一种抗动态运动干扰的雷达车辆测距算法仿真

研究车辆行驶过程中的准确测距问题.车辆在行驶的过程中,行驶速度存在较强的突变性,且很难运用动态模型进行描述,而传统的利用计算机视觉信号的采样频率采样的方法也很难保证较为完全地采集这种信号突变,最终动态的信号变换只能导致测距结果失真,降低了车辆测距的准确性.为了避免上述缺陷,提出了一种抗击动态运动干扰的雷达车辆测距算法.采集车辆测距调频信号,利用非线性滤波方法对其进行去噪处理,得到准确的中频信号.通过计算中频信号动态发射频率消除动态误差,从而实现车辆测距.实验结果表明,这种算法能够有效提高车辆测距的准确性,取得了令人满意的效果.     

中草药潜在毒性挖掘方法研究与仿真

研究关于气味信号的中草药毒性准确检测问题.每种中草药成分对信号采集的敏感程度存在差异,毒性气味在采集过程中的反射特征成分及其复杂,强弱不等,很难设定有效的阀值区分正常特征和有毒特征.传统的中草药毒性检测方式通过气味转化的图谱特征进行检测,由于毒性图谱特征区间模糊,造成无法识别模糊中草药毒性.为解决上述问题,提出了一种气味信号的中草药毒性挖掘方法.采集中草药的气味信号,对气味信号进行滤波处理,去除气味信号中的噪声.利用归并聚类方法,对中草药气味信号进行聚类处理,从而完成中草药毒性检测.实验结果表明,改进算法能够有效提高中草药毒性检测的准确性.     

强震动冲击环境下的网络异常信号检测仿真

强震动冲击环境下的网络异常信号检测,可保证网络安全稳定的运行.在强震动冲击环境下,网络异常信号检测过程中存在较强的振荡波动和随机噪声,使得真实的异常信号特征与振动信号的频率及其相似.传统的基于核数据的网络异常信号检测方法,针对强震动冲击环境下的干扰,无法提取稳定的异常网络信号特征,不能够准确完成网络信号特征的分类,使得获取的网络异常信号检测结果存在较大的偏差.提出了一种采用敏感性分析的网络异常信号检测方法,在强震动冲击环境下的影响,网络异常信号与振动信号相比,存在一定的异常敏感性,先采用频率敏感性的检测方法初步检测网络异常信号,塑造网络结构有限元模型和敏感性矩阵,最后通过粒子群算法的模糊神经网络,选择模糊优选模型函数作为激励函数,能够根据强震动冲击的强度来确定各个影响因子的隶属度,确定了异常信号发生和损伤的精确位置,实现了网络异常信号的精确检测.实验结果表明,改进方法比传统方法更具有优越性,在强震动冲击环境下具有较高的网络异常信号检测效率和精度.     

光纤温度传感系统中信号去噪方法

针对光纤温度传感系统采集的温度信号噪声较大的问题,分析了温度采集过程中干扰噪声信号的特点、滑动平均滤波和小波变换两种方法对信号去噪的效果.针对采集的温度信号,选择合适的小波去噪方法,并确定了最优的小波基和分级层数,将经过平移滑动滤波算法处理后的温度信号,进一步进行小波去噪处理,并将均方根误差(RMSE)、信噪比(SNR)及去噪信号的平滑度指标R,作为判定去噪效果的依据.实验结果表明:综合去噪算法能够有效去除有用信号中的干扰噪声,在信号无失真的情况下信噪比可以提升10～12 dB.     

基于小波分析的脉搏波信号去噪

脉搏波信号采集过程中存在引入的肌电干扰和基线漂移等噪声,引起脉搏信号不准确。针对传统滤波方法滤除脉搏波噪声性能较低的特点,提出了一种改进的空域相关滤波方法。将信号小波分解后,在小波变换值的相关量中加入一个自适应调整系数,最后用保留的小波系数对原信号进行重构;改进方法具有良好的自适应性能和显著的滤波效果,在有效去除噪声的同时,很好地保留了信号的主要细节。仿真结果表明,改进算法去噪效果好,同时减小误差,提高了信噪比,为脉搏分析提供了准确信息。     

小波阈值消噪在管道漏点检测定位中的应用

为了提取管道漏声信号中的有用成分,消除和减弱环境干扰噪声,使定位结果更加准确,使用CA - YD - 103压电传感器和HS801五合一虚拟综合测试仪进行实验,采集铸钢管道漏声振动信号,分析其时域波形和频率特征,确定了信号的频率分布.由于小波变换具有“变焦距”的性质,适合处理非平稳信号,选用小波阈值去噪算法,对信号进行滤波去噪,并与ⅡR滤波效果对比.实验结果表明,选用小波阈值消噪能有效滤除高频干扰,保留中低频中的有用信号,漏声振动信号波形更加清晰,消嗓效果明显优于傅里叶算法.该方法为管道漏点具体定位奠定了基础,具有一定的实用意义与应用价值.     

杂波环境下网络波动信号采样模型

杂波环境为可对信号产生随机干扰的环境.对上述环境下的网络信号进行采样,可以有效监测网络环境,防范网络入侵和拥堵.由于在杂波环境下的网络信号具有扩展衍射特征,使得正常网络信号存在较大波动性.传统方法进行网络信号采集过程中,在网络信号存在波动的情况下,采样时频重叠调制进行采集,未能纳入杂波先验信息,波动序列的扩展衍射特征形成欠定采样,造成信号采集效果不好.提出基于自适应空间域窗口采集算法的网络波动信号采样模型.将谐波小波核函数和支持向量机理论相结合,获取样本回归模型,得到该模型的约束条件,并对上述回归模型求取最优解,得到网络波动信号采样结果.实验结果表明,利用改进算法进行网络波动信号采样,能够极大的提高采样的准确性和实时性,满足网络波动信号的采集要求.     

基于非平稳信号时频分析的网络攻击检测算法

在复杂网络环境下,网络攻击特征信息通常表现为一组非平稳宽带信号,通过信号检测方法实现网络攻击检测,保证网络安全。传统方法采用傅里叶变换方法进行网络攻击的非平稳信号检测,由于傅里叶变换的时变性会引起较大的包络振荡,检测性能不好,提出一种基于非平稳信号时频分析的网络攻击检测算法。构建了复杂干扰环境下的网络攻击信号模型,提取网络攻击非平稳宽带信号的时频特征。采用WVD-Hough时频变换实现对网络攻击非平稳宽带信号的时频聚集,采用混叠谱模糊度函数分析频谱特征。得到网络攻击信号的瞬时频率估计结果,设计匹配滤波算法进行信号抗干扰设计,最后输出检测结果。仿真实验表明,采用该算法进行网络攻击检测,准确检测概率较高,检测性能优越。     

基于物联网的高速铁轨控制故障监测方法研究

研究高速铁轨控制故障准确检测问题。在遭遇雷击的情况下,高速铁轨的电压突然增大,对高速铁轨控制故障局部信号进行干扰,造成高速铁轨控制信号突变。传统方法多采用高速铁轨控制信号的异常进行网络监控的,一旦故障信号局部突变,监测网络会发生误报警的问题。为解决上述问题,提出了一种控制故障信号物联网络的铁轨故障监测方法。通过把物联传感网络中的结点采集的控制故障信号分割为不同区间,计算不同区间的控制故障参数,利用参数校验功能实现高速铁轨控制故障监测。实验证明,方法能够避免由于雷击造成的高速铁轨控制故障信号突变的缺陷,保证了高速铁轨控制故障检测的准确率。     

基于小波变换的动态发动机过热信号检测技术研究

针对传统发动机温度过热,检测技术无法克服存油量波动造成的温度变化信号非线性失真与故障检测效果不佳的问题,提出一种融入诊断网络算法的发动机温度过热信号检测技术,利用小波变换方法,采集动态发动机温度过热故障信号特征,以温度过热信号特征为依据,通过融合诊断网络在隐含层中对温度过热信号挖掘过程中的数据进行传输,得到过热温度变化信息,实现发动机温度过热信号的深度挖掘.实验结果表明,采用该技术能够提高发动机温度过热信号检测的准确度,有利于故障的快速修复.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).