Celanese monomer for Rensselaer membranes

Fuel cell research at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in upstate New York will get a significant boost, thanks to an unusual package received recently by chemistry professor Brian Benicewicz, director of the New York State Center for Polymer Synthesis at Rensselaer. The center is working with German-based Celanese Ventures GmbH, the state of New York and nearby Plug Power to develop a more economical polymer membrane for use in PEM fuel cells.     

引进德国 0.03 级电能表检验装置的检定与验收

德国ＥＭＨ公司是生产精密电测量产品的专业公司。本文详细介绍了山东电力系统引进的５套全电子式电能表检验装置的特点、验收项目、检定结果、存在的问题和解决方法。     

Fuel cell forklift from German partnership

In Germany, a collaboration between fuel cell developer Proton Motor, gas company Linde and forklift truck producer Still GmbH has developed a fuel cell forklift. The vehicle was presented at a ‘Hydrogen Day’ press event at Munich Airport, and was also shown at the H2Expo international trade fair in Hamburg.     

ZEBRA(钠-氯化镍)电池的研究新进展

ＺＥＢＲＡ（钠－氯化镍）电池是８０年代中期以来研究开发的一种新型高能车用电池。本文介绍了近年来德国ＡＥＧＡｎｇｌｏＢａｔｅｒｉｅｓＧｍｂＨＺＥＢＲＡ（钠－氯化镍）电池的研究新进展,包括：（１）新一代ＺＥＢＲＡ电池的研究,（２）电动汽车综合试验,（３）失效电池的回收利用等。     

基于SYS TEC ECUcore-E660和CODESYS SoftMotion的运动控制器开发

研讨基于德国思泰电子有限公司ECUcore-E660核心模块技术的运动控制器的设计,在此基础上讨论了基于CTOS(Commercial-Off-The-Shelf),客户可定制的运动控制器解决方案。该系统运用CODESYS SoftMotion软件,展示了如何将SoftMotion集成并运行在思泰电子的ECUcore-E660平台之上,并扩展系统定制的应用程序、驱动程序,并与IEC 61131-3编程环境进行整合。该解决方案也显示出其在提高设计产品量产质量,降低生产测试成本及完善的自动化测试解决方案方面的价值。     

135MW机组枝状排汽管道系统内湿蒸汽的数值研究

对德国基伊埃(GEA)公司发明专利——枝状(Y型)直接空冷排汽管道技术进行数值研究。建立神华阳光2×135MW机组直接空冷排汽管道内湿蒸汽两相流动和传热的数学模型。利用计算流体力学软件FLUENT,对典型汽轮机工况下的排汽状况进行了数值模拟。结果表明:在设计方案下,水蒸汽在各分配管的流量分配均匀,流动压降较低。对二维管道内湿蒸汽速度场、温度场和两相场的模拟、分析和研究,为直接空冷排汽管道系统的优化设计提供帮助。     

Berechnung des ebenen Magnetfeldes paralleler Leiter endlicher Dicke mittels komplexer Analysis

Übersicht Unter Verwendung der komplexen Darstellung eines ebenen Vektorfeldes wird ein geschlossener Ausdruck (in elementaren Funktionen) für das Magnetfeld hergeleitet, das von einer geraden Anzahl unendlich langer IOFFE-Stäbe von kreisringsektorförmigem Querschnitt erzeugt wird.

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Contents By complex representation of a plane vector field a finite expression (in elementary functions) is derived for the magnetic field produced by an even number of infinitely long IOFFE bars with non-zero radial and angular extension.

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Diese Arbeit wurde im Rahmen des Vertrages zwischen dem Institut für Plasmaphysik GmbH und der Europäischen Atomgemeinschaft über die Zusammenarbeit auf dem Gebiete der Plasmaphysik durchgeführt.     

A neural network controls the galvannealing process

High-quality galvanized steel strip is a need of today's manufacturers of various products. In particular, in the top quality section, steel strips for the automotive, building and consumer goods industries, only those steel producers who are applying state-of-the-art process technologies will be successful. For this reason, VOEST-ALPINE Industrieanlagenbau GmbH (VAI) and VOEST-ALPINE Stahl Linz have developed a new galvannealing control system to optimize this metallurgical process. As the latest improvement of the galvannealing control strategy, a neural network controller has been developed by VAI in cooperation with the Christian Doppler Laboratory for Intelligent Control Methods for Process Technologies, Vienna University of Technology. This paper describes the galvannealing process as far as it is necessary for the understanding of the controller functions, the controller structure and its essential functions. Furthermore, the used neural network structure and its integration in the controller system are explained. A discussion of simulation and practical operation results shows the improvements achieved by using a neural network controller in comparison to the conventional controller     

An improved optically based PD detection system for continuous on-line monitoring of HV cables

An optically-based remote sensing technique using a laser source, polarization scrambler, standard single mode fibers, fiber polarizer, electro-optic (EO) modulator and optical receiver, for continuous on-line monitoring of partial discharges (PD) in high voltage cable joints is proposed. Both the fiber polarizer and EO modulator, which are placed near cable joints, are passive without any power requirements. An EO modulator with no electrical bias, which operates close to the half-intensity point, was used and proved to have much better light transmission performance and higher measurement sensitivity than the bias modulator approach investigated earlier. Various multiplexing techniques including optical switches and a fused fiber coupler have been investigated in order to implement multi-channel monitoring so that one laser source can be used to provide light to several fibers. The revised PD optical remote sensing technique has been applied to practical PD measurements on both 132 kV cable joint at the University of Southampton in the UK and 400 kV cable joints at Sudkabel GmbH in Germany. Obtained results have verified the principle and demonstrated the effectiveness of the developed technique.     

Das Hysteresemeßwerk

Inhaltsübersicht A. Stand der Technik und Aufgabestellung.—B. Theorie des Hysteresedrehmomentes unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der bei Meßwerken vorliegenden Verhältnisse.—C. Aufnahme magnetischer Kennwerte von Hysteresewerkstoffen.—D. Die günstigste Form und Größe der Hystereseschleife.—E. Kennzeichnende Eigenschaften des Meßwerkes.—F. Praktisch ausgeführte Meßwerke.—G. Literaturverzeichnis.—H. Zusammenfassung.Mitteilung der Entwicklungsabteilung der Brown, Boveri & Cie. A. G., Stótz-Kontakt GmbH. Werk EberbachMit 26 Textabbildungen.Auszug aus einer gleichnamigen Dissertation des Verfassers (Technische Hochschule Karlsruhe, 1948).     

Real-time direct volume rendering in functional magnetic resonance imaging

Direct volume rendering is a visualization method that allows display of all information hidden in three-dimensional data sets of, for example, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In contrast to commonly used surface rendering methods, these algorithms need no preprocessing but suffer from a high computational complexity. A real-time rendering system, VIRIM (Vitec: Visualization Technology GmbH, Mannheim, Germany), cuts down rendering times of minutes on normal workstations to an interactive rate of 1 second or less. The immediate visual feedback allows interactive steering of the visualization process to achieve insight into the internal three-dimensional structure of objects. Additional information is obtained by using an interactive gray-value segmentation tool that both allows segmentation of the data set according to bone, tissue, and liquor and display of multifunctional data sets (e.g., functional MRI [fMRI] data sets). Thus, real-time direct volume rendering allows segmentation and volume data processing of functional and anatomical MR data sets simultaneously. As this method can be integrated in the clinical routine, it is of great importance for real-time motion artifact detection and the interpretation of fMRI data acquired during cognitive experiments with normal subjects and psychiatric patients. Because of the free programmability of VIRIM, more complex matching procedures are currently being investigated for future implementation.     

Improved Torque and Flux Performance of Type-2 Fuzzy-based Direct Torque Control Induction Motor Using Space Vector Pulse-width Modulation

The conventional proportional integral controlled direct torque control of an induction motor using the space vector pulse-width modulation technique may provide satisfactory dynamic response. However, the proportional integral controller (PIC) does not provide efficient dynamic performance in the induction motor drive during sudden changes in the load or speed. To improve dynamic performance of the induction motor drive, the PICs are replaced by type-2 fuzzy logic control. The type-2 fuzzy improves the starting transient performance as well as the steady-state response. In addition, the type-2 fuzzy direct torque control provides lesser current total harmonic distortion, flux distortion, and torque pulsation of the induction motor drive compared to conventional direct torque control. A MATLAB Simulink (The MathWorks, Natick, Massachusetts, USA) model for direct torque control with type-2 fuzzy logic control is developed to simulate the response of an induction motor drive with different operating conditions. The space vector pulse-width modulation technique is used to drive the inverter, as it produces lesser total harmonic distortion in inverter current and voltage waveforms for a given switching transition due to the single switching frequency for the movement of each state vector. A prototype type-2 fuzzy-based direct torque control induction motor with space vector pulse-width modulation is developed to validate the simulated response. The control signals for the inverter are generated by the DSPACE DS1104 (DSPACE GmbH, Germany) to drive a two-HP induction machine.     

Study of the structure and properties of metal of the major steam lines of a CCGT-420 unit made from high-chromium Х10CrMoVNb9-1 (P91) steel

The technology of manufacture of live steam lines and hot reheat lines at FINOW Rohrsysteme GmbH are discussed. These pipelines are designed for high-performance CCGT units and are made from high-chromium martensitic steel X10CrMoVNb9-1 (P91). The principles of certification and evaluation of conformance of thermal and mechanical equipment made from new construction materials with the TRCU 032-2013 technical regulation of the Customs Union are detailed. The requirements outlined in Russian and international regulatory documents regarding the manufacture of pipes and semifinished products for pipeline systems are compared. The characteristic features of high-chromium martensitic steel, which define the requirements for its heat treatment and welding, are outlined. The methodology and the results of a comprehensive analysis of metal of pipes, fittings, and weld joints of steam lines are presented. It is demonstrated that the short-term mechanical properties of metal (P91 steel) of pipes, bends, and weld joints meet the requirements of European standards and Russian technical specifications. The experimental data on long-term strength of metal of pipes from a live steam line virtually match the corresponding reference curve from the European standard, while certain experimental points for metal of bends of this steam line and metal of pipes and bends from a hot reheat line lie below the reference curve, but they definitely stay within the qualifying (20%) interval of the scatter band. The presence of a weakened layer in the heat-affected zone of weld joints of steel P91 is established. It is shown that the properties of this zone govern the short-term and long-term strength of weld joints in general. The results of synthesis and analysis of research data support the notion that the certification testing of steam lines and other equipment made from chromium steels should necessarily involve the determination of long-term strength parameters.     

Drehmomente und Geräusche der Modularen Dauermagnetmaschine

Übersicht Zur Ermittlung der inneren elektromagnetischen Kräfte wird das Luftspaltfeld analysiert. Bei periodischer und phasensymmetrischer Speisung lassen sich die Radial- und Tangentialkraftwellen analytisch aus den Drehfeldern berechnen, während man zur Berücksichtigung der durch die asynchrone Taktung bedingten Abweichungen der Ströme auf eine numerische Berechnung anhand der Wechselfelder angewiesen ist. Das Berechnungsverfahren wird mit experimentellen Untersuchungen der Geräusche an einem 1,5-MW-Motor überprüft. Durch eine Abstimmung der Strang-, Nuten- und Polpaarzahlen können die Pendelmomente eliminiert und bei Beachtung des schwingungstechnischen Verhaltens auch die Geräusche minimiert werden.

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Torque and acoustic noise of the modular permanent magnet motor

Contents In order to evaluate the electromagnetic forces, the air-gap field is analysed. In the case of a periodical and phase balanced supply the radial and tangential force waves can be calculated analytically. When considering the deviations of currents caused by asynchronous pulsing, a numerical calculation will be necessary. By means of experimental investigations on the acoustic noise of a 1,5 MW motor the method of calculation is verified. In coordinating the numbers of phases, slots and poles the oscillating torques are eliminated and the acoustic noise can be minimized taking the vibrational behavior into account.

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Die Autoren danken den Firmen Ingenieurkontor Lübeck, Asea Brown Boveri, Mannheim und Magnet Motor GmbH, Starnberg für die Unterstützung des Projektes und die Überlassung der Meßergebnisse.     

Rapid analytical optimization of eddy-current shield thickness for associated loss minimization in electrical Machines

A copper or another high-conductivity shield is often used for coating the solid rotor for reducing the armature-reaction space and time-harmonic-induced surface eddy-current losses in a solid-rotor synchronous machine. Since finite-element-simulation-based surface-loss evaluation for shield design can be very time consuming and complicated; a simple analytical model for calculating the surface losses is derived in this paper. A set of equations is derived based on Maxwell's equations for a general case and applied to a solid-rotor synchronous machine. Simulation results are provided to show that the proposed analytical model can serve as an effective screening tool for determining the optimal shield thickness for minimizing the rotor surface losses. The model is useful for assisting the shield-design process for synchronous machines with solid rotors, especially for high-speed machines operating in conjunction with power electronic converters.     

关于可中断负荷参与系统备用的评述

讨论可中断负荷(IL)市场的经济补偿模型及报价清算规则,指出参与系统备用服务的IL市场与发电侧备用市场之间的协调对于发电充裕性的重要性。将IL的市场引导方式分为2类,即用户接受停电概率换取的折扣电价补偿与在实际停电后按合约赔偿。两者都可按竞价的市场方式运作,并都在容量事故发生后实施负荷的中断。但前者对应于日常的低代价,且像支付发电侧备用的容量费那样,与停电是否实际发生无关;而后者则对应于小概率的高代价,且像支付发电侧备用的电量费那样,只有在实际停电后才支付。两者的经济特性不同,故具有协调空间。强调以量化指标统一反映系统备用的充裕水平与风险代价,兼顾发电备用的经济性和可靠性。     

汽轮机转子热疲劳的计算方法

本文介绍了转子热疲劳计算方法,从理论上推导了计算额定弹性应力和应力集中系数的公式,阐明了利用通用周期应变特性和短时蠕变特性计算转子热疲劳寿命的步骤。该方法对苏制200、300和500MW机组的寿命计算和寿命管理提供了比较适当的公式。     

A world movement of engineers for peace: proposal for an actionplan

In 1987, the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation offered a $50000 Peace Prize for the best proposal offering an action plan to provide sufficient incentives for science to be used for peaceful rather than destructive purposes. The winning proposal, submitted by the Hungarian Engineers for Peace, is reprinted here with minor changes. The authors propose that engineers and science professionals consider and elaborate their own standpoint and communicate their opinion, supported by scientific arguments and verification, to other citizens in their countries. They call for a world movement of engineers for peace. They provide an action plan and time schedule for a world congress of engineers for peace     

Cyclic Temperature Calculations and Measurements for Underground Power Cables

Two time-dependent heat transfer models were developed for calculating cyclic temperature-time profiles for underground power cables with any cyclic load. A fully distributed model allows for temperature variation with radial distance and time in each cable region. A lumped parameter model sets up a thermal circuit and solves for the temperature of each cable region as a function of time. Results from both models are compared with experimental temperature profiles for five cyclic tests for cables in a typical duct bank arrangement. The comparison shows good agreement for cable conductor and jacket temperatures and some error for conduit profiles.     

新型自然软开关变流技术研究

以拓展三相逆变器的自然软开关动作状态为出发点,提出了一种新型可升压自然软开关变流技术。由于采用该技术的新型三相逆变器电路结构简单,控制方便、可靠,因而能方便地作为电力有源滤波器的逆变器用于谐波补偿。在此,对一种新型逆变器拓扑和新型自然软开关变流技术特性进行了研究。通过对主电路的分析,推导出了新型AC/DC/AC变换器拓扑。采用空间电压矢量法,并结合所提出拓扑的特点,重点介绍了如何采用锯齿载波空间矢量脉宽调制法,以实现数字控制。最后通过仿真实验,验证了该控制技术的正确性和可行性。