活动导叶头部圆半径对水泵水轮机飞逸特性的影响研究

以中国某抽水蓄能电站水泵水轮机模型机为研究对象,通过改进活动导叶头部圆半径r,基于Realizable k-ε湍流模型,分析改进活动导叶头部圆半径r对水泵水轮机飞逸特性的影响,充分发挥水泵水轮机在抽水蓄能中的核心作用。结果表明：减小头部圆半径r至(r-0.313) mm,对机组“S”特性存在较佳的改善效果;飞逸工况下无叶区的高速水环逐渐减弱。流体由活动导叶进入转轮叶片流道的过程中,流体的速度由活动导叶出口附近逐渐增大,受高速水环的影响,在无叶区达到最大,随后速度逐渐减小进入转轮,保持在某个较大速度持续流动;飞逸工况下1～5流道转轮叶片进口端旋涡沿着流道逐渐扁平且向转轮叶片后移扩散。转轮叶片进口端旋涡附近压强变化整体呈下降趋势,在叶片进口端出现峰值,转轮叶片进口端旋涡附近压强大小随旋涡位移以及强度而变化;飞逸工况下尾水管的直锥管段分布着大量涡带,且涡带沿着弯肘段逐渐后移到扩散段。回流主要集中在尾水管扩散段边壁附近,在距离转轮中轴线300～500 mm处,回流逐渐减少。     

基于CFD的双向竖井贯流泵装置水力性能数值模拟

以某泵站双向竖井贯流泵装置为例,采用CFD数值模拟方法对模型泵不同的转轮叶片、叶轮位置及导叶位置方案进行了数值模拟,最终确定了改进泵装置模型结构参数,并分析了改进模型的综合特性和流场分布规律。结果表明,反向工况由于出水流道内无导叶进行导流和能量回收,出现了明显的回流、漩涡区,降低了流道效率,其出水流道流态较差,且因前置导叶的存在,恶化了叶轮进口水流条件,同时降低了装置过流能力与叶片做功能力,造成反向工况泵装置效率明显低于正向工况。     

小弦节比贯流水轮机On-Cam开度设计

针对贯流式水轮机活动导叶与转轮叶片均为可动翼,为确保水轮机高效率运行,对构不成流路通道、不适用流道理论的小弦节比贯流式水轮机3叶片转轮进行协联工况预测,提出了翼型设计后采用CFD数值模拟预测协联组合开度法.实例验证了该法的可行性,并可确定导叶开度与转轮叶片开度的最优组合(On-Cam)开度.     

水泵水轮机转轮加装短叶片前后的流动特性对比

为对比高水头水泵水轮机的转轮加装短叶片前后的能量特性及流动特性,基于SST湍流模型,选取4个具有代表性的水泵及水轮机工况,对有/无短叶片的水泵水轮机进行全流道三维定常计算。数值模拟结果表明,以水泵运行时加装短叶片可抑制脱流与漩涡等二次流现象,降低单个叶片承受的水力载荷,提高转轮进出口、导叶区及蜗壳静压,使泵获得更高的扬程。水轮机运行时添加短叶片可减小转轮出口环量,改善在尾水管内形成的复杂漩涡流,提高其水力效率。相同边界条件下,长短叶片转轮改善了转轮区的流动条件,从而提升了机组的能量特性及水力稳定性。     

导叶不同开度下抽水蓄能机组水轮机工况内流特性分析

为了解抽蓄机组水轮机工况下活动导叶不同开度下的内流特性,以某抽水蓄能电站水泵水轮机为研究对象,基于SST k-ω湍流模型,进行活动导叶不同开度下全流道三维非定常数值模拟和分析,探讨活动导叶开度对过流部件内部流场的影响.结果表明:随着导叶开度的增加,水泵水轮机的流量增大,转轮力矩增大但增幅降低,效率先增大后降低.蜗壳整体上的压力沿周向分布比较均匀,从蜗壳进口到蜗壳出口均匀降低,水力损失较小;固定导叶形状及安放角与活动导叶搭配影响较大,小开度和大开度工况下活动导叶和固定导叶进口处水力损失大;压力变化线与进出口是否平行影响转轮内部流态,中开度转轮叶片做功最好;小开度工况下易产生偏心涡带,降低机组效率,不利于尾水管能量的回收,中开度工况下尾水管流态最好.研究结论对抽水蓄能机组运行提供了理论参考.     

超低水头轴流式水轮机CFD优化及流动特性研究

结合某水电站改造要求,研发了一种设计水头为2.75 m的超低水头轴流式水轮机并对其性能进行优化,以达到有效利用低水头水力资源的目的。基于不可压缩连续方程及雷诺时均Navier-Stokes方程,采用Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型和SIMPLEC算法对轴流式水轮机进行三维全流场数值模拟,分别分析了轴流式转轮叶片翼型、轮毂比、导叶开度及安放角对水轮机性能的影响,并对最优模型进行实测验证。结果表明,在满足设计水头为2.75 m的情况下,选用配置叶片B、轮毂比为0.30、叶片相对安放角为-2°的水轮机,当导叶相对开度为0°时,装置水力损失最小,最高效率达83.7%,且数值模拟计算所得出力与实测结果误差小于099%,表明基于CFD的数值模拟对超低水头轴流式水轮机的性能预测精度较高。     

导叶开度对混流式水轮机转轮内部流态的影响

基于数值模拟方法,以梯级水光蓄互补联合发电系统示范工程中的猛固桥电站混流式水轮机为研究对象,对水轮机在不同特征水头、不同导叶开度工况下转轮叶片表面受力及流道内流场特性进行研究,分析导叶开度改变对水轮机转轮内流态的影响规律。结果表明：导叶开度对于混流式转轮进口流态的影响较大,导叶开度越小入流速度波动程度越大,来流对叶片头部冲击越大,在进口处产生严重的冲击损失;随导叶开度减小,转轮叶片表面等压线与进口边夹角增大,在上冠交接区域产生小三角区低压,使转轮流道出口更易产生空化损失。     

水泵水轮机甩负荷瞬态过程叶间流场分析

为研究甩负荷过渡过程水泵水轮机内流场特性,以某抽水蓄能电站水泵水轮机模型为例,采用网格壁面滑移技术与DES湍流模型对机组甩负荷过程进行三维瞬态数值模拟,基于湍动能、压力等信号提取叶间流场演变特征。结果表明,后1/3导叶域及其后流道内压力脉动剧烈,50%导叶关闭后,无叶区内形成带圆周速度的水环阻碍水流进入转轮;66.7%导叶关闭后,转轮叶间流道内出现涡旋,在较大压力梯度作用下旋转失速涡带扩散加剧流动分离,阻塞转轮流道。甩负荷过程尾水管内先充满与转轮同向的旋流,紧接着靠近内壁侧出现空腔且外壁侧旋流量减小,然后内壁侧出现与外壁侧旋向相反的回流。研究结果为良好运行性能的机组设计奠定了基础。     

多工况下高水头水泵水轮机压力脉动特性分析

为研究多工况下高水头水泵水轮机内部的压力脉动特性,以某抽水蓄能电站水泵水轮机模型为例,采用SST湍流模型对非设计工况点下的水泵水轮机进行三维全流道非定常数值模拟,同时监测了固定导叶与活动导叶间、无叶区及尾水管处的压力脉动。结果表明,对于固定导叶与活动导叶之间的区域,水轮机工况下的压力脉动主频为叶片通过频率,而水泵工况下的最高扬程和最低扬程工况的主频分别为转频和叶片数通过的频率;对于无叶区,由于受到强烈的动静干涉效应,水轮机、水泵工况下的主频均为转轮叶片数通过频率,且脉动幅值较大;对于尾水管区域,直锥段处的频率分布规律与流量有关,水轮机小流量工况下,尾水管内主要为0.3倍转频的低频压力脉动,而水轮机大流量工况下,脉动频率主要以2.6倍转频为主。     

水泵水轮机导叶动态水力矩特性分析

采用SST k-ω湍流模型对某高水头水泵水轮机进行全流道三维非定常数值模拟,分别对在水轮机工况和水泵工况运行下的导叶动态力矩特性进行分析。结果表明:在水轮机工况下,随着流量的增大,不同位置处导叶的动态水力矩变化规律一致,力矩值由正值变为负值,力矩脉动频率与转轮叶片数相关,流量越大,叶频影响越显著;在水泵工况下,最高扬程工况时导叶水力矩脉动频率主频为转频且脉动幅值较大,而最低扬程工况下导叶水力矩脉动主频为叶频,力矩脉动幅值较小。     

Transient numerical analysis of rotor–stator interaction in a Francis turbine

Pressure fluctuation due to rotor–stator interaction and occurrence of vortex rope in draft tube at partial load operation are obvious phenomena in Francis type reaction hydro turbines. These hydrodynamic effects are important issues and should be addressed during the design of hydraulic machines. A 3-dimensional transient state turbulent flow simulation in the entire flow passage of a 70 kW-Francis turbine having specific speed of 203.1 is conducted to investigate the rotor–stator interaction by adopting kω based SST turbulence model. The commercial 3D Navier–Stokes CFD solver Ansys-CFX is utilized to study the flow through this vertical shaft Francis turbine in its stationary and transient passages, at 100% optimum load and 72% of part load. The investigated turbine consists of a spiral casing with 16 guide vanes, 8 stay vanes, a runner with 13 blades and a draft tube. With a time step of 2° of a rotational period of the runner for 10 full rotations, the time dependent pressure and torque variations are monitored at the selected locations during the unsteady state calculation. A periodical behavior is observed for the pressure distribution in guide vanes, runner blades and torque in the runner blades. The pressure distribution curve in runner blades reveals the two dominating frequencies – the lower peaks due to runner speed and the upper peaks corresponding to the number of guide vanes interacting with the flow. The flow acceleration toward inside of the runner is depicted by the expanding wakes behind the stay vanes. Vortex rope is observed in draft tube, downstream the runner, at part-load operation.     

基于CFD的轴流泵后置导叶水力性能分析

为了解轴流泵后置导叶的水力性能,基于RNG湍流模型,采用计算流体动力学CFD软件Fluent,应用SIMPLIEC算法对轴流泵模型装置全流道进行了数值模拟,分析了四种不同流量下导叶体的内部流动特性,研究了导叶的水力性能。结果表明,导叶的水力损失随流量的增加先减小后增大;在设计流量处导叶水力损失最小,导叶压力转换能力最好;小流量下叶轮进出口处水流流态紊乱,导叶流道内出现漩涡回流,是导致导叶水力损失较大的主要原因;大流量下叶轮出口水流轴向速度较大,水流导叶进口边撞击将导致导叶体水力损失增加,水力性能下降。     

Effect of inlet guide vanes on the performance of small axial flow fan

Effects of the inlet guide vanes on the static characteristics, aerodynamic noise and internal flow characteristics of a small axial flow fan are studied in this work. The inlet guide vanes with different outlet angle are designed,which are mounted on the casing and located at the upstream of the impeller of the prototype fan. Both steady and unsteady flow simulations are performed. The steady flow is simulated by the calculations of Navier-Stokes equations coupled with RNG k-epsilon turbulence model, while the unsteady flow is computed with large eddy simulation. According to the theoretical analysis, the inlet guide vanes with outlet angle of 60° are regarded as the optimal inlet guide vanes. The static characteristic experiment is carried out in a standard test rig and the aerodynamic noise is tested in a semi-anechoic room. Then, performances of the fan with optimal inlet guide vanes are compared with those of the prototype fan. The results show that there is reasonable agreement between the simulation results and the experimental data. It is found that the static characteristics of small axial flow fan is improved obviously after installing the optimal inlet guide vanes. Meanwhile, the optimal inlet guide vanes have effect on reducing noise at the near field, but have little effect on the noise at the far field.     

Performance analysis and optimization design of an axial‐flow vane separator for supercritical CO2 (sCO2)‐water mixtures from geothermal reservoirs

Supercritical CO₂ (sCO₂) has been proven to be a promising working fluid for geothermal heat mining, and the produced hot sCO₂ can be directly used for power generation. However, the sCO₂ produced from a brine‐based reservoir may contain a certain amount of water, preventing direct power‐cycle utilization. In this paper, an axial vane separator was designed to address the separation problem of sCO₂ and water produced from geothermal reservoirs. First, the influences of operational and structural parameters on the separation performance were analyzed through numerical simulations. Five factors were selected to develop separation performance regression models by the response‐surface method (RSM). Finally, geometrical parameter optimization was applied to these RSM models. The results show that the guide vane area and the exhaust inlet are the main locations impacting the system pressure drop. The separation performance can be affected by many factors, including the guide blade outlet angle, number of vanes, hub diameter, length of the vortex tube, droplet size, and inlet velocity. The water‐droplet size and the number of vanes are the most critical factors affecting the separation efficiency. The inlet velocity, the number of vanes, and the hub diameter have a larger influence on the pressure drop of the separator. The optimization results indicate that the separation efficiency can reach 100% under certain operating conditions with a pressure drop no greater than 100 kPa.     

透平导叶应用不同周向弯曲母线改进设计的研究

应用数值计算的方法,比较研究了某型导叶叶片不同周向弯曲对叶栅流动性能的影响,结果包括总压损失系数、出口气流静压、马赫数沿叶高分布。计算基于时均N—S方程,湍流模型为Baldwin-Lomax模型。结果表明,该导叶简单的斜置叶片可以提高叶根局部的流动性能,叶顶流动性能差,对整个叶栅的流动性能的提高却十分有限,J型弯曲可以兼顾叶很和叶顶流动而义弯曲母线易于计算优化。C型弯曲叶顶流动性能较好,但弯曲母线选择优化困难。     

不对称二重叶栅对水轮机性能影响的探讨

对某水电站D75—35型水轮机的蜗壳、固定导叶、活动导叶内部的流动进行了解析计算，结果表明：受固定导叶不对称分布的影响，固定导叶和活动导叶内部的压力和速度分布不均匀，尾流较为明显，能量损失较大；压力和速度的脉动变化以及不均匀分布进一步延伸至转轮，将会造成转轮运行的不稳定，进而影响整个水轮机组的稳定运行。     

水泵水轮机“S“特性对机组水头低时发电影响及对策分析

介绍了水泵水轮机“S”特性并从理论上分析了其形成的原因。由于活动导叶与固定导叶的共同作用,抽水蓄能机组水头低时发电,导叶异步开启时,进入转轮前部分水流的流速得到了提高,并高于导叶同步开启时进入转轮前水流的流速。从而有效地改善了对应空载工况点处的“S”特性,解决了水泵水轮机“S”特性此时对机组运行的不利影响。并结合实例进行了分析。     

低比转速多级泵间隙尺寸改变对内部流场及其性能的影响

为研究低比转速多级泵间隙尺寸的改变对内流场及其性能的影响,应用CFX软件对带间隙模型泵进行数值模拟,设计了12个间隙组合模型,分析了泵的外特性、间隙泄漏量、叶轮出口与导叶进口速度压力的变化规律。结果表明,随着间隙尺寸的增加泵扬程和效率均有所下降;叶轮口环的泄漏来自遭到撞击改变方向的叶轮出口流体,导叶口环的泄漏来自次级叶轮进口的流体;间隙对泵的影响程度依次为叶轮口环导叶口环叶轮与导叶的运转间隙;叶轮出口流出的液体进入导叶时极大地阻断了叶轮泵腔之间与叶轮导叶轴向间隙的流体交换。数值模拟结果较估计值仍然偏高,数值模拟对单一模型的准确度有待商榷,说明多组模型对比十分必要。研究成果为进一步深入分析奠定了基础。     

2D CFD Analysis and Experimental Analysis on the Effect of Hub to Tip Ratios on the Performance of 0.6 m Impulse Turbine

The objective of this paper is to present the performance comparison of 2D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis with experimental analysis of 0.6 m impulse turbine with fixed guide vanes for both 0.6 and 0.7 hub to tip ratio (H/T). Also the comparison of 2D CFD analysis of the said turbine with different values of H/T ranging from 0.5 to 0.7. A 2D-cascade model was used for CFD analysis while uni-directional steady flow was used for experimental analysis. The blade and guide vane geometries are based on 0.6 m rotor diameter, with optimum profile, and different H/T of 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7. It was concluded from 2D CFD analysis that 0.5 H/T ratio performances was higher than that of 0.6 and 0.7 H/T at peak efficiency and the operational flow range for 0.5 H/T was found to be wider than that of 0.6 and 0.7 H/T ratio.