In-situ horizontal cyclic loading tests on composite foundation composed of soilbags and piles

The authors have been developing a new composite foundation composed of piles and soilbags. The foundation is characterized by the laying of soilbags between the pile heads and the footing on which a superstructure stands. The expected effect of the foundation is to cut off the fixed connection between the piles and the footing in order to reduce the bending moment of the piles and the response acceleration of the structure. In this study, in-situ horizontal cyclic loading tests were conducted on the proposed composite foundation with two piles to investigate the seismic response characteristics of the foundation at real scale. It was found from the tests that the horizontal force reached its peak due to the uplift of the footing during horizontal loading, and that larger hysteresis damping was obtained than that of spread foundations due to the hysteresis effect in the shear deformation of the soilbags. As for the sectional force of the piles and the vertical stress inside the soilbags, it was found that the axial force and bending moment of the piles concentrated on the pile on the front side in the loading direction, and that the vertical stresses inside the soilbags concentrated just above the pile head on the front side in the loading direction. Although residual horizontal displacement and settlement occurred due to the cyclic load, little damage to the soilbags was observed.     

土工袋层间摩擦特性试验研究

土工袋层间摩擦是土工袋柔性挡土墙设计中应该考虑的关键因素,其大小直接决定了土工袋挡墙的内稳定性。通过铝棒土工袋的摩擦试验说明柔性土工袋层间摩擦与刚性体间摩擦特征的不同,进行了不同袋内材料、土工袋排列方式以及运行环境(水上或水下)等条件下的土工袋层间摩擦试验。结果表明:土工袋层间摩擦力随着袋体沿受力方向变形的增大而逐渐增大,当层间发生整体滑动时达到最大值,并趋于稳定;土工袋层间摩擦不仅与编织袋体的摩擦有关,而且受袋内材料粒径大小及排列方式的影响;土工袋浸泡于水下时,由于水的润滑作用使得编织袋间的摩擦作用减小,袋内材料为细颗粒的土工袋层间摩擦作用减小,而袋内材料为粗颗粒的土工袋层间摩擦变化不大。     

Earth reinforcement using soilbags

This paper describes the method of earth reinforcement using soilbags and illustrates its application for case studies involving a pond and the expansive soil slope protection for a highway. The strength properties of soilbags were investigated using unconfined compression tests and bearing capacity tests on real soilbags containing either medium grained sands or gravels. The test results show that soilbags have high strength when subjected to an external load. This is primarily attributed to the mobilization of tensile forces in the bags. It is concluded that earth reinforcement using soilbags could substantially improve the bearing capacity of soft ground as well as minimizing deformation under working loads.     

袋装淤泥质土挡墙现场试验研究

在平原地区航道建设过程中,航道开挖会产生大量的淤泥质土,将开挖的淤泥质土装入土工袋用于修筑引航道挡墙,能够有效解决开挖淤泥处理的问题。结合苏州杨林塘航道整治工程,利用航道开挖的淤泥质土,通过室内无侧限压缩与固结试验研究了土工袋处理淤泥质土的作用原理;对100 m长的袋装淤泥质土挡墙试验段开展了现场试验,实测了挡墙施工过程中与竣工后的水平位移、侧向土压力及表面沉降。结果表明土工袋能够加速袋内土体固结,增大袋内土体强度;竣工7个月后实测墙体最大水平位移为29.42 mm,发生在挡墙顶部,墙顶面沉降位移为19.2 cm,基本达到稳定;由于土工袋层间摩擦作用,土工袋挡墙墙后土压力从墙内向墙外会逐渐减小;与常规重力式混凝土挡墙相比,所设计的袋装淤泥质土挡墙能够有效降低工程造价。     

Strength characteristics of soilbags under inclined loads

The application of soilbags in permanent or semi-permanent projects is becoming increasingly wider. When used in some projects like retaining walls, soilbags are usually undertaken loads that are not perpendicular to their long axis direction, i.e. under inclined loads. In this study, a 2D strength formula of soilbags under inclined loads is derived, expressed as the apparent cohesion $c_T$ resulting from the tensile force of the bags. A way of modeling flexible bags in DEM simulation is proposed. The soilbags stacked at different inclination under biaxial compression is numerically simulated by DEM to verify the derived strength formula of soilbags. The results indicate that under inclined loads, the developed tensile forces of the bags and thus the corresponding apparent cohesion $c_T$ of soilbags decrease with the increasing inclination of soilbags.     

Field study of a retaining wall constructed with clay-filled soilbags

This paper presents a field study of constructing retaining walls using soilbags that are formed by filling the excavated clayey soils into woven bags (geosynthetics). The strength and deformation of the soilbags filled with clayey soils were studied via laboratory tests. A 100?m testing retaining wall was constructed with soilbags in a waterway project. The lateral deformation, the lateral pressures and the surface settlements of the testing retaining wall were monitored during construction and after 7 months operation. The results show that the soilbags can increase the strength of clayey soils. After 7 months of the completion, the lateral deformation and the surface settlement of the testing retaining wall tend to be stable with the maximum values of 29.4?cm and 19.2?cm, respectively. The lateral earth pressure on the front retaining structure could be positively reduced owing to the interlayer's friction of soilbags. Compared to the conventional gravity concrete retaining wall, about 38% construction cost was saved in the 100?m testing retaining wall.     

土工袋柔性挡墙位移模式及土压力研究

用土工袋构筑而成的挡土墙具有一定的柔性, 在墙后土压力作用下,墙体能够发生一定的变形, 墙后土压力分布及大小与刚性挡土墙大不相同。设计并进行了土工袋柔性挡土墙模型试验,通过试验观测了墙体的位移模式和墙后填土的破坏模式,研究了土压力沿墙体高度方向及墙体水平方向的分布;运用水平微分单元法推导了主动平衡状态下土工袋柔性挡土墙土压力的计算公式,土压力理论计算值与模型试验实测值基本吻合;进行了模型试验用土工袋层间摩擦试验,建立了土压力与土工袋层间摩擦力的平衡关系式,分析了土压力沿土工袋墙体水平方向的传递规律。     

土工袋防渠道冻胀模型试验研究

为研究土工袋在寒冷地区的防渠道冻胀效果,开展了冻融循环作用下土工袋处理渠道和常规渠道模型试验,研究了土工袋处理渠道和常规渠道的冻胀量、融沉量、含水率和温度随时间的变化规律。试验结果表明：冻融循环作用下土工袋处理渠道防冻胀效果显著,同时揭示了土工袋防渠道冻胀机理,即土工袋通过抑制毛细水、薄膜水上升、加筋作用达到防冻胀效果,为寒区渠道防冻胀提供理论依据。     

Experimental study on seismic response of soilbags-built retaining wall

The seismic performance of soilbags-built retaining wall model was studied experimentally. A series of small-scale shaking table tests with the input of different amplitude sinusoidal waves and a large-scale shaking table test in a designed laminar shear box with the input of the Wenchuan earthquake wave were carried out on soilbags' retaining wall models. For comparison, the small-scale shaking table tests were also conducted on horizontally reinforced retaining wall models. The horizontal acceleration responses, the Fourier spectra, the dynamic earth pressure and the lateral displacements of soilbags' retaining wall models were investigated in shaking table tests. The results show that the seismic response of the soilbags' retaining wall is equivalent to or even slightly better than that of the horizontally reinforced retaining wall. The fundamental frequency and the Fourier spectral characteristics of the soilbags’ retaining wall are similar to those of backfill sands. The dynamic earth pressure of the wall model fluctuates almost synchronously with the input Wenchuan wave and no residual earth pressure is induced by the seismic loading. The permanent lateral displacements are small when subjected to multiple shakings, providing a proof that the retaining wall of soilbags has a good seismic performance.     

土工袋加固砂性土质边坡模型试验与上限解

 通过模型试验比较有土工袋加固和无土工袋加固时边坡的破坏形态及承载力,验证土工袋对边坡的加固效果,并基于试验结果建立边坡的许可破坏模式及其速度场,利用极限分析上限法求解了边坡的极限高度上限解,利用模型试验结果对边坡极限高度进行验证。试验及计算结果均表明：边坡越陡,有土工袋加固较无土工袋加固时边坡的极限高度和承载力提高越大,表明土工袋加固效果越好。试验结果与计算结果基本吻合,表明该计算方法的可信性,可为边坡的稳定性设计问题提供理论依据。     

土工模袋砂界面摩擦特性试验研究

土工模袋砂界面特性指标对于各类模袋砂工程的设计至关重要。笔者开展了砂与土工模袋、土工模袋之间界面摩擦特性直剪试验;通过自制试验装置进行了模袋砂间界面摩擦试验,探讨了充填度对模袋砂间界面特性的影响;把试验结果用于典型工程实例变形和稳定性分析,并通过数值计算验证。研究结果表明:模袋与砂界面剪应力-位移关系表现出明显的非线性特征,剪应力峰值及其对应的位移随竖向压力的增大而增大,界面关系服从摩尔-库伦强度理论;砂与模袋间的摩擦角为30.3°,摩擦系数为0.58,黏聚力是3.1 kPa。土工模袋间界面关系也服从摩尔-库伦强度理论,摩擦角为21.3°,摩擦系数是0.39,黏聚力为1.29 kPa。模袋砂之间的摩擦特性指标则因充填度而异,受充填度影响显著,表现为充填度增大,摩擦角变大而粘聚力减小,抗剪强度增大,且竖向压力越大影响越明显。基于试验结果明确了洲头咀沉管隧道模袋砂围堰位移突变的原因及其稳定性,提出了设计控制指标;通过数值计算表明,基于界面摩擦试验结果分析所得结论合理。     

高铁无碴轨道红粘土路堑基床动响应测试与分析

针对武广高铁无碴轨道红粘土路堑基床的动力稳定性问题,在现场进行基床动响应测试,获得了振动速度、振动加速度、动应变、动应力最大值及其在竖向及横向测试断面上的变化规律。探讨了竖直深度、水平距离、行车线路、轨道类型对路堑基床动响应的影响。结果表明：动响应随深度增加近似按指数函数衰减,随水平距离的增加按倒＂V＂字形（右线车）或...     

二维粒状材料双轴压缩试验系统的研制与应用

为研究粒状材料的力学特性及其与材料细观组构演化之间的关系,新研制了一套适用于粒状材料的二维双轴压缩试验系统,并以金属棒等模拟材料组成的二维堆积体为试验对象,在水平和竖直两个方向独立加载,能实现常侧向压力、等p和等应力比等多种应力路径。采用数字照相结合图像相关分析技术高精度地实现了对材料细观组构的跟踪测量,并可分析二维粒状材料内部的应变局部化及细观组构的演化过程。使用该双轴压缩试验系统,针对椭圆形截面金属棒组成的二维粒状材料试样进行了常侧向压力的压缩试验,验证了该试验系统的有效性。     

Effective Stress Change and Post-Earthquake Settlement Properties of Granular Materials Subjected to Multi-Directional Cyclic Simple Shear

In order to investigate the effect of cyclic shear direction on the properties of saturated granular materials, such as effective vertical stress reduction and post-earthquake settlement, several series of multi-directional cyclic simple shear tests under constant volume conditions are performed on Toyoura sand and granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS), as an alternative material. The GBFS has particular properties such as light weight, high shear strength and high permeability, and it is considered to be one of the most promising materials in geotechnical engineering. From the test results, it is clarified that the shear strain amplitude has a significant effect on the changes in the effective stress of granular materials. However, at higher levels of shear strain amplitude, the cyclic shear direction has little influence on the effective stress reduction. It is found that the vertical strain, after the cyclic shearing of the GBFS samples, was lower than that of the Toyoura sand under the same test conditions. Finally, to evaluate the changes in effective stress under uni-directional and multi-directional cyclic simple shear conditions, an estimation method is represented by a function of cumulative shear strain G* and resultant shear strain Γ. The validity of this proposed model is confirmed by comparing the experimental and the calculated data obtained under multi-directional cyclic simple shear conditions.     

在外力作用下土体内部裂隙发育过程的CT研究

介绍了笔者设计制造的一台适用于CT连续观察的装置 ,并用这一装置对由多种材料组成的土体模型进行了垂直荷载、直剪和水平荷载试验 ,同时用CT对土体模型的不同剖面进行了连续拍摄以观察内部裂隙的发展过程。试验表明 ,CT可以用来研究一般情况下无法观察到的土体内部结构的变化过程 ,是岩土工程分析方面一个强有力的无损伤和无侵入的观察手段     

粉质黏土深基坑土钉墙支护作用机理模型试验研究

以相似理论为基础,确定模型试验的相似比,然后按照相似比的要求选定相似材料,建立试验所需的土钉墙物理模型。设计合理的测试系统、加载系统模拟基坑开挖、土钉墙支护及降雨过程。测试整个试验过程中的土钉墙的墙顶水平位移、土钉内力、土压力等。试验结果表明,基坑开挖引起土体应力重新分布是影响土钉墙墙顶水平位移变化的主要因素,且每步开挖均都会引起墙顶水平位移呈台阶式增大,在土钉墙的施工阶段墙顶最终水平位移达基坑开挖深度的2.3‰;在墙顶的均布荷载不是很大的情况下,墙顶水平位移会随荷载的增大近似呈线性增大,且降雨是引起粉质黏土基坑位移的重要因素;基坑开挖过程中,墙侧土压力呈现先增大后减小再逐渐增加的变化规律;随基坑开挖深度增加,土钉受力逐渐由尾部向内部发展。     

水平地震作用下加筋格宾挡土墙动力特性试验研究

通过大型的模型试验,研究了以红砂岩为填料在水平地震作用下加筋格宾挡土墙的动力特性。双绞合六边形金属格宾网由PVC包裹,并镀锌防腐,网面单元尺寸为80 mm×100 mm。输入地震波采用ELCE_NS地震波和HACHI_EW地震波,峰值分别为0.342g和0.183g。试验得出了加筋格宾挡墙在不同峰值的水平地震激励下的第一层、第三层、第五层墙顶面处的水平加速度、竖向加速度、水平动位移、竖向动位移峰值响应和沿墙高方向动应力峰值响应。通过对加筋格宾挡土墙的结构分析和抗震试验,可以得出加筋格宾挡土墙为优良的抗震结构,这为加筋格宾挡土墙的抗震设计提供依据。     

地震波频率对岩质斜坡加速度动力响应规律的影响

 斜坡在地震作用下的动力响应是地震波各频率组分与斜坡体共同作用的结果,不同的地震波频率将产生不同的斜坡响应。依托于振动台模型试验,针对均质和层状结构模型斜坡,首先分析试验不同阶段白噪声激振下的动力特性,得出两模型斜坡的共振频率呈现降低趋势,模型内部结构趋于松散,且水平向加速度的第1阶共振频率要低于竖直向加速度的第1阶共振频率。着重分析斜坡加速度动力响应规律及其与地震波频率变化的相关性,结果表明：(1) 两模型的水平向加速度响应在相对坡底高程(h/H＞1/2)时具有明显的高程放大效应,竖直向加速度响应的高程放大效应出现在h/H＜3/4的部位,且这一特征与激振频率的大小无关;(2) 在同等激振强度下,随着激振频率增大,越靠近模型斜坡的共振频率,两模型斜坡水平向加速度的响应程度也越高,而竖直向加速度响应强度与激振频率的相关性因模型斜坡结构不同而异;(3) 激振强度增加时伴随的模型结构恶化(即共振频率降低)并不一定导致加速度响应强度的减弱,相反,高频激振波由于更加接近模型的共振频率,使得响应减弱的可能性变小;(4) 层状结构模型斜坡的加速度响应强度大于均质结构模型斜坡,当激振强度较大时,这种层状结构效应与激振频率的相关性增强,表现为随着激振频率增大,该效应对水平向加速度而言逐渐明显,对竖直向加速度而言则相对减弱。     

堆石围堰变形特性试验研究

本文用结构模型试验方法,研究了堆石围堰在自重和水荷载作用下的变形特性,给出了自重、正常水荷载、漫坝水荷载(超载)和正常水荷载长期恒载作用情况下的水平位移和垂直位移分布规律。表明在各种正常荷载作用情况下,水平位移均小于垂直位移。水平位移与垂直位移的比值约为0.3。 文中还论述了堆石围堰结构模型试验中的模拟原则、相似常数、模型材料、量测技术等问题。     

不同沉积方向各向异性结构性砂土离散元力学特性分析

为探究沉积方向对各向异性结构性砂土力学特性的影响,首先采用椭圆颗粒生成两种不同沉积方向(水平与竖直)的各向异性净砂样,其次,引入一个考虑胶结厚度影响的微观胶接触模型从而生成各向异性结构性砂土。最后,对两种各向异性结构性砂土试样进行双轴压缩试验,并将水平沉积试样试验结果与室内试验结果对比验证该模型的可行性。同时,将两种不同方向试样的试验结果进行对比以探究沉积方向的影响。结果表明:两种试样应力–应变关系均呈软化及剪胀现象,水平沉积试样峰值偏应力较竖直沉积试样大,而二者残余阶段偏应力无明显差别;水平沉积试样临界孔隙比较竖直沉积试样大;胶结破坏速率及胶结破坏率变化与宏观力学特性变化相对应,且变化规律基本相同;水平方向沉积试样的胶结接触主方向始终保持竖直而竖直沉积试样的胶结接触主方向始终保持水平;在水平沉积试样中始终为水平分布颗粒长轴分布主方向,而竖直沉积试样中颗粒长轴逐渐向各向同性分布靠近。