matrix composites by graphene addition. Friction and wear experiments of as-prepared specimens were conducted under different conditions using a pin-on-disk wear testing machine. NiAl matrix composites containing graphene showed satisfactory performance in friction coefficient and wear resistance compared to NiAl matrix composites without graphene. For the active effect of graphene, the friction coefficient and wear rate of NiAl matrix composites were maintained at relatively lower values. The beneficial antifriction and antiwear effects of graphene gradually failed when the applied load was above 8 N. Graphene in NiAl matrix composites played an active role in the formation of a friction layer, which was beneficial to the lower friction coefficient and wear rate. In light of this research, graphene plays an active role in reducing the friction coefficient and wear rate. Hence, graphene has great potential in applications as an effective solid lubricant to promote tribological behavior.     

碳纤维平纹机织复合材料低速冲击及冲击后压缩性能多尺度分析

构建了多尺度模型对碳纤维平纹机织复合材料低速冲击及冲击后压缩性能进行预测分析,该多尺度模型包括微观、细观和宏观模型三部分。构建“碳纤维基体”的微观代表性体积单元模型,用于预测纤维束等效力学参数。根据平纹机织复合材料内部几何构型及求得的纤维束等效力学参数,构建“纤维束基体”的细观单胞模型,并通过周期性边界条件对其施加不同的位移载荷,预测细观单胞模型的等效力学性能。基于局部均匀化方法将细观单胞模型简化为含有0°和90°单层的等效交叉层合板模型,并将其阵列扩展为宏观模型,以分析低速冲击及冲击后压缩性能。通过对比不同冲击能量下的低速冲击及冲击后压缩的试验与仿真结果,验证了模型的有效性。      

The effect of lubricant additives on friction and wear studies of polyphenylene sulphide

Polyphenylene sulphide is a polymer with good thermal stability and high crystallinity. This paper summarizes the results of friction and wear studies of polyphenylene sulphide and its composites made with conventional solid lubricants to ascertain the suitability of the material as a matrix for solid lubricant additives. The polymer itself has a high coefficient of friction. Wear rate increases with load and speed. Addition of solid lubricant additives helps in improving the friction and wear of the polymer. Composites with MoS₂-Sb₂O₃ and PTFE gave better results than composites made by the addition of graphite and MoS₂ graphite. Wear rate of these composites increased with load and speed; but load and speed had little effect on friction.     

Tribological behavior of microwave processed copper–nanographite composites

Excellent properties offered by nanographite particles are exploited as a reinforcement to the copper matrix. The effects of graphite particle size, spatial distribution, normal load and sliding speed on the friction and wear performance of microwave sintered copper metal matrix composites were studied using a pin-on-disc tribometer. Copper–nanographite composites show higher wear resistance and low coefficient of friction compared to copper–graphite composites. High surface area of nanographite particles embedded in copper matrix exhibited high adherent graphite tribo-layer at the contact surface. Formed graphite layer reduces the sub-surface deformation of the composite by way of reduced frictional force.     

Sheet antifriction material with specified structure

A metalfluoraplastic sheet antifriction material is developed, capable of long-term operation at increased slip velocities without lubricants and possessing stable friction coefficient under conditions of wear of the working layer due to the formation of a sintered bronze layer with porous-columnar structure. In unlubricated friction at high slip velocities and average loads, the material significantly surpasses its best analogues. The defining factor in the long-term operation of the material is the formation of a polymer third body with a complex chemical composition including products with lower thermal stability than that of polytetrafluoroethylene. An important factor in the “wear-free” friction of the metal-polymer pair is the possibility of achieving an equal distribution of thermal flows from the friction zone to the mated elements.     

Formation of Friction Layers in Graphene-Reinforced TiAl Matrix Self-Lubricating Composites

The friction layer structure has been proved to be formed during severe plastic deformation and markedly improves the tribological properties of material. The dry friction and wear performance of graphene-reinforced TiAl matrix self-lubricating composites (GTMSC) at different sliding velocities are systematically researched. GTMSC show the best tribological properties and special friction layer structure containing a wear-induced layer and a grain refinement layer with a nanocrystalline (NC) structure under surface after sliding at a sliding speed of 1.1 m/s. Nanoindentation results show that the grain refinement layer has a higher hardness and elastic modulus than the wear-induced layer. This special microstructure of friction layers beneath the surface after sliding leads to a low coefficient of friction and high wear resistance of GTMSC. Moreover, it is deduced that the appearance of an NC structure results in hardening of the material. The formation mechanisms of friction layers are researched in detail. It can be concluded that the formation of a wear-induced layer results from frictional heat and fracture of the counterpart. The formation of a grain refinement layer is due to severe plastic deformation and dynamic recrystallization. Severe plastic deformation results in the formation of an NC structure and dynamic recrystallization leads to grain refinement.     

摩擦白层及其影响因素

本文研究了钢在平面滑动摩擦过程中产生的“白层”,以及摩擦力大小、摩擦速度、冷却条件和原始金相组织等因素对摩擦白层的厚度、硬度和表面成分变化的影响。研究结果表明,55SiMnMo钢正火态金组织在压力1.47MPa、磨合程度达80%面积、转速2000～2100r/min和油冷条件下,能获得致密的厚度适当的白层。     

Role of different metallic fillers in non-asbestos organic (NAO) friction composites for controlling sensitivity of coefficient of friction to load and speed

Sensitivity of μ (coefficient of friction) of friction composites towards load and speed is composition specific. For an ideal friction material, it should be zero. It was of interest to examine the influence of increasing amount of three commercially popular metallic fillers (steel fiber, brass fiber and copper powder) on the tribological performance of friction composites including sensitivity of μ towards load and speed. Three series of non-asbestos organic (NAO) friction composites comprising of seven composites in the form of brake pads were developed in the laboratory using three metallic fillers as a single variant. All composites were characterized for physical, chemical and mechanical properties. These were further tribo-tested on reduced scale prototype (RSP) for friction, wear and sensitivity of friction coefficient (μ) towards load and speed characteristics. It was concluded that inclusion of metal contents led to enhancement in friction performance of the composites but at the cost of wear resistance, in general. From μ sensitivity point of view, composites with higher metallic contents and hence thermal conductivity (TC) showed better performance. Overall it was observed that copper powder based composite (with 10%) proved as the best performer from both friction and wear point of view.     

Influence of the structure of polytetrafluoroethylene-based nanocomposites on their tribotechnical characteristics

Results of investigation of the influence of the structure of nanocomposites based on polytetrafluoroethylene and fibrous aluminum- and magnesium-oxide nanopowders on their tribotechnical characteristics are presented. The basic regularities of structure formation in the studied polymer composite materials are established. The interrelation between the supramolecular composite structure and the nanofiller chemical nature, phase composition, and concentration is investigated. The structural transformations in the composites agrees well with the changes in their physicomechanical and tribotechnical characteristics. The most perfect supramolecular structure, which is characterized by the formation of uniformly shaped and sized spherulites evenly distributed in the matrix volume, corresponds to the best deformation-strength characteristics of the material and to decrease in its friction coefficient and wear.     

不同填料氟橡胶复合材料高温性能研究

为提高氟橡胶(FKM)高温性能,在FKM中分别加入相同质量分数的聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、气相二氧化硅(SiO2)、纳米氧化锌(Nano-ZnO),采用机械共混法制备3种FKM复合材料;研究常温和160℃高温下3种填料对FKM复合材料力学性能的影响,结合三维形貌和扫描电镜微观形貌,分析FKM复合材料的摩擦磨损机制。结果表明:PTFE填料降低了FKM材料的力学性能,但可提高其高温摩擦性能;Nano-ZnO填料可提高FKM材料常温力学性能,但对高温力学及摩擦性能没有明显改善;Silica填料可显著改善FKM材料常温与高温条件下的抗磨减摩、抗拉伸撕裂等特性;160℃试验条件下,Silica填料可使FKM材料的拉伸强度提高31%,撕裂强度提高142%,摩擦因数降低52%,磨损量减少36.4%;在FKM中添加Silica可提高基体强度,高温摩擦时形成熔融层,使复合材料具有优异的耐磨性能。     

Development of the Design Model of a Hydrodynamic Lubricating Material Formed during Melting of the Axial Bearing,in the Presence of Forced Lubrication

This work presents a method of formation of an accurate self-similar solution of the problem of hydrodynamic calculation of a wedge-shaped support (slide block, guide) operating in the presence of a lubricating material and melt of the guide. Based on the equation of motion of an viscous incompressible liquid for a “thin layer” and the expression for the energy dissipation rate, an analytical dependence is obtained for the profile of the melted surface of the guide. In addition, the main performance characteristics of the friction couple considered are defined. The influence of the parameter specified by the melt of the guide on the bearing capacity and friction force is estimated.     

Influence of molecular weight on performance properties of polyethersulphone and its composites with carbon fabric

The effect of molecular weight (MW) of a polymer on the wettability of fibers and its influence on the performance properties need to be addressed in detail. Specialty polymer, viz. polyethersulphone (PES), with varying MW was selected as a matrix material to develop the composites with carbon fabric (CF). Since carbon fiber is inert towards the matrix, cold remote nitrogen–oxygen plasma (CRNOP) treatment was employed to improve its chemical reactivity, by incorporating functional groups to promote the fiber–matrix adhesion. Evaluation of mechanical and sliding wear properties of polymers and composites led to the conclusion that the CRNOP treatment was beneficial to enhance performance properties. The MW and MFI have inverse relation. MW proved to be a controlling parameter for pristine polymers while melt flow index (MFI) was the decisive parameter for the performance of composites. Perforations and increased roughness on the treated carbon fiber, as observed by the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), were responsible for the improved fiber–matrix adhesion and hence performance properties.     

GF/PTFE自润滑纤维复合材料磨损性能热衰退研究

针对高频摆动关节轴承摩擦热对自润滑纤维复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响,研制了高频使用条件下的玻璃纤维增强聚四氟乙烯(GF/PTFE)自润滑纤维复合材料,利用MYB～500高频高载摆动摩擦磨损试验机,对其进行不同摩擦温度下的摩擦磨损性能测试,研究摩擦热作用下材料自润滑性能和磨损性能衰退特征,分析磨损产物和摩擦表面以及不同摩擦温度下材料的磨损机理。结果表明,摩擦热对材料自润滑性能影响显著,适当的摩擦温度范围能够保证材料的自润滑性能,摩擦温度和摩擦因数之间互为耦合作用,对材料的磨损性能具有一定的影响;高摩擦热作用于自润滑过程及机理的改变,造成材料的磨损性能衰退现象。因此,不同温度下材料的磨损特征具有明显的差异化,其中低摩擦温度下(60～120℃)材料自润滑性能优异,磨损率很低;140℃摩擦温度条件下材料摩擦磨损性能开始衰退;材料在高摩擦温度下(140～180℃)的磨损初期自润滑性能良好、磨损轻微,而中后期磨损严重。微观分析表明,低摩擦温度下材料的磨损机理以轻微粘着和疲劳磨损为主;高摩擦温度下材料的磨损以片状剥落、纤维剪切破坏为主,且磨损面局部损伤特征明显,磨损严重。     

Analysis of the tribological behaviour of polymer composite tool materials for sheet metal forming

Today's automotive industry shifts its focus on customised production, facing an increasing demand for medium and small batch production, where cost-effective manufacturability of sheet metal forming dies comes into the foreground. Filled polymers offer possibilities to fulfil such requirements in the ambit of prototype tools manufacturing or in small batch production of sheet metal components. This paper presents investigations dealing with tribological and tool design aspects of using polymeric materials for sheet metal forming purposes. Friction and wear behaviour of two polymer composites on sheet metal counterface materials have been investigated. A new testing method for wear evaluation of polymeric materials for sheet metal forming using a Strip Drawing Test facility is presented and discussed. A method to predict lifetime of polymeric stamping dies using the linear wear–distance relation W_l/s measured with the new testing method is also proposed. Significant improvements in friction and wear performance of polymer composites have been observed using sheet materials with structured surfaces. A theoretical model for abrasive friction and wear of polymer composites on sheet metal counterface material pairs has been developed, based on the results obtained by measurement of friction and wear.     

Effect of liquid-phase filler on triboengineering properties of PTFE-based composites

The work presents the results of investigation of developed polytetrafluoroethylene-based wear-resistant polymer composites filled with the liquid-phase mineral motor oil. The technology for manufacture of a microporous fluoroplast whose pores are filled by a liquid motor oil under different temperatures is described. The developed technology forms the basis of the development of oil-filled triboengineering polymeric materials with elevated wear resistance. It is found that sorptive permeation of the liquid lubricating material into the polymer binder bulk intensifies with temperature and with the use of natural adsorbents. The triboengineering properties of polymeric materials containing a liquid lubricating material and natural adsorbents are studied. New materials with elevated wear-resistance and load-bearing parameters are developed for the friction joints of different purposes.     

湿滑状态下轮胎路面摩擦特性的数值分析方法

为研究湿滑状态下轮胎路面的摩擦特性,以胎面橡胶和沥青路面作为研究对象,利用谐波叠加法建立三维粗糙路面模型,采用"伪"流体动力轴承作用等效反映路面水膜"密封"作用,综合使用有限元软件ABAQUS和计算流体动力学软件Fluent得到湿滑状态下橡胶与路面滑动接触时的橡胶接触压力、滞后摩擦力及路面水膜承载力,由此形成了综合兼顾橡胶材料、接触压力、滑动速度、路面形貌和路面水膜等多因素的轮胎与湿路面摩擦特性的仿真方法。通过橡胶与干-湿路面摩擦特性的变化与公开的试验对比,证明本方法的合理性和可行性,并进一步分析滑动速度、接触压力和路面特征对湿滑状态下轮胎路面摩擦特性的影响规律。研究结果为轮胎和路面的抗湿滑性设计及优化提供理论依据。     

Friction and wear scar analysis of carbon nanofiber-reinforced polymeric composite coatings on alumina/aluminum composite

Alumina/aluminum based composites with excellent physical and mechanical properties offer great potential for lightweight, wear resistant, and high temperature applications. The objective of the present research was to investigate a suitable coating material to provide a low coefficient of friction (COF) during sliding contact. The friction behavior of carbon nanofiber-reinforced aerospace polymer coatings prepared by the spin coating technique were investigated. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), bis A polycarbonate, and two biphenyl endcapped poly(arylene ether phosphine oxide) compositions, namely BPETPP-E and 6FETPP-E, were used as the matrices. Pin-on-disc experiments were performed between 440C stainless steel balls and disc samples of coated alumina/aluminum interpenetrating phase composites at 0.2 m/s sliding velocity, in air, at room temperature under 0.25 and 0.74 N normal load. In all cases, formation of a lubricious carbon layer and its transfer to the steel counterface was observed to result in lower COF (∼0.2–0.3). Higher levels of fiber content (40 and 60 wt.% fibers) contributed to a faster formation of this layer. Wear scar analysis showed the dual roles of the carbon nanofibers, serving as solid lubricants and as reinforcement in the coatings. The amount of debris generated and the coverage of the lubricious carbon-rich film on the scar surface was dependent on the matrix material used. Adherent and uniform coverage of a lubricious carbon-rich film at the wear contact with the least amount of debris fragments was obtained only for composite coatings using BPETPP-E and 6FETPP-E matrices.     

Tribological Properties of Nanodiamond-Epoxy Composites

Owing to its superior mechanical properties, nanodiamond (ND) holds great potential to improve tribological characteristics of composites. In this study, we report on the wear and dry friction of epoxy-ND composites prepared from as-received and aminated ND across the length scale range from macro to nano. Comparison of macroscale, microscale, and nanoscale frictional behavior shows that ND is highly effective in improving the wear resistance and friction coefficients of polymer matrices across the different length scales. Although with both types of ND wear resistance and friction coefficients of epoxy-ND composites were significantly improved, aminated ND outperformed as-received ND, which we account to the formation of a strong interface between aminated ND and the epoxy matrix. This study also shows that agglomerates within epoxy-ND composites containing 25?vol.% ND were able to wear an alumina counterbody, indicating very high hardness and Young??s modulus of these agglomerates, that can eventually replace micron sized diamonds currently used in industrial abrasive applications.