底物浓度对糖化反应过程的影响!

以葡萄糖浓度和葡萄糖得率为指标,探讨了麦芽糊精浓度对其糖化的影响,并对机理进行了分析。结果表明,随着麦芽糊精浓度的提高,糖化得到的葡萄糖浓度及其得率都呈现先上升后下降的趋势。麦芽糊精浓度为50%时,糖化液中葡萄糖浓度最大,糖化48 h时达到531.3 mg/mL;浓度为20%⁴0%时,葡萄糖得率较高,糖化48 h时达到90%以上,浓度为50%时,反应前期葡萄糖得率较低,但反应48 h时仍能达到88.7%,当浓度为60%时,葡萄糖得率明显下降,反应48 h时葡萄糖得率仅为69.3%。其主要原因可能是:麦芽糊精溶液浓度较低时,随着浓度的升高,反应体系中麦芽糊精的分子密度变大,酶和底物碰撞概率增加,糖化得到的葡萄糖浓度以及葡萄糖得率呈现上升趋势;但随着浓度继续升高,特别是浓度超过50%时,体系黏度明显增加,体系的水分活度降低,水分流动性变差,自由水分减少,抑制了糖化反应,导致葡萄糖浓度和葡萄糖得率均呈现下降趋势。     

羊肚菌液体深层发酵条件

以羊肚菌为材料，研究了发酵过程中碳源、氮源、无机盐、培养条件对菌丝体生物量、胞外多糖的影响，以及发酵过程中菌丝体生物量、胞外多糖、总糖及还原糖质量浓度、培养基PH值的动态变化，并在此基础上确定了羊肚菌液体深层发酵的最佳条件。结果表明：羊肚菌液体深层发酵的最优培养基配比为：玉米粉4．0g／dL、葡萄糖1．0g／dL、黄豆粉2．0g／dL、酵母粉0．3g／dL、KH2PO4 0．2g／dL、MgSO4 0．1g／dL、CaSO4 0．1g／dL；最优培养条件为：24℃，起始pH5．8，250mL的摇瓶装液量为100mL，接种量10mL，摇瓶转速140r／min，发酵时间为108h。     

改善高真空干燥梨脆片褐变及松脆性

通过抗坏血酸、柠檬酸、热烫3种方式对新鲜梨片进行独立及复合护色处理,进行单因素试验并正交优化;通过添加黄原胶、果胶、氯化钙、白砂糖对新鲜梨片进行真空渗透处理;通过对比麦芽糊精、乳糖、葡萄糖对梨脆片防粘连的效果。结果表明,抗坏血酸对色差的影响程度大于柠檬酸大于热烫处理。采用正交试验的结果得出一种替代含硫护色剂的新的护色方案:0.25 g/dL抗坏血酸和0.10 g/dL柠檬酸浸泡10 min后,55℃热烫1 min即可;保脆方案中最佳配比为质量浓度0.10 g/dL黄原胶、0.04 g/dL果胶、0.04 g/dL氯化钙和0.12 g/dL白砂糖复合;防粘连方案:质量浓度5 g/dL的麦芽糊精浸泡5 min。     

脱水香葱在不同水分活度下贮藏品质的变化规律

脱水香葱在贮藏期间因受潮吸水而导致的品质劣变是影响其商业价值的主要原因,为阐明脱水香葱在不同水分活度下贮藏品质的变化,研究了脱水香葱在不同水分活度下（0.33、0.43、0.67、0.78、0.84）的水分质量分数、水分分布、外观品质、微观结构、硬度、槲皮素含量和风味成分的变化。结果表明：结合水是脱水香葱中水分的主要存在状态,且其含量和流动性随着水分活度上升而增加;贮藏过程中,脱水香葱在高水分活度下的结合水含量和流动性增加导致了脱水香葱变色、管状组织黏连、硬度下降,同时加剧了槲皮素的降解;在贮藏末期,水分活度为0.84的条件下,脱水香葱风味成分变化相对于低水分活度样品明显,且产生了土霉味。本研究为减少干制品贮藏损失、控制干制品品质和延长其货架期提供了理论依据。     

南美白对虾贮藏期间Ca~(2+)-ATPase活力变化规律与机制

为了阐明南美白对虾肉在贮藏期间品质变化机制,提高虾肉的贮藏稳定性,以水分含量分别为6.5%、18.0%与76.5%的纯虾肉(PV)与按虾肉质量添加质量分数5%麦芽糊精的虾肉(PV-MD)为对象,研究了其在-78、-35、-18、5℃贮藏条件下,贮藏期间Ca~(2+)-ATPase活力变化规律,建立了Ca~(2+)-ATPase活力随温度与时间变化的动力学模型。通过分析Ca~(2+)-ATPase活力变化的反应速率常数k与水分活度、玻璃化转变温度之间的关系,阐明虾肉在贮藏期间品质变化的机制。结果表明:Ca~(2+)-ATPase活力随温度升高、虾肉水分含量增加而降低;PV-MD的Ca~(2+)-ATPase活力下降速率低于PV。Ca~(2+)-ATPase活力变化遵循2级反应动力学,即1/C-1/C0=kt,k随温度升高、水分含量增加而增加,但是随麦芽糊精的添加量增加而降低。虾肉冷冻/冻藏过程中,蛋白质变性的速率、程度与玻璃化转变理论密切相关;而在5℃冷藏过程中,蛋白质变性的速率与程度则受到水分活度保藏理论和玻璃化转变理论的双重制约。     

麦芽糊精与复配糖比例对降糖植脂奶油搅打性能和品质的影响

本文以麦芽糊精和复配糖（葡萄糖、白砂糖和淀粉糖浆组成）为原料制备总糖浓度为18.60 wt%的降糖植脂奶油,研究了麦芽糊精与复配糖不同的比例（0:20~9:11）对降糖植脂奶油搅打性能和品质的影响。比较了植脂奶油的水分分布、界面蛋白浓度、脂肪部分聚结率、最佳搅打时间、搅打起泡率、硬度、感官评价、储藏稳定性等指标。研究发现,当麦芽糊精与复配糖比例从0:20增加至3:17,植脂奶油的界面蛋白浓度和硬度明显增加,储藏稳定性提高,感官评价稍有降低;进一步增加麦芽糊精与复配糖比例至9:11时,植脂奶油的脂肪部分聚结率、搅打起泡率、感官评价和储藏稳定性明显降低,搅打性能和品质均较差。综合考虑搅打性能和品质的影响,当麦芽糊精与复配糖的比例分别在3:17和5:15时,降糖植脂奶油的搅打起泡率为353.3%和342.2%,硬度为325.6 g和329.1 g,横截面光滑,此时搅打性能和品质更佳。     

不同水分活度对脱水苹果片抗氧化性的影响

以苹果为原料,研究不同水分活度对脱水苹果片抗氧化活性及贮藏稳定性的影响,结果表明:随着贮藏期的延长,水分活度高的脱水苹果片总酚、总黄酮、抗坏血酸和抗氧化能力下降幅度均高于水分活度低的样品。漂烫处理后脱水苹果片总酚、总黄酮含量和抗氧化能力高于非漂烫处理的脱水苹果片,抗坏血酸含量低于非漂烫处理的脱水苹果片。综合各项指标,水分活度0.605是脱水苹果片最佳贮藏水分活度。     

大米蛋白的可食用膜

研究了大米蛋白可食用膜的工艺条件，并测定了膜的抗拉强度、延伸率和透水率．实验表明，大米蛋白的质量浓度为5g／dL，甘油的添加量为3g／dL，谷氨酰胺转胺酶的添加量为质量浓度0．2g／dL，反应时间为90min，膜液在80℃处理40min后能得到性能比较好的膜。     

糖化酶对高粱Lager啤酒麦汁组成和糖酵解的影响

我们进行了一个置信度P〈0．05的三因子实验，利用大麦麦芽（BM）或高梁芽（SM），精选玉米（MZ）或腊质高梁（WXSOR）粉粒为辅料，添加或不添加糖化酶（AMG）生产Lager啤酒，研究其144h发酵过程中糖酵解和乙醇生成情况。在BM麦汁中，葡萄糖、麦芽糖、麦芽三糖分别占总可发酵糖的20％，68％和13％，而这个比例在SM麦汁中则分别为35％，48％和17％。添加AMG后，麦汁中葡萄糖含量从9．3g／L增加到24．5g／L，总可发酵性糖含量用g葡萄糖／L表示，从59．2g／L增加到72．6g／L。和BM麦汁相比，SM麦汁的葡萄糖含量约高50％，而初始麦芽糖则要低40％左右。用WXSOR或MZ作酿造辅料，生产的麦汁和啤酒具有相似的特性。AMG的添加使麦汁中葡萄糖量增加2．5倍以上，并使可发酵性糖量增加23％以上。线性回归分析表明发酵过程中可发酵性糖的消耗符合一级反应方程。葡萄糖、麦芽糖和麦芽三糖消耗50％的时间分别为49h，128h和125h，这清楚地表明酵母优先利用葡萄糖。和不添加AMG的麦汁相比，添加AMG麦汁中的麦芽糖和麦芽三糖的消耗速度分别加快和变慢了。发酵终了，BM啤酒的乙醇含量（5．1％，v／v）比SM啤酒（3．9％，v／v）要高。在添加AMG的啤酒生产中，用BM还是用SM及添加MZ辅料在最终的乙醇浓度上并无明显区别。研究结果表明，AMG可以降低糊精含量，增加初始葡萄糖量和总可发酵性糖量，特别是在利用SM为原料的时候，该现象更为明显。     

酶法水解大米蛋白制取持水剂的研究

采用响应面分析方法研究了酶法水解大米蛋白制取持水剂的工艺条件,并对产品应用于香肠中的水分活度降低效果进行了试验。试验结果表明：酶法水解大米蛋白制取持水剂的优化工艺参数为：对10％的大米蛋白乳液400mL,反应温度为45．6℃、反应时间为4．84h、酶与底物浓度比为528μ／g。经优化工艺条件制得持水剂的水分活度为0．856,所对应的水解度为33．7％。在香肠中添加4．0％的持水剂,其降低水分活度的效果与添加1．0％食盐所产生的效果相当。     

The glass transition approach to determination of drying protocols for colour stability in dehydrated pear slices

Colour stability in dehydrated fruit is often attained by use of sulphite treatment to inhibit browning during processing and storage. However, colour stability may be able to be conferred on products by ensuring that the molecular mobility is restricted in dried fruit by drying to sufficiently low moisture to raise the glass transition temperature (under mild conditions). Pear slices were dehydrated at a low temperature (40 °C) to a low final moisture content (below 5%) after it was shown that, for a moisture content of 22% (which is the moisture content of commercial dehydrated pears) pretreatment with sulphite would be necessary to stabilise the colour. The use of longer drying regimes resulted in a moisture content where the food matrix would be closer to the glassy state and conferred colour stability on the dehydrated product compared to a product containing more moisture. For these low‐moisture products, pretreatment with sulphite would not be necessary to preserve colour stability.     

Revised PEC method for measuring water activity

The Proximity Equilibration Cell (PEC) method of Lenart & Flink (1983) for measuring water activity (a_w) in foods was revised by improving equilibration cell design and cell handling procedures. Calibration methods were changed to eliminate time and temperature variation effects on measured (a_w). The PEC cells are inexpensive, easy to use and can measure a_w over the range 0.4–1.0, although accuracy is greatly improved above 0.6. In a study of osmotic concentration of apple (Palacha & Flink, 1987) over 1000 a_w measurements were made over a 3-month period. Values of a_w for raw apple (0.985) and sucrose osmosis solutions were in good agreement with literature values.     

Water activity,water glass dynamics,and the control of microbiological growth in foods

Water is probably the single most important factor governing microbial spoilage in foods, and the concept of water activity (a_w) has been very valuable because measured values generally correlate well with the potential for growth and metabolic activity. Despite some drawbacks (e.g., solute effect), the concept of a_w has assisted food scientists in their effort to predict the onset of food spoilage as well as to control food‐borne disease hazards in food products. In the last decade the concept of a_w has been challenged. It has been suggested that reduced‐moisture food products (e.g., low and intermediate) may be nonequilibrium systems and that most of them are in the amorphous metastable state, which is very sensitive to changes in moisture content and temperature. It has been proposed that the glass transition temperature T_g (temperature at which the glass‐rubber transition occurs), is a parameter that can determine many product properties, the safety of foods among them. The concept of water dynamics, originating in a food polymer science approach, has been suggested instead of a_w to better predict the microbial stability of intermediate‐moisture foods. The usage of a_w to predict microbial safety of foods has been discouraged on the basis that (1) in intermediate‐moisture foods the measured water vapor pressure is not an equilibrium one, and because a_w is a thermodynamic concept, it refers only to equilibrium; and (2) the microbial response may differ at a particular a_w when the latter is obtained with different solutes.

This review analyzes these suggestions on the basis of abundant experimental evidence found in the literature. It is concluded that nonequilibrium effects (e.g., inability of water to diffuse in a semimoist food) appear to be in many cases slow within the time frame (food's shelf life) of the experiments and/or so small that they do not affect seriously the application of the a_w concept as a predictor of microbial stability in foods.

The claims that a food science polymer approach to understanding the behavior of aqueous sugar glasses and concentrated solutions may be used to predict the microbial stability of food systems is not substantiated by experimental evidence. This approach does not offer, at the present time, a better alternative to the concept of a_w as a predictor of microbial growth in foods.

It is also recognized that a_w has several limitations and should be always used carefully, and this must include precautions regarding the possible influences of nonequilibrium situations. This aspect may be summarized by simply saying that anyone who is going to employ the term water activity must be aware of the implications of its definition.     

水分活度降低剂在罗非鱼片干燥加工中的应用

采用单因素试验以及四因素三水平L9(34)正交试验,研究了丙二醇、丙三醇、NaCl和乙醇对干燥罗非鱼片水分活度、复水率和色差的影响。结果表明:丙二醇、丙三醇、NaCl和乙醇均能有效降低罗非鱼片的水分活度;用综合加权评分法对干燥罗非鱼片水分活度、复水率和色差值进行分析,影响综合加权评分值的主次顺序为:NaCl>丙三醇>丙二醇>乙醇,最佳组合为丙二醇添加量3%,丙三醇添加量5%,NaCl添加量1%,乙醇添加量3%。     

水分活度降低剂在虾干加工中的应用研究

在单因素试验的基础上，采用L9（3^4）正交优化试验，研究了不同水分活度降低剂在虾干加工中的应用。结果表明：单因素试验表明，水分活度降低剂都不同程度地降低对虾干的Aw值，其能力大小为复合磷酸盐〉柠檬酸〉丙三醇〉1．2-丙二醇〉乙醇。优化试验表明，复合水分活度降低剂比单一水分活度降低剂降低Am的能力强，主次顺序为复合磷酸盐〉1，2．丙二醇〉丙三醇〉乙醇；最佳组合为复合磷酸盐0．2％、1，2．丙二醇0．5％、丙三醇1．0％、乙醇1．0％，此时Am值为0．759。保藏试验表明，Am值在0．833以下时，保质期可达90d以上。此外添加低剂量水分活度降低剂对虾干色泽、质地、组织结构和风味基本无影响。     

水分活度（Aw）与食品防腐

水分活度是食品中水的蒸气压与同温下纯水的蒸气压之比,用符号Aw表示。近来的研究证明,它与食品的保鲜质量关系密切。食品中的水活性可以影响食品中微生物的繁殖,代谢,抗性及生存等。控制食品水活度,再辅以其它保鲜措施,可以有效提高食品的货架期。     

Correlation between Moisture and Water Activity of Honeys Harvested in Different Years

ABSTRACT: For the 1st time, a relationship has been investigated between moisture percentage (M) and water activity (aW) in honeys from 2 different harvesting years and 2 different climatic areas. Moisture was determined by measuring refractive index at 20°C, according to official methods. At the same time, aW of the same samples was assessed at exactly 20°C. Influence on the relationship of the crop's year, aging, and induced fine granulation was evaluated. The results show that, independent of all factors studied, an excellent and statistically significant linear correlation between both parameters [aW = 0.3114 + (0.0170 × M)] was found in all samples with a regression coefficient of 0.8809. The measurement of aW of honey is interesting but time-consuming. This study concludes that this parameter can be easily calculated from the moisture percentage, thus avoiding the use of expensive and slow equipment for aW measurement.     

菱角梗、菱角壳提取物抑菌活性及其活性成分分析

采用滤纸片扩散法研究菱角梗、菱角壳乙醇提取液及其不同溶剂萃取物的抑菌活性,并考察不同温度、pH、紫外辐照对菱角梗、菱角壳乙酸乙酯萃取物抑菌活性稳定性的影响,最后,采用高效液相色谱法和超高效液质联用法对菱角梗、菱角壳乙酸乙酯萃取物中的成分进行鉴定。结果表明:菱角梗、菱角壳乙酸乙酯萃取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和酿酒酵母菌的最小抑菌浓度分别为0.391、0.391、3.125 mg/mL和0.098、0.195、1.563 mg/mL,抑菌效果显示,菱角壳乙酸乙酯萃取物优于菱角梗乙酸乙酯萃取物,二者萃取物均对革兰氏阳性菌具有显著抑菌作用,且效果强于革兰氏阴性菌,对真菌的抑菌作用最弱;菱角梗、菱角壳乙酸乙酯萃取物在温度20~100℃、pH5~9和紫外光处理10~40 min时,均表现出良好的抑菌稳定性。经鉴定,菱角梗乙酸乙酯萃取物中含量最高的是没食子酸和1,2,6-三-O-没食子酰-β-D-葡萄糖,含量为45.87%,菱角壳乙酸乙酯萃取物中含量最高的是1,2,3,6-四-O-没食子酰-β-D-葡萄糖、槲皮素-3-O-半乳糖苷和1,2,6-三-O-没食子酰-β-D-葡萄糖,含量为57.84%。本文为菱角梗、菱角壳提取物作为抑菌剂的实际应用提供了参考。     

Growth of Staphylococcus aureus as Related to 17O NMR Water Mobility and Water Activity

¹⁷O NMR data were determined for three solute-BHI (Brain Heart Infusion) mixtures. For each solute, NaCl, raffinose and glycerol, NMR data (linewidths and signal intensity) were determined as well as water activity (a_w), moisture contents, and effects on growth of Staphylococcus aureus in media of various moisture contents. Liquid (highly mobile) water content in all media tested was determined by NMR. This mobile water was important and had a stronger correlation with S. aureus growth rate than did a_w or moisture content, although solute effects limited empirical prediction. NMR linewidth also correlated with lag phase.     

NMR Water Relaxation,Water Activity and Bacterial Survival in Porous Media

Working from the simple assumption that bulk, surface and bound water in a heterogeneous system are characterised by different intrinsic nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation rates and water activities several non-trivial relationships are derived between NMR water relaxation times and water activity. These relationships are tested for randomly packed beds of silica and Sephadex particles both in the fast and slow diffusive exchange regimes. It is shown that Archies law for electrical conductivity is obeyed by these porous beds and this observation is used to establish further relationships between NMR relaxation rates and electrical conductivity. By comparing the rates of recovery of viable cells of Salmonella typhimurium with the NMR, sorption isotherm and conductivity data it is shown that the bacterial cells are monitoring the local water activity in the fluid immediately surrounding them and not the experimental, global water activity coefficient. The implications of this observation for food preservation are considered.