热声斯特林发动机热动力学特性的CFD研究第二部分:热声转换特性及热声声流的研究

研究了热声斯特林发动机的声场特性和热力特性,计算了波动压力和体积流率振幅及两者的相位差、截面平均温度以及声功流在系统内的沿程分布,与实验及预期的趋势相符合.对热声斯特林发动机内部的Gedeon声直流进行了研究.通过监测系统内截面的质量流率周期分布特性观测到Gedeon直流的存在,计算了直流量的大小及在系统内的分布特性,并采用风扇模型抑制了直流,给出了直流抑制过程中的系统性能变化.进一步验证了CFD研究的有效性.     

热声驱动脉管制冷机的压力特性

自行研制了热声驱动脉管制冷机实验台,着重研究了热声驱动脉管制冷机的压力特性,明确了充气压力对超振温度、加热温度、制冷温度、压比及夺力振幅等的影响,实验表明,自行研制的热声压缩机在驱动脉管制冷机的情况下,仍可获１．０７以上的压比,基本可以满足驱动无阀型脉管制冷机的需要,在最近进行的实验中,以氮和氦作工质,分别获得了１９６Ｋ和１３８Ｋ的无负荷制冷温度,此外,本文还提出了进一步的改进方向。     

回热器参数对热声发动机性能影响的理论及实验研究

针对本实验室的行波热声发动机系统,研究了回热器对系统的重要作用.利用建立在线性热声理论基础上的模块化程序预测了不同回热器下系统的工作性能,并结合实验进一步分析比较了不同回热器对系统性能的影响.实验结果表明,低目数丝网填充的回热器更容易使系统起振,同时,起振温度随着工作压力的增加而降低;相同的输入功率和充气压力下,压比和加热块温度都随着目数的增大而升高;相同输入功率和目数下,压比和加热块温度随充气压力的增大而降低;丝网目数对系统频率的影响很小.     

混合型热声发动机中两个模态的特性对比研究

文献[1]报道了本混合型热声发动机存在两个振动模态--高频模态和低频模态.在试验上成功地获得了稳定的高频模态.首次对这两个模态的本征特性及其演变规律进行了详细的对比分析,发现这是两个显著不同的热声模态.在理论上对该型热机进行了初步的探讨,分析了该模态行为对系统的稳定性的重要影响,并指出了这种效应的工程意义.     

热声斯特林发动机的频率计算

利用传输矩阵推导出了一种计算行波形热声发动机的谐振频率的方法,得到了其基频和高阶谐波.对处于不同结构参数和运行参数情况下的系统频率进行了比较计算,得到了各参数对系统谐振频率的影响规律.     

行波型热声发动机的试验研究

介绍了新型行波形热声发动机的试验装置,在不同的充气压力和工质条件下进行了试验,讨论了结构尺寸、充气压力、加热温度、工作介质试验结果的影响,并发现了频率跳变现象。     

气液耦合振动热声发动机的压力特性

采用气液耦合振动是提升热声发动机系统压力振幅以及降低谐振频率的有效方式.根据热声理论,对气液耦合振动热声发动机系统进行了模拟,重点讨论了平均工作压力对压力振幅、压比和谐振频率等性能参数的影响,分析了热声板叠产生声功率以及各部件消耗声功率随平均工作压力的变化情况.进行了相关实验,以验证模拟计算结果的合理性.模拟计算和实验数据均表明,增大平均工作压力可显著提升系统压力振幅,这对于利用其驱动后续负载是有利的.     

带压力放大器的驻波型热声发动机驱动RC负载

进行了驻波型热声发动机压力放大器长度对系统性能的影响的模拟及实验研究,发现压力放大器的实际最佳长度应该小于系统波长,并且受热声发动机的加热功率、工作压力和负载大小的影响;在负载声阻固定的情况下,一定范围内振动频率、加热温度、负载入口声功随着压力放大器长度的增大而增大;压力放大器可以提高负载入口声功和效率,在本实验的热声系统中接入3.45 m压力放大器后,热声发动机的效率由1.45%提高到3.32%.     

带压力放大器的驻波型热声发动机驱动RC负载的模拟研究

对驻波型热声发动机压力放大器长度对系统性能的影响进行了模拟计算,根据计算分析得知压力放大器的实际最佳长度应该小于系统1/4波长,并且受热声发动机的加热功率、工作压力和负载大小的影响;在负载的声阻固定的情况下,一定范围内振动频率、加热温度、负载入口声功随着压力放大器长度的增大而增大;压力放大器可以提高负载入口声功和效率。     

混合工质热声发动机起振及消振特性试验研究

基于驻波热声发动机,开展了热声发动机在不同安装倾角下起振及消振特性的试验研究。试验结果表明,热声发动机的安装倾角对热声系统的起振温度、消振温度等参数的影响程度与充注工质种类有很大关系。当系统中充注1 MPa氮气时,在试验的5种角度下,最高起振温度484℃,最低起振温度428℃。当系统充注1 MPa氦气时,热声发动机的起振温度和消振温度并无明显变化。该特性为选择合适角度和工质以降低系统起振温度提供了试验参考,并为太阳能驱动的热声发动机的设计和工质的选择提供了试验依据。     

微型热声驱动器的实验研究

主要针对热声驱动器的微型化开展研究工作,为微型热声驱动器的设计和优化提出了一些思路和建议.制作了1台微型热声驱动器的实验模型机,着重研究结构与操作参数对系统的声波幅值、谐振频率和起振温度等性能参数的影响情况.结果表明,合理设计微型驱动器的结构,可以使系统在较低的温位下起振,本装置最低起振温度在100℃以下.谐振频率主要受系统的长度影响,而声波振幅则与输入功率及板叠在谐振管中的相对位置相关.     

行波型热声发动机谐振管的调相作用

基于环形圈加谐振管的热声发动机的两自由度模型构思,在调相机理上开展了工作.系统分析和仿真研究表明:谐振管对于热声发动机系统不仅是决定系统工作频率、储能和稳定工况,还对行波型热声发动机的声场产生调相作用.针对不同形式的谐振管(谐振管,谐振腔和容腔),以及不同体积的容腔负载(10 L,20 L,40 L)进行仿真计算.研究不同条件下,对回热器处的压力和体积流率之间的相位调节作用及声功的影响.在此基础上,对回热器起点、中点和终点3个位置的流体微团进行分析,得到不同位置的p-V图.结果表明,谐振管的确起到调节声场相位的作用,容腔形式的谐振管更有利于回热器内声场的优化,而容腔的体积大小对回热器声场的影响不大.     

Investigation on the oscillation modes in a thermoacoustic Stirling prime mover: mode stability and mode transition

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the stability of oscillation modes in a thermoacoustic Stirling prime mover, which is a combination of looped tube and resonator. Two modes, with oscillation frequencies of 76 and 528 Hz, have been observed, stabilities of which are widely different. The stability of the high frequency mode (HFM) is affected by low frequency mode (LFM) strongly. Once the LFM is excited when the HFM is present, the HFM will be gradually slaved and suppressed by the LFM. The details of the transition from HFM to LFM have been described. The two stability curves of the two modes have been measured. Mean pressure P_m is an important control parameter influencing the mode stability in the tested system.     

Investigation on the generation mechanisms of acoustic streaming in a thermoacoustic prime mover

High-amplitude acoustic waves in thermoacoustic devices are responsible for the generation of a secondary flow called acoustic streaming. Superimposed on the oscillating flow, this secondary flow is an important source of energy dissipation. To remove acoustic streaming would result in substantial improvements in the energy performance of thermoacoustic devices. Understanding the control parameters and mechanisms of streaming generation is essential for controlling acoustic streaming.In this paper, streaming sources are investigated in a pressurized thermoacoustic prime mover. The device was designed and built at the LIMSI (Laboratoire d’Informatique pour la Mécanique et les Sciences de l’Ingénieur) to investigate acoustic streaming. To calculate the theoretical velocity in the thermoacoustic device, the usual modelings were extended to take into account the cross section variation. Measurements of acoustic streaming velocity performed by Laser Doppler Velocimetry are compared to the theoretical results. Finally, the good agreements obtained led to the validation of the theory. The validated theory was then used to study the mechanisms of streaming generation in order to determine their influences in the thermoacoustic prime mover and therefore reducing the secondary flow. Thereafter, the investigation was extended to four channels with different widths and according to results of the literature, the proportion of outer streaming compared to inner streaming decreases when the channel width decrease. The investigation showed that the mechanisms of acoustic streaming generation differ for large and narrow channels.     

Experimental investigation of a thermoacoustic refrigerator driven by a standing wave twin thermoacoustic prime mover

The objective of this study is to analyse the performance of thermoacoustic refrigerator (TAR) measured in terms of hot end temperature and temperature difference across refrigerator stack with two different spacing namely 0.4 mm and 0.8 mm and stack used in refrigerating section was made of low thermal conductivity materials namely Mylar sheet and photographic film & the experiments were carried out at 1 MPa pressure using helium as working fluid. High powered acoustic wave with frequency of 460 Hz and pressure amplitude of $?$0.07 MPa was obtained from twin thermoacoustic prime mover (TAPM) and this acoustic wave produced temperature difference of 16 °C across the Mylar sheet stack made of 0.4 mm spacing in refrigerator section. From this study, it has been inferred that twin TAPM can act as efficient drive for TAR.     

Influence of working fluid on the performance of a standing-wave thermoacoustic prime mover

The thermoacoustic prime mover (TAPM) is an attractive alternative as a pressure wave generator to drive Pulse Tube Cryocoolers (PTCs), by the absence of moving parts, construction simplicity, reasonable efficiency, and environmental friendly. Decreasing the resonance frequency and improving the efficiency of the TAPM are important to drive the PTCs. These are controlled by the working gas parameters other than the dimensions of TAPM. In this technical note, the experimental studies carried out to evaluate the influence of different working fluids on the performances of a twin standing wave TAPM at various operating pressures have been compared with the simulation studies of the same system using DeltaEc wherever possible. The reasonably good agreement between them indicates the utility of DeltaEc for the optimal design of TAPM with the right working fluids for practical applications.     

微型热声制冷机的试验研究

研制了一种复合结构的PZT声驱动器,谐振管结构中加入了渐缩锥管后空管谐振试验的结果表明该驱动器所能产生的声压超过了目前已经报道的同频率范围的热声制冷机.在此基础上研制的微型热声制冷机在运行频率2.2 KHz时,平均压力从0.5 MPa到2.1 MPa之间进行了一系列的工况试验,得到了最大温降12.3 ℃,最大温差31 ℃,均达到同类机型目前报道的最佳性能.在此基础上提出了工程化应用的进一步改进方向.     

Experimental and theoretical investigation on frequency characteristic of loudspeaker-driven thermoacoustic refrigerator

In this paper, the frequency characteristic of loudspeaker-driven thermoacoustic refrigerator (TAR) and the influence factors were investigated theoretically and experimentally. Experimental results under different conditions show that a narrow transmission frequency band of TAR exists to generate strong oscillation and cause significant thermoacoustic effect, and TAR achieves optimum performance at the resonance frequency. The frequency characteristic is determined by combined network elements of TAR. Then the analytical model was built to validate the experimental results. It provides a coupling method for design of loudspeaker-driven TAR system.     

热声系统跳频现象研究

进行了带声压放大器的驻波型热声驱动RC负载的实验研究,在实验中观察到频率跳变现象,根据驻波型热声系统的运行模式,对跳频现象出现的声阻范围、跳频现象随加热功率的变化关系以及跳频现象和声压放大器长度的关系进行了归纳和总结.