我国基础教育评价制度的结构、问题及完善路径

基础教育评价制度是基础教育评价活动所需遵循的特定行为准则和规范。依据制度基础、功能与形式考察我国基础教育评价制度结构,可将其划分为督导评估制度、质量监测制度、升学考试制度和常态化教学评价制度4种类型。当前基础教育评价制度存在一些问题,未能适应基础教育改革与发展的需要,主要表现为制度共识的异化、评价制度的内部动力不足、评价制度的多元性不足、制度功能迷失、外部评价制度不健全。为完善我国基础教育评价制度,要着力反思制度的建构逻辑,从促进形成基础教育评价的多重社会共识、激活评价制度的内在活力、优化评价制度的形式与内容、改善评价制度的外部环境等方面着手。     

上海建工（集团）总公司：大力发展工程总承包 不断提升项目管理水平

——重视制度建设，完善管理体系。工程总承包的过程管理是一种有序的管理，加强总承包管理必须要重视制度建设。这方面，上海建工集团的主要做法是：围绕进度、成本、质量等总承包管理的目标，制订系统化的管理制度。包括建筑师例会制度、施工技术协调会制度、图纸深化协调会制度、分包施工协调会制度、安全生产巡视制度、施工日报周报月报制度、分包进场施工前工程总交底制度、指定分包付款审核制度、总包内部例会制度等，将其纳入总包管理大纲，     

“阳光高校”视阈下的高校新闻发言人制度建构研究

高校新闻发言人制度是"阳光高校"的一种必要制度设计,该制度的施行是打造"阳光高校"的重要路径。然而,当前我国高校新闻发言人制度的实践还存在制度规范缺失、话语权垄断、互动与反馈梗阻、面对突发事件"失语"等问题。"阳光高校"视阈下我国高校新闻发言人制度的建构应从重塑制度理念、完善制度体系、坚守制度之魂、疏通制度梗阻、提升制度魅力等方面进行。     

企业制度审计:一个理论框架

将企业审计基本理论贯通到企业制度审计,分析企业制度审计的基础性问题,提出一个基于经典审计理论的企业制度审计理论框架,主要内容包括:企业制度审计本质、企业制度审计需求、企业制度审计主体、企业制度审计客体、企业制度审计内容、企业制度审计目标、企业制度审计取证模式及其与审计意见类型的关系、企业制度审计结果与应用。     

学前教育区域教研制度建设研究

学前区域教研的制度包括规制性制度要素、规范性制度要素、文化-认知性制度要素。规制性制度要素是区域教研推行的强制性的保障,规范性制度要素为其提供专业性支持,文化-认知性制度要素是区域教研自觉实施的动力。在制度建设中存在忽视制度推行基础、专业引领不足、缺乏共同理解与信念等问题。推进区域教研的制度建设需要政策积极鼓励、维护合作动机,完善教研机制、构筑教研共同体,回归切实需求、建立实际意义。     

从城乡分立到城乡统筹:中国养老保险制度结构体系发展研究

养老保险制度结构体系的分析可以运用"环境—制度"框架。二元结构、孝文化的制度环境使得中国养老保险制度逐渐出现城乡分立。人口流动、社会阶层变化、执政理念发展和生育文化变化的制度环境促使中国开始探索养老保险制度城乡统筹。制度环境的变化使得养老保险制度结构体系由城乡分立走向城乡统筹,而养老保险制度城乡统筹的重点在于完善农村养老保险制度。     

期房预售制度变迁分析

央行取消商品房预售制度的建议,引起了关于期房预售制度去留问题的大讨论,金融部门、房地产行政主管部门、房地产开发商、消费者对期房预售制度的看法莫衷一是。期房预售制度是市场经济框架下的一项制度设计。用制度经济学和制度变迁理论分析期房预售制度,能够对我国的期房预售制度做出相对客观的评价。本文认为我国商品房预售制度在短期内是不会发生制度变迁的。     

论我国社会养老保险制度的整合

产生于不同历史条件下的我国各类社会养老保险制度,呈现出明显的城乡二元结构和"碎片化试点"等特征。建立健全政府补贴和个人缴费相结合形式的社会养老保险制度是我国社会养老保险制度的发展方向。我国社会养老保险制度整合路径和实现步骤主要包括:将国家政府机关、事业单位人员养老金制度由现收现付模式改革为"社会统筹+个人账户"相结合模式;将城镇职工基本养老保险制度、有固定工作农民工养老保险制度整合为城乡职工社会养老保险制度;进一步加大新农保、城居保制度的整合力度,实现城乡居民社会养老保险制度的实际运作;在此基础上,将城乡居民社会养老保险制度、城乡职工养老保险制度、公务员社会养老保险制度整合为国民养老金制度,建立多层次的社会养老保险制度。     

调解制度在民商事诉讼与商事仲裁中的应用分析

民商事诉讼调解及商事仲裁调解是中国重要的法律制度,可以快速、有效解决民商事纠纷。因此,本文以民商事诉讼调解制度、商事仲裁调解制度为研究对象,阐述了民商事诉讼调解制度、商事仲裁调解制度概念及内涵,分析了民商事诉讼调解制度、商事仲裁调解制度应用优势,并对民商事诉讼调解制度、商事仲裁调解制度的具体应用进行了进一步探究。     

香港、台湾、大陆房地产中介管理立法比较研究

通过对香港、台湾、大陆三地房地产中介市场管理中的市场准入制度、市场运营规模监控制度、市场运行安全保障制度的比较分析,提出建立大陆房地产中介机构的资质审查前置制度、发展规模控制制度以及强制执业保证金制度的建议,并指出要加强和落实资金监管制度。     

The development of a speed zoning knowledge-based system

This paper describes how an expert system shell was used to create a knowledge-based system for speed zone determination. Speed zoning must be rational and consistent if it is to contribute to a speed management programme. The development, within a traffic authority, of speed zoning processes and decisions necessarily falls to a small number of experts who are often confronted with conflicting pressures from a range of interest groups. The paper describes the process whereby the knowledge of experts in the speed zoning area was established and developed into a rationale for system rules. The knowledge-based system developed is proving operationally successful, being user-friendly for both the experts for testing and development, and those wishing to use the system for speed zone determination. An outline is then given of the iterative monitoring procedure whereby the system is being ‘tuned’ to match expert decisions.     

Self-watering system for arid area: A method to combat desertification

One of the reasons for the rapid expansion of arid or semiarid areas is that the decline in the ground water level makes it impossible for plants to get enough water. In order to provide water sustainably for plant life, a self-watering system has been developed. This self-watering system, designed to collect and store rainwater, dew and groundwater, reliably provides water to the surface vegetation. The system consists of two parts: one is the original soil and the other is soil which is replaced by finer soils. The results of laboratory model tests and numerical simulations showed that the system continuously raises the ground water to a level higher than the maximum capillary height of sandy ground without the requirement for any extra energy input. The stable operation of the system mainly depends on unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, the soil water retention curve and the shape and the size of the area of replaced soil. Because the original top soil reduces evaporation, soil salinization is minimal. The evaporation rate is negatively and exponentially correlated to the thickness of the covered original soil. Both the T-type system and suspension-type system have been shown to have a larger net capillary storage capacity than the original sandy ground, with a specific value dependent on the soil water retention curve. The rate of water movement in the T-type system is five to six times higher than that in the suspension-type system. The water content of coarser soil near the finer soil is larger than that of homogeneous coarser soil. The numerical simulation results were in good agreement with the model test, and a case study with various potential transpiration rates was conducted to evaluate the dynamic performance of the system.     

Reliability-based condition assessment of deteriorating concrete bridges considering load redistribution

A wide variety of models have been proposed for estimating the reliability of highway bridges. For reinforced concrete bridges subjected to environmental attack, time-variant reliability methods have to be used. In this study, the condition of reinforced concrete girder bridges is assessed using a time-variant system reliability approach in which both load and resistance are time-variant quantities. Several system models are considered, including failure of any girder (series system) and failure of a specified number of adjacent girders (series-parallel system). Adaptive importance sampling is used to determine the cumulative-time system failure probability. An existing reinforced concrete T-beam bridge located near Pueblo, Colorado, is investigated. The influence of resistance degradation and post-failure load redistribution is included. A comparison of reliability estimates for several system models is given, including the influence of correlation among initial girder strengths. The results can be used as a guide for the selection of system models for bridge reliability analysis, identification of critical girders in a bridge system, and for the development of optimal reliability-based maintenance strategies for reinforced concrete highway bridges.     

Optimal sizing of building integrated hybrid PV/diesel generator system for zero load rejection for Malaysia

In this research, an optimisation for building integrated hybrid PV/diesel generator system for zero load rejection for Malaysia is performed. The optimisation is performed considering a loss-of-load probability (LLP) less than 0.01. However, the daily averages of solar energy for Malaysia and a mathematical model of a hybrid PV/diesel generator system are used in this optimisation. The optimisation presented in this paper aims to calculate the optimum capacities of a PV array and diesel generator, which investigate the minimum system cost. An optimisation problem in terms of system units’ cost is solved graphically in this study. Moreover, the optimised system is compared to other energy source choices to highlight its feasibility. The recommended configuration of a PV/diesel system located in Malaysia is C_A = 1.2, C_DG = 0.3, while the optimum C_B is 0.1. The results of the optimisation show that a PV/diesel generator choice is more feasible compared to a standalone PV system or diesel generator system because it reduces the system cost by 35%.     

The development of a mobile manipulator imaging system for bridge crack inspection

A mobile manipulator imaging system is developed for the automation of bridge crack inspection. During bridge safety inspections, an eyesight inspection is made for preliminary evaluation and screening before a more precise inspection. The inspection for cracks is an important part of the preliminary evaluation. Currently, the inspectors must stand on the platform of a bridge inspection vehicle or a temporarily erected scaffolding to examine the underside of a bridge. However, such a procedure is risky. To help automate the bridge crack inspection process, we installed two CCD cameras and a four-axis manipulator system on a mobile vehicle. The parallel cameras are used to detect cracks. The manipulator system is equipped with binocular Charge Coupled Devices (CCD) for examining structures that may not be accessible to the eye. The system also reduces the danger of accidents to the human inspectors. The manipulator system consists of four arms. Balance weights are placed at the ends of Arms 2 and 4, respectively, to maintain the center of gravity during operation. Mechanically, Arms 2 and 4 can revolve smoothly. Experiments indicated that the system could be useful for bridge crack inspections.     

智能建筑的系统工程特点

本文从系统集成、系统设计、系统工程管理和工程实例与效果4个方面论述了智能建筑的系统工程特点。     

Preliminary design considerations for a rockbed/floor space-heating system

A solar energy house space-heating system, in which thermal energy is transferred by conduction through a concrete floor from a subfloor rockbed, is considered from the aspect of the store being able to maintain comfort conditions with no further solar energy input. The rate of decay of temperature variations along the floor is also considered. The study uses a solution of the two-dimensional diffusion equation for a composite slab subjected to a sudden change in environment: the pertinent details of the solution are given. The study shows that the interaction between the collectors, store and load is more critical in this system than in a conventional active solar-heating system. It is possible for the floor-heating system to have a storage capability which would give a system performance comparable to that for a conventional system in mild climates, but the system is less suited to more severe climates. If a phase-change material is used in the porous bed, then the bed can be very thin, but a high pressure drop and complex subfloor ductwork would need to be avoided. For thicker beds, it would be advantageous to encourage free convection within them.     

Energy efficiency and economic feasibility analysis of cogeneration system driven by gas engine

A cogeneration system driven by gas engine is proposed and studied. The cogeneration system can provide electricity generation and cooling/heating for buildings. The cogeneration system has a large potential for energy saving and economical benefits. Primary energy rate (PER) and comparative primary energy saving are used to evaluate and compare the performances of the cogeneration system and conventional separate system. The comparative primary energy saving of the cogeneration system is more than 37% compared to conventional separate system at the required energy flows. The total annual income, the total annual saving and payback period of the cogeneration system are used to analyze its economy. The calculation result of economic analysis shows that the cogeneration system has a good economic benefits.     

生态住区与生态能源利用--浙江江南生态园住区生态能源系统规划设计

江南生态园生态能源规划设计分为生态能源的综合应用系统、生态能源景观展示系统、生态能源体验系统三部分。设计中根据当地条件 ,生态能源主要使用光热系统、光伏系统、风电系统、地热系统、导光照明系统和沼气系统。使用量达到生态园总能耗的 10 %以上 ,约 35 0 0kW。江南生态园生态能源规划设计可大大提升住区的价值品味 ,为国内生态园的建设、设计提供了示范和指导 ,同时为生态园带来了巨大的经济效益。     

Information systems development for contracting

The general principles of recording data flow within a construction organisation are considered in order to specify an integrated management information system. Recommendations for the initiation of a management information system are also made together with a range of possible objectives. structured systems development is suggested to build a logical model that shows the interrelationship of data processing. The need for interactive system is developed together with the requirement of a structured approach based on a selection of objectives. Finally a system for main contractor control and for directly employed resource control is proposed.