面向大尺度战场的地貌晕渲增强方法

地貌晕渲是大尺度战场仿真中的重要一环,针对现有的地貌晕渲技术在细节处纹理特征不明显的问题,提出了一种结合高程曲率和环境光遮蔽的大尺度战场地貌晕渲增强方法.第1步,通过分析数字高程数据的曲率属性生成地形曲率图,曲率图与卫星影像叠加可以突出显示地貌特征线.第2步,提出一种基于深度可分离卷积的环境光遮蔽计算方法,能够增强战场地形在沟壑处的视觉表现.最后将曲率图、环境光遮蔽与卫星影像三者融合生成实时地貌晕渲效果.实验表明,本文方法可以在较低级别的全球卫星影像上呈现更好的视觉效果,使得观察者在把握三维地形整体走势的同时,能进一步分析地貌细节处的纹理特征.     

基于激光扫描的移动机器人3D室外环境实时建模

针对室外非结构化3D环境,研究了基于激光扫描的移动机器人实时地形建模问题.考虑了建模过程中可能存在的多源不确定性误差,将其建模为零均值高斯噪声,由此建立多级坐标变换矩阵将激光扫描数据转化为全局坐标系中的概率化高程估计,并根据置信区间将得到的高程估计关联至多个地形网格,在此基础上对关联网格内分配的高程估计进行概率融合,实现了局部高程地图的更新.此外,采用局部窗口检测方法对地形遮挡问题进行了处理,并同时解决了室外环境下移动机器人的3D定位问题.实验结果表明了该算法的实时性和有效性.     

移动机器人基于视觉室外自然场景理解的研究与进展

对于工作在典型非结构化场景中的移动机器人系统, 具有良好的室外自然场景感知与理解能力是其能够自主运行的前提条件. 移动机器人使用视觉传感器来进行室外自然场景的理解一直是该领域的研究热点. 本文首先介绍了基于视觉的移动机器人自然场景理解的研究现状, 对其相关子领域的研究思路与前沿技术进行了着重论述与分析, 并从实时性和环境自适应性等方面对相关技术的实用性问题加以讨论. 最后对该领域的研究重点和技术发展趋势进行了探讨.     

基于贝叶斯核主成分分析的远距离地形标记方法

由于非结构化室外场景外观特征分布存在动态不确定性以及映射偏移特性,因此在室外移动机器人自主导航的过程中采用预确定外观特征并不能非常有效地进行地形标记.为了解决此问题,提出了基于贝叶斯核主成分分析(BKPCA)的远距离地形标记方法.该方法融合了基于贝叶斯公式的聚类中心后验概率,且采用自定义的核函数,实现了原始特征数据结构在低维空间上的保持,能够提取出适合当前场景地形标记的外观特征.实验结果表明,BKPCA模型有效地提高了远距离地形标记的精度.     

特征控制下的多样图地形纹理合成算法

针对三维虚拟室外场景的建模与绘制需求,提出一种多样图地形纹理合成算法。以地形数字高程模型数据和样图集为基础,根据用户自定义的纹理合成规则控制地形的高程值和坡度特征,并自动合成地形纹理。实验结果表明,利用该算法合成的纹理能够较好地反映自然界地形的分布情况,增强三维场景绘制的真实感。     

基于多传感器数据融合的环境理解及障碍物检测算法

本文研究了移动机器人中基于Ｄｅｍｐｓｔｅｒ－Ｓｈａｆｅｒ证据推理理论的多传感器数据融合技术．通过融合由ＣＣＤ彩色摄像机获取的２Ｄ彩色图像及由激光测距成像雷达获取的３Ｄ距离图像，移动机器人的环境理解及障碍物检测的可靠性与精度比在任何单一传感器所获得的信息的基础上有了很大的提高．文中探讨了移动机器人中视觉信息融合的许多具有较大难度的实际问题，取得了有意义的结果．     

基于拓扑高程模型的室外三维环境建模与路径规划

针对复杂室外场景, 提出一种基于拓扑高程模型的三维环境建模方法. 采用自适应可变阈值聚类算法, 将映射到二维水平栅格中的激光点云划分为垂直单元和水平单元, 可实现三维场景中悬空环境特征的有效表述. 在此基础上对垂直单元进行高度离散采样, 从而构建与其相对应的拓扑结构, 并结合BOW (Bag of words)模型对室外三维环境中的典型景物进行辨识. 采用面向拓扑结构和高程图单元的分级匹配策略, 实现不同场景间的精确匹配, 构建具有全局一致性的拓扑高程地图. 利用辨识出来的环境特征和高程地图产生双重环境约束, 实现与室外地形相适应的自主路径规划. 实验结果和数据分析证明了本文环境建模与路径规划方法的有效性和实用性.     

基于空-频域混合分析的RGB-D数据视觉显著性检测方法

针对移动机器人面对的真实3维场景数据,提出一种基于频域和空域混合分析的视觉显著性检测方法.首先设计多通道特征融合算法融合RGB-D数据中包含的颜色和深度信息,然后通过超复数傅里叶变换在频域计算得到多尺度视觉显著图,接着利用非均匀超像素分割算法对得到的显著图进行平滑处理,从而消除离散背景噪声干扰,改善频域检测结果.最后,采用元胞自动机对多尺度视觉显著图进行有效融合,提取最终的显著性区域.在公开数据库上进行了多组实验,验证了所提出算法在移动机器人面对的真实复杂场景数据中的有效性.     

一种基于多层语义特征的图像理解方法

视觉场景理解包括检测和识别物体、推理被检测物体之间的视觉关系以及使用语句描述图像区域.为了实现对场景图像更全面、更准确的理解,将物体检测、视觉关系检测和图像描述视为场景理解中3种不同语义层次的视觉任务,提出一种基于多层语义特征的图像理解模型,并将这3种不同语义层进行相互连接以共同解决场景理解任务.该模型通过一个信息传递图将物体、关系短语和图像描述的语义特征同时进行迭代和更新,更新后的语义特征被用于分类物体和视觉关系、生成场景图和描述,并引入融合注意力机制以提升描述的准确性.在视觉基因组和COCO数据集上的实验结果表明,所提出的方法在场景图生成和图像描述任务上拥有比现有方法更好的性能.     

基于多维全局特征融合的移动机器人地形识别

为提高移动机器人对复杂作业场景的适应性,提出了一种基于多维全局特征融合的移动机器人地形识别方法。利用IMU传感器获取四轮移动机器人在不同地形的运动信息,采用哈希编码算法提取六通道加速度和角速度信息的全局特征,结合随机森林分类器对水泥、木板、砖石、草地和砂石路面地形进行了识别。实验结果表明,本方法可提高地形识别准确率,实现对五种地形环境的识别。     

Distributed Cooperative Outdoor Multirobot Localization and Mapping

The subject of this article is a scheme for distributed outdoor localization of a team of robots and the use of the robot team for outdoor terrain mapping. Localization is accomplished via Extended Kalman Filtering (EKF). In the distributed EKF-based scheme for localization, heterogeneity of the available sensors is exploited in the absence or degradation of absolute sensors aboard the team members. The terrain mapping technique then utilizes localization information to facilitate the fusion of vision-based range information of environmental features with changes in elevation profile across the terrain. The result is a terrain matrix from which a metric map is then generated. The proposed algorithms are implemented using field data obtained from a team of robots traversing an uneven outdoor terrain.     

非平坦地形下移动机器人安全路径规划

提出一种基于双分辨率2.5D分层栅格地图的Secure A*(SA*)路径规划方法,以解决移动机器人在非平坦地形下的安全路径规划问题.首先,设计一种双分辨率2.5D分层栅格地图,利用双分辨率栅格对环境中的障碍物信息与高程信息进行存储,以节约地图的存储空间;然后,结合移动机器人运动能力,将环境中的高程信息转化为约束因子,...     

Localization along routes,based upon iconic and Global Positioning System information in large-scale outdoor environments

This paper proposes a method of robot navigation in outdoor environments based upon panoramic view and Global Positioning System (GPS) information. Our system is equipped with a GPS navigator and a camera. The route scene can be described by three-dimensional objects extracted as landmarks from panoramic representations. For an environment having limited routes, a two-dimensional map can be made based upon routes scenes, assuming that the topological relation of routes at intersections is known. By using GPS information, the global position of a mobile robot can be known, and a coarse-to-fine method is used to generate an outdoor environment map and locate a mobile robot. First, a robot finds its approximate position based on the GPS information. Then, it identifies its location from the image information. Experimental results in outdoor environments are given.     

Cloud‐based Real‐time Outsourcing Localization for a Ground Mobile Robot in Large‐scale Outdoor Environments

Cloud robotics is the application of cloud computing concepts to robotic systems. It utilizes modern cloud computing infrastructure to distribute computing resources and datasets. Cloud‐based real‐time outsourcing localization architecture is proposed in this paper to allow a ground mobile robot to identify its location relative to a road network map and reference images in the cloud. An update of the road network map is executed in the cloud, as is the extraction of the robot‐terrain inclination (RTI) model as well as reference image matching. A particle filter with a network‐delay‐compensation localization algorithm is executed on the mobile robot based on the local RTI model and the recognized location both of which are sent from the cloud. The proposed methods are tested in different challenging outdoor scenarios with a ground mobile robot equipped with minimal onboard hardware, where the longest trajectory was 13.1 km. Experimental results show that this method could be applicable to large‐scale outdoor environments for autonomous robots in real time.     

视觉地形分类的词袋框架综述

目的 视觉地形分类是室外移动机器人领域的一个研究热点。基于词袋框架的视觉地形分类方法,聚集和整合地形图像的视觉底层特征,建立底层特征统计分布与高层语义之间的联系,已成为目前视觉地形分类的常用方法和标准范式。本文全面综述视觉地形分类中的词袋框架,系统性总结现有研究工作,同时指出未来的研究方向。方法 词袋框架主要包括4个步骤：特征提取、码本聚类、特征编码、池化与正则化。对各步骤中的不同方法加以总结和比较,建立地形分类数据集,评估不同方法对地形识别效果的影响。结果 对词袋框架各步骤的多种方法进行系统性的分类和总结,利用地形数据集进行评估,发现每个步骤对最后生成的中层特征性能都至关重要。特异性特征设计、词袋框架改进和特征融合研究是未来重要的研究方向。结论 词袋框架缩小低层视觉特征与高层语义之间的语义鸿沟,生成中层语义表达,提高视觉地形分类效果。视觉地形分类的词袋框架方法研究具有重要意义。     

New Traversability Indices and Traversability Grid for Integrated Sensor/Map‐Based Navigation

This paper presents new measures of terrain traversability at short range and long range of a mobile robot; namely, local and global traversability indices. The sensor‐based local traversability index is related by a set of linguistic rules to large obstacles and surface softness within a short range of the robot measured by on‐board sensors. The map‐based global traversability index is obtained from the terrain topographic map, and is based on major surface features such as hills and lakes within a long range of the robot. These traversability indices complement the mid‐range sensor‐based regional traversability index introduced earlier. Each traversability index is represented by four fuzzy sets with the linguistic labels {POOR, LOW, MODERATE, HIGH}, corresponding to surfaces that are unsafe, moderately‐unsafe, moderately‐safe, and safe for traversal, respectively. The global terrain analysis also leads to the new concepts of traversability map and traversability grid for representation of terrain quality based on the global map information. The traversability indices are used in two sensor‐based traverse‐local and traverse‐regional behaviors and one map‐based traverse‐global behavior. These behaviors are integrated with a map‐based seek‐goal behavior to ensure that the mobile robot reaches its goal safely while avoiding both sensed and mapped terrain hazards. This provides a unified system in which the two independent sources of terrain quality information, i.e., prior maps and on‐board sensors, are integrated together for reactive robot navigation. The paper is concluded by a graphical simulation study. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Terrain‐inclination‐based Three‐dimensional Localization for Mobile Robots in Outdoor Environments

A new terrain‐inclination‐based localization technique is proposed in this paper to enable a robot to identify its three‐dimensional location relative to measurable terrain inclinations. Given a topographical map and a planned path, a robot‐terrain‐inclination model (RTI model) is extracted along the path on the terrain upon which the robot is operating. A particle filter is then used to fuse the measurement data with the robot motion based on the extracted RTI model for either a three‐wheeled or a four‐wheeled mobile robot. Experiments were carried out in four outdoor scenarios: one short path with different initial conditions and map resolution, another short path with different surface roughness and sensor accuracy, and two long paths with different types of rigid terrains and multiple loops. Experimental results show that the proposed method could achieve good localization performance on inclined outdoor terrains.     

A new feature commonly observed from air and ground for outdoor localization with elevation map built by aerial mapping system

Monte Carlo localization (MCL) uses a reference map to estimate a pose of a ground robot in outdoor environments. However, MCL shows low performance when it uses an elevation map built by an aerial mapping system because three‐dimensional (3D) environments are observed differently from the air and the ground and such an elevation map cannot represent outdoor environments in detail. Although other types of maps have been proposed to improve localization performance, an elevation map is still used as the main reference map in some applications. Therefore, we propose a new feature to improve localization performance with an elevation map. This feature is extracted from 3D range data and represents the part of an object that can be commonly observed from both the air and the ground. Therefore, this feature is likely to be accurately matched with an elevation map, and the average error of this feature is much smaller than that of unclassified sensing data. Experimental results in real environments show that the success rate of global localization increased and the error of local tracking decreased. Thus, the proposed feature can be very useful for localization of an outdoor ground robot when an elevation map is used as a reference map. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.