Measurements of Earth-Space Attenuation at 230 GHz

Measurements of attenuation at 230 GHz through the total atmosphere due to the presence of oxygen and water vapor molecules, clouds, and rain are presented and discussed. The measurements were carried out using a specially designed superhetrodyne receiver mounted on a sun tracker. Simultaneons measurements were also carried out at 13 GHz. For a measuring site close to sea level at Holmdel, NJ, the "clear-sky" zenith attenuation was found to be given by A (dB) = 0.35 rho, where rho was the measured ground water vapor density in g/m/sup 3/. When the ground temperature was below about 7/spl deg/C, most cloud and overcast gave < 0.5 -dB attenuation whereas with a ground temperature greater than 13/spl deg/C, cloud attenuation was 8-10 times greater. Calculations of zenith attenuation in the 230-GHz atmospheric window were also made using the Gross analytic line shape, Schulze-Tolbert empirical line shape, and an empirically modified Gross line shape. These calculations were based on determinations of water vapor density and temperature made at the measurement site, and on radiosonde measurements made at a distance of 80 km away. Measured and calculated results are graphically compared. It is concluded that either the modified Gross line shape or the Schulze-Tolbert line shape gives conservative estimates of zenith attenuation at 230 GHz for clear days, while the Gross line shape gives fair agreement with measured results.     

Measurements of cross-polarization discrimination at 11 and 17 GHz

Measurements of microwave fading and depolarization were carried out near Ottawa, Canada at 11 GHz and 17 GHz on two adjacent 16 km paths. The clearair fading data at 11 GHz agree approximately with ccir predicted values, but the 17 GHz data are more than an order of magnitude less severe than the predictions. The conditional distributions of clearair crosspolarized signal level are approximately lognormal and are dominated by multipath effects at small percentages of time. Rain depolarization is observed to be much less severe than clearair depolarization. These measurements imply that dualpolarization frequency reuse systems are likely to be limited by clearair depolarization in the 11 GHz band in this geographical region.     

Radiometric Measurements of Rain Attenuation at 22.2 and 31.4 GHz Over Calcutta

Measurements of rain attenuation over Calcutta have been made using radiometers operating at frequencies of 22.235 and 31.4 GHz. The results have been correlated with observations of rainfall rates made with a fast-response rain gauge. The distributions of peak rain rates over Calcutta for two different years and the cumulative occurrences of rainfall rates and attenuations at the two frequencies are presented.     

海雾对8mm的衰减和闪烁研究

在中国青岛地区进行了海雾对８ｍｍ信号视距传播时所产生的衰减和闪烁测量实验。１ｍｉｎ平均衰减统计表明浓海雾所引起的衰减可接的１ｄＢ／ｋｍ;并对信号的功率谱密度进行了统计分析,分析了海雾湍流团的快变化和慢变化特性;海雾湍流结构符合Ｈｏｌｍｏｇｏｒｏｖ理论;对信号起伏方差的统计结果推算海雾湍流结构常数在１０＾－１１量级。     

Attenuation/rain-rate relationships at 36 and 110 GHz

Measurements have been made simultaneously of attenuation at 36 and 110 GHz caused by rain on a 220 m terrestrial path. The relationships between attenuation and rainfall rate and between the attenuations at each frequency have been compared with theory.     

Permittivity and Conductivity Measurements of Building Materials at 5.8 GHz and 41.5 GHz

The results of various experiments performed to characterize electromagnetic properties of typical building materials at BRAN (Broadband Radio Access Networks) and MVDS (Multipoint Video Distribution System) bands are presented and compared. Transmission and reflection coefficients were measured as functions of the angle of incidence, using a wideband sounder based on the swept frequency technique. A high precision angular positioning system was built and used in co-ordination with the measurement equipment.The dielectric constants (_r) were estimated by comparing values predicted with a multiple successive internal reflection model and measured transmission and reflection coefficients. It has been found that the variation of the dielectric constant value with the frequency does not necessarily follow the same trend for different materials. For example, the measured _r for plasterboard presents an increment withfrequency (2.02 at 5.8 GHz, 2.5 at 41.5 GHz – measured by theauthors –, 2.58 at 59.5 GHz, and 2.81 at 60.2 GHz – given byliterature –), while the values for glass follow a wanderingpattern (6.06 at 5.8 GHz, 5–10 at 10 GHz, 3.41 at 41.5 GHz, 7.51at 57.6 GHz, and 5.29 at 60.2 GHz). Moreover, the measured_r for a brick wall at 5.8 GHz (3.58) shows differenceswith values reported at 2 GHz (4.44).     

Attenuation due to rainfall on a 24 km microwave link working at 11, 18 and 36 GHz

The excess attenuation due to rainfall on a 24 km microwave path in Bedfordshire between Cranfield and Everton was measured over the period January 1967 to December 1968. A comparison is made between the fading at the three frequencies to determine the relationship between them. The results are compared with the theoretical work of Oguchi.     

Rain Attenuation at 103 GHz in Millimeter Wave Ranges

We have conducted a millimeter wave propagation experiment at 103 GHz (2.9 mm) on a propagation path of 390 m. The results were compared with the rain attenuation calculations from the Marshall-Palmer, Best, Joss-Thomas-Waldvogel and Weibull distributions for raindrop-size. It has been shown that the Weibull distribution has a good agreement with the experiments.     

Attenuation caused by rain at frequencies above 10 GHz

Measurements of the attenuation caused by rain have been performed on a 20 km test path at frequencies of 12, 15, 19, 29 and 39 GHz. Simultaneously the rain intensity has been measured with ten rain gauges installed along the path so that the average spacing of the rain gauges is about 2 km. For a oneyear period the results of the rain gauge network were used to determine the statistical distribution of the pointrain intensity, and the path averaged and timeaveraged rain intensities. Comparisons were made between the experimental rain attenuation and the attenuation calculated from the measured rain intensities using Miescatter theory. In nearly all cases good agreement was obtained. Using the pointrain rate distribution, the prediction method of S. H. Lin for rain attenuation statistics was tested.     

Outdoor-to-Indoor Office MIMO Measurements and Analysis at 5.2 GHz

The outdoor-to-indoor wireless propagation channel is of interest for cellular and wireless local area network applications. This paper presents the measurement results and analysis based on our multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) measurement campaign, which is one of the first to characterize the outdoor-to-indoor channel. The measurements were performed at 5.2 GHz; the receiver was placed indoors at 53 different locations in an office building, and the transmitter was placed at three "base station" positions on a nearby rooftop. We report on the root-mean-square (RMS) angular spread, building penetration, and other statistical parameters that characterize the channel. Our analysis is focused on three MIMO channel assumptions often used in stochastic models. 1) It is commonly assumed that the channel matrix can be represented as a sum of a line-of-sight (LOS) contribution and a zero-mean complex Gaussian distribution. Our investigation shows that this model does not adequately represent our measurement data. 2) It is often assumed that the Rician if-factor is equal to the power ratio of the LOS component and the other multipath components (MPCs). We show that this is not the case, and we highlight the difference between the Rician if-factor often associated with LOS channels and a similar power ratio for the estimated LOS MPC. 3) A widespread assumption is that the full correlation matrix of the channel can be decomposed into a Kronecker product of the correlation matrices at the transmit and receive array. Our investigations show that the direction-of-arrival (DOA) spectrum noticeably depends on the direction-of-departure (DOD); therefore, the Kronecker model is not applicable, and models with less-restrictive assumptions on the channel, e.g., the Weichselberger model or the full correlation model, should be used.     

Measurements of rainfall attenuation at 8 and 15 GHz

Measurements of attenuation at frequencies of 8 and 15 GHz, and their correlation with rainfall rate, along a 15.78 km path near Ottawa, are described. Empirical expressions which relate the observed attenuation to the measured rainfall rate are derived and compared with similar expressions obtained on the basis of earlier theoretical studies of the problem. It is concluded that while the theoretical predictions of attenuation in rain are reasonably satisfactory, at least for rains observed at Ottawa, there is a definite tendency for observed attenuations at low rainfall rates to be somewhat higher than the expected values. The cumulative distribution of rainfall attenuation over a six-month period is compared with the attenuation predicted on the basis of average rainfall data obtained during the last five years. Although the agreement between observation and prediction, using the theoretical relation between rainfall rate and attenuation, is good for path attenuations greater than 2 dB, it can be greatly improved if the empirical expression relating rainfall rate to attenuation is used.     

Measurements of 11 GHz attenuation using the intelsat V beacon in Indonesia

A campaign of measurements in Indonesia has been carried out according to a co-operation agreement concluded between the Indonesian and French Administrations with the aim of estimating rain attenuation on slant paths. The experiment was planned using two earth-stations, at Cibinong and Padang, both receiving a K_u-band beacon from an INTELSAT V satellite, coupled with rain-rate measurements at a number of sites. Rain-rate statistics are given for several locations in the Indonesian Archipelago. Cumulative distributions of attenuation and simultaneous rain rate, obtained at the earth-stations, are presented. The analysis of the results has led to the proposal of an adaptation of the CCIR attenuation prediction method for low latitudes.     

Measurements of Human Body Attenuation and Dual Polarized Diversity Gain for 38 GHz Millimeter-Wave Channel

Wireless Personal Communications - Due to the increasing demand for higher bandwidth in modern communication systems, conventional networks are continuously expanded with new technologies to...     

Forward scattering due to rain at 11 GHz

Forward scattering from rain was measured at 11 GHz over a 9-km line-of-sight path. For rain rates of 100-150 mm/h, the scattered signal was observed to be about 40 dB below the direct signal. Good overall agreement was obtained between theory and experiment.     

Nanosecond-pulse generation at 11 GHz with Gunn-effect diodes

With an injection signal of about -15 dB, Gunn oscillators generated microwave pulses at 11 GHz with a transient time of around 1 ns and an on-off ratio of more than 25 dB. Delay time and rise time of the modulated signal varied according to the injection level.     

Measurements and characterization of wideband indoor radio channel at 60 GHz

This paper presents the measurements, the statistical results and channel models extracted by impulse response measurements of an indoor 60 GHz radio channel. The measurements were based on the pulse sounding technique. Multipath parameters that characterize the channel have been extracted and analyzed statistically concerning corridors and offices locations. The mean excess delay is in the range of 3.84 to 8.18 ns for hallways and 3.52 to 14.69 ns for offices. Additionally, rms delay spread varies from 12.34 to 15.04 ns in corridors and from 12.56 to 21.09 ns inside the laboratory. The coherence bandwidth varies between 13.88 and 30.49 MHz in corridors with a mean value of 22.48 MHz. Inside offices the mean coherence bandwidth is 22.80 MHz for LoS locations and drops to 7.05 MHz for NLoS. Small-scale models for all the measured locations were developed using tapped delay lines. The maximum Doppler frequency of the modeled channel remains around 1 Hz, whereas the coherence time is calculated 1.04 s, which indicates that the channel remains, almost stationary, exhibiting very slow fading. Finally, from the models it is derived that the channel preserves WSS and US characteristics giving rise to a WSSUS representation.     

Propagation results at 11 GHz for microcellular radio

Given the limited spectrum allocated to cellular mobile radio, the authors consider the use of microwave frequency bands where larger bandwidth allocations may be feasible. A radio network of 'microcells' has been proposed for such bands. They have conducted a propagation experiment at 11 GHz to characterise such communication channels in various environments. Results are given for rural and semi-urban environments, where propagation is found to be dominated by interference between the direct ray and a roadway-reflected ray.<>