建筑外窗开启方式、材料对其气密性的影响

文中作者采用压差法检测了杭州地区典型的4种不同材料、开启方式的建筑外窗气密性,这4种窗户分别是塑钢平开窗、塑钢推拉窗、铝合金平开窗、铝合金推拉窗。通过统计近半年内39个项目124个检测单体的外窗气密性测量结果,分析外窗开启扇方式、窗框材料以及窗户所处环境对外窗气密性的影响。最终测试结果显示,4种规格型号的窗户测试结果分布在单位缝长渗透量0.4-2.5,单位面积渗透量在1.2-6.0的区间以内,并得出结论,平开窗气密性明显好于推拉窗的气密性,而塑钢型材的窗户气密性略好于铝合金窗。     

污染经门窗缝隙渗透问题的探讨

根据现在住宅平面分析,外门窗缝隙是微粒污染进入室内的主要途径,而对一般居家而言,则主要是外窗。分析指出以北京冬季最多北风的计算迎面风速4.7 m/s计,可形成12 Pa的压差,而10 Pa时,对4级气密性外窗就最大将有18.75 m~3/h的渗透风。当风压、热压同时作用时,总渗透风量,大多数情况下会小于纯风压时的渗透量。但在静风时,热压作用不容忽视,共同作用大于单纯风压作用,并求出了必要条件是热压3倍风压。静风且有30℃温差时的北京4级窗渗风量为3.36 m~3/h。     

建筑工程外窗的气密能耗研究

建筑工程中窗洞口的气密性要明显差于实验室条件下外窗的气密性,测试了目标外窗洞口在标准状态下的现场气密性。研发了连续性气压差测试装置,并利用测试装置对24 h内的室内外压差情况进行测试和记录,同时测试了同期室内外空气温度,分析了被测外窗空气渗透量与能耗之间的关系,利用测试数据对通过外窗的空气渗透引起的能耗进行分析,对比通过外窗传热引起的能耗量,得到了新方法测试外窗气密性能耗的可行性结论,对后续的进一步研究工作提出了建议。     

改造结核病诊室通风系统的分析

医院传染病诊室压差控制对医护人员及病人的安全有重大的意义。以9#楼改造结核病诊室为例,测量各房间的压差及风口风速,结合门缝漏风经验公式分析房间实现5 Pa压差的理论风量和实测风量的区别。依据分析对门窗缝进行封堵,减小送风量使各房间满足5 Pa压差。对于有压差要求的房间通风设计时需实地勘测按压差漏风经验公式计算选择风量。     

基于CFD的沈阳某住宅区风环境研究

以沈阳某住宅区为研究对象,建立了小区建筑的计算分析模型。基于计算流体力学(CFD)方法和原理,利用ANSYS/Fluent软件包,对小区夏、冬两季典型气候下的风环境进行了模拟分析研究。研究结果表明,夏季典型气候下(南风,3.0 m·s-1)小区内存在明显驻涡,风速大致处于1.5~4.3 m·s-1,但最低处风速仅为0.3 m·s-1,最高处风速高达5.2 m·s-1,迎风位置的建筑明显受强风压影响,下风侧建筑群背部存在大面积的负压区,大多数建筑前后压差大于2 Pa,但最低压差仅为0.2 Pa左右;冬季典型气候下(北风,3.2 m·s-1)小区内仍有明显驻涡,且中部有横向风,小区内风速大致处于1.6~4.6 m·s-1,最低处仍为0.3 m·s-1;最高处风速高达5.3 m·s-1;冬季小区内迎风位置的建筑依然受强风压影响,建筑前后压差最高可达20 Pa左右。     

城市更新中窗户碳排放的影响研究

城市更新代替大规模建设与拆除已经成为建筑行业减碳的重要策略,但由于窗户等建筑围护结构构件的使用寿命与建筑主体结构差异较大,其在建筑维护、修缮与翻新中产生的碳排放必然对建筑全生命周期的碳排放有影响,然而现有相关研究常常忽视该问题。因此,有必要重新考虑围护结构构件寿命与建筑整体寿命不匹配因素,探讨窗户维护与更换对建筑碳排放测算的影响。以上海超低能耗建筑外窗为研究对象,建立3种不同情景下窗户全生命周期碳排放计算模型,对比分析断桥铝合金窗、铝木复合窗、铝塑共挤窗和塑钢窗碳排放量差异。结果表明：若忽略建筑使用过程中窗户的维护与更换,将对窗户的全生命周期碳排放量计算带来约49%的碳排放计算误差。建筑寿命为50年时,通过有效维护获得长寿命的断桥铝合金窗产生的碳排放量相对最低,为1072.2 kgCO₂(原生铝)和875.4 kgCO₂(含回收材料)。同时,在窗户型材中提高回收材料的占比,可以显著降低窗户全生命周期碳排放量,以断桥铝合金窗为例,窗框型材使用30%回收铝可降低约18%的碳排放量。因此,在预期使用寿命较长的新建建筑或翻新建筑中,考虑建筑使用寿命与...     

窗户开启方式对住宅甲醛排放特性的影响分析

在自然通风条件下,针对推拉半开窗,推拉落地窗,内开平开窗,内开上悬窗和内开下悬窗五种不同开启方式的窗户,对衡阳市典型住宅内的甲醛散发特性进行数值模拟.对比不同窗户开启方式下室内甲醛浓度的排放速率和浓度分布,分析得到采用内开平开窗方式的甲醛排放效果最为理想,且窗户的开启角度与室内甲醛排放速率呈正相关.住宅装修时选用开启面积较大的平开窗,定期将门窗最大角度开启,保证室内空气质量与人员健康.     

防火阀门漏风量试验分析

剖析《建筑通风和排烟系统用防火阀门》中关于环境温度下的漏风量和耐火性能的试验设备和试验步骤的规定,总结防火阀门漏风量测量试验过程中的问题,包括漏风量试验安装繁琐;标准孔板流量计选用具有局限性;系统漏风量小于25 m3/h难于实现;引风机选型复杂和漏风量计算过程中温度压力修正模糊等。建议标准修订时,可采用转接头进行防火阀门安装试验;增加标准孔板流量计关键参数和适用范围的描述;重新定义系统漏风量,保证可操作性;具体规定引风机的风量;增加漏风量测量过程中气体介质冷却装置等。     

寒冷及夏热冬冷地区既有居住建筑气密性研究

建筑气密性作为建筑能耗关键影响因素,已成为国内外科研工作者广泛关注的话题.我国对建筑气密性的研究起步较晚,既有建筑气密性研究数据截止至2000年,2000年至今,我国建筑节能发展迅速,但在建筑气密性方面研究缺失.本文选取寒冷及夏热冬冷地区典型城市北京、上海共8处既有建筑,采用风扇压力法对其建筑气密性能展开现场检测,检测结果表明:北京地区N50在0.8-2.1之间,上海地区N50在2.2-4.2之间,较2000年前既有建筑气密性有了大幅提升,其中寒冷地区建筑气密性性能较夏热冬冷地区较好.检测过程中发现,外窗、门联窗、穿墙管是主要的漏风部位,可通过后期装修改造,改善其建筑气密性.     

多叶排烟口/多叶加压送风口气密性标准如何应用的探讨

针对多叶排烟口/多叶送风口气密性标准只是从宏观角度反映关闭风口气流泄漏的综合性控制指标,无法直接用于加压送风系统关闭风口漏风量计算,提出将风口气密性标准转换成能表征漏风量与压差之间的函数关系的两个替代参数——风口漏风面积率和压差指数的方法,建立了两者的计算数学模型.并对国内外部分风口气密性标准的转换进行了数值计算,为关闭风口漏风量计算提供了支持.     

外窗密闭性对寒冷地区建筑能耗的影响

分析了外窗密闭性对建筑能耗的影响，指出外窗类型、结构和密封措施上的差别可使外窗渗风耗能量相差数倍以至数十倍。提出了在建筑设计中改善外窗气密性的措施。     

A method for assessing the performance of nanofiber films coated on window screens in reducing residential exposures to PM2.5 of outdoor origin in Beijing

Recently, many nanofiber films have been developed for air filtration applications. These films exhibit high PM_2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 μm) removal efficiency and relatively low air resistance. Thus, coating window screens with nanofiber films may be able to mitigate residential exposure to PM_2.5 of outdoor origin. This study developed a method for assessing the performance of nanofiber window screens in reducing residential exposure to PM_2.5 of outdoor origin in Beijing. The results show that the use of selected nanofiber window screens all the time throughout the year can reduce the mean value of the annual average indoor PM_2.5 of outdoor origin by 64%‐66% for Beijing residences. However, the mean value of annual harmonic average air exchange rate when the windows are open was also reduced from 2.34 h^?1 to 0.27‐0.35 h^?1, which is far below the national standard. If the nanofiber window screens were used only when the outdoor PM_2.5 pollution was severe, the screens had less of an impact on residential natural ventilation, but the national standard still could not be met. Hence, more efforts are needed to further reduce the air resistance of nanofiber window screens in order to ensure proper residential ventilation.     

Real climate experimental study of two double window systems with preheating of ventilation air

This paper aims to characterize the thermal performance of a window system that consists in doubling an existing window, converting it into a ventilated double window. The air coming from the outside circulates upwards through the channel between windows and enters the building through a vent on the top of the window's case. A series of experimental measurements was conducted in a test cell exposed to real outdoor weather conditions located in a mountain region at Centre of Portugal, during heating season in order to determine how this window system can act as a heat exchanger. It was found that such window system act as an efficient heat exchanger using transmission heat losses and solar radiation to preheat ventilation air, thus reducing the building's operational energy costs. An average of about 19 m³/h of air flow rate was found with an air temperature increment within the air gap of about 6 °C, during night-time, for an indoor/outdoor temperature difference of about 16 °C. Air temperature increment reached up to 12 °C using a plastic shutter. With solar radiation, the average of that increment was about 10 °C. This is a simple and cheap building technology which can be implemented both in new and existing buildings.     

北京市既有建筑外窗改造节能效果分析

通过测试改造前后外窗的物理性能（气密性）、冬季采暖时室内外温度、室内房间噪声及建筑物外立面窗口红外热检测等内容,根据测试结果,将改造前和改造后的数据进行对比,对其既有建筑外窗改造后的节能效果进行分析,分析显示,在既有外窗基础上安装密封条和把单玻窗户更换为双玻窗户的改造形式,节能效果显著。     

Profiles and seasonal distribution of airborne fungi in indoor and outdoor environments at a French hospital

A one-year prospective survey of fungal air contamination was conducted in outdoor air and inside two haematological units of a French hospital. Air was sampled with a portable Air System Impactor. During this period of survey, the mean viable fungal load was 122.1 cfu/m³ in outdoor air samples, and 4.1 and 3.9 cfu/m³ in samples from adult and pediatric haematology units, respectively. In outdoor samples, Cladosporium was the dominant genus (55%) while in the clinical units, Penicillium sp. (23 to 25%), Aspergillus sp. (15 to 23%) and Bjerkandera adusta (11 to 13%) were the most frequently recovered airborne fungi. The outdoor fungal load was far higher in autumn (168 cfu/m³), spring (110 cfu/m³) and summer (138 cfu/m³) than in winter (49 cfu/m³). In indoor air, fungal concentrations were significantly lower in winter (2.7 to 3.1 cfu/m³) than in summer (4.2 to 5.0 cfu/m³) in both haematology units. In the outdoor environment, Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. were more abundant in winter while the levels of Cladosporium were lowest during this season. In the haematological units, the presence of Aspergillus sp. was stable during the year (close to 20%), Bjerkandera sp. was particularly abundant in winter (close to 30%); levels of Penicillium sp. were highest in autumn while levels of Cladosporium sp. were highest in spring and summer.     

Air change rates in urban Chinese bedrooms

The ventilation modalities in most Chinese residences are infiltration and opening windows. We measured infiltration rates and air change rates at night, with no attempt to change occupants' behaviors, of urban residences in five climate zones of China during four seasons. Using the CO₂ decay method, we found the median infiltration rate for 294 residences to be 0.34 h^?1. Using occupant‐generated CO₂ as tracer gas, we determined air change rates over the course of 1 year in 46 bedrooms at night from mass balance considerations. In 54% of the measurements, windows were closed, so ventilation was only by infiltration. Windows were mainly closed when the outdoor temperature was below 15°C and above 26°C. The median infiltration rates did not differ appreciably among seasons and climate zones and were always less than 0.45 h^?1.     

冷风渗透对太阳房热性能的影响研究

通过对青海某地太阳房的测试分析研究,确定了冷风渗透量对太阳房集热量和室温影响的计算方法。并知该太阳房的供暖效果和节能效果较好,但其集热墙的玻璃幕墙和房间门窗的密闭性较差,导致该玻璃幕墙和房间冷风渗透量较大,影响了集热墙的集热量及集热效率和太阳房的供暖与节能效果。因此在太阳房建设的设计与施工的各个环节中必须充分重视玻璃幕墙和房间门窗的密封性问题,以减少冷风渗透的能耗,提高太阳房的供暖效果和节能效率。     

Natural ventilation with traditional Korean opening in contemporary house

In this study, a natural ventilation opening was designed based on the traditional Korean opening to improve indoor environment on the contemporary house. The prototype of the opening was composed of three hanji papers and two air layers to improve airflow rate, and also to recovery heat lose. The performance of the heat recovery and airflows of the prototype was measured in laboratory, and the CFD simulation was used to verify its performance in the contemporary house. The airflow rate of the prototype is exponentially increased according to the pressure differences, and it ranges from 12.6 to 39.6 m³/m² h in 3–10 Pa, pressure difference. The total amount of heat recovery ranges from 47.8 to 67.7 W/m² in the prototype, and the heat recovery rate is about 25% at 10 Pa. In the CFD simulation, the prototypes were installed at 25% of the total window areas of the model house. The outside air was totally supplied through the prototypes at 67.2 m³/h in the model house, and it is equivalent to 0.2 h⁻¹ ventilation rate. The results show that the prototype is capable of providing natural ventilation even at low wind pressure, and also that it prevent cold draft in heating period. Further analysis of the ventilation performance including the thermal force is needed to apply the prototype to the contemporary house.     

关于重庆地区高层建筑铝合金门窗后塞缝防渗的探讨

本文住宅小区高层建筑铝合金门窗防渗的技术总结,提出铝合金门窗后塞缝采用微膨胀防水砂浆防渗实际效果优于弹性软塞缝,门窗防渗水的关键在于塞缝的密实。     

铝合金窗渗漏质量通病的原因分析和预防措施

为了保证铝合金窗不渗漏，就铝窗渗漏这一问题产生的原因进行了分析，从原材料、安装工艺及事后检验等方面，提出了一系列监控措施，对房地产开发、监理、施工技术人员有一定的参考价值。