聚类中心模型在某水闸枢纽工程评标中的应用

为提高水利工程评标结果的准确性,在水利评标决策中引入直觉模糊集和聚类理论,构建了基于模糊聚类分析的聚类中心模型。利用直觉模糊c均值聚类算法对不同专家的评分进行聚类分析,采用直觉模糊加权平均算子（IFAWA）聚合聚类分析结果,得到各方案的最终评分值,据此确定投标方案的优劣顺序。结果表明,在专家有意影响评标公正性或专家水平参差不齐等情况下,该模型相对传统评标模型更加科学合理可信。     

引入SPA理论的灰色聚类河流健康评价耦合模型

传统灰色聚类评价法的白化权函数覆盖范围偏小,且综合评价基于最大隶属度原则来确定,这种做法往往会忽略重要信息,因而对白化权函数作出改进并引入集对分析模型,用联系度分量代替聚类系数,发挥集对分析与灰色聚类的各自优势,运用主、客观组合赋权法确定各指标权重,建立了改进灰色聚类-SPA耦合模型,并应用于河流健康评价。结果显示,河流健康等级与现状水平一致,表明该模型适用于河流健康评价的研究。此外,根据综合评价结果,提出该河流在相关方面应加强治理与监管,逐步改善水质和保护水生生物群落的完整性。     

基于组合赋权的模糊熵与灰色聚类-SPA水资源短缺风险二维综合评判模型及应用

水资源短缺风险评价存在诸多不确定因素,而传统灰色聚类评价法忽视了这一因素,且根据聚类系数最大原则确定评价等级降低了结果的可靠性。为此引入集对分析SPA理论,建立联系度分量与聚类系数的耦合关系,以兼顾评价中的确定性与不确定性信息;同时选用指数型白化函数,运用最小偏差组合赋权法确定各指标权重。此外,将模糊熵理论作为第二维评价体系来表征短缺风险的复杂度,建立基于组合赋权的模糊熵与灰色聚类-SPA二维综合评判模型,并应用于水资源短缺风险评价。评价结果与传统单一等级评价模式相比,可从等级与复杂度两个维度揭示短缺风险程度,更加直观合理,为相关评价研究提供了新思路。     

基于博弈论组合赋权的姜堰区模糊综合水质评价法及应用

针对模糊综合水质评价法在权重赋值方面的不足,通过基于博弈论集合的模型,对模糊层次分析法(FAHP法)计算的主观权重和CRITIC法计算的客观权重进行组合赋权,提出基于FAHP-CRITIC-博弈论组合赋权的模糊综合水质评价法。以江苏省泰州市姜堰区5条骨干河道为例,根据最大隶属度原则确定水质综合类别;同时,将新建方法评价结果与传统综合水质标识指数法、传统模糊综合水质评价法及基于AHP法和熵权法的模糊综合水质评价法评价结果进行对比分析。结果表明,基于博弈论组合赋权改进的模糊综合水质评价法兼顾主、客观权重,指标赋权更加科学,且评价结果与实际情况较为相符,从而验证了该方法的正确性和合理性。     

基于FIM赋权的水资源配置方案模糊物元评价

针对水资源配置的多目标、多层次和群决策等问题,探索了合理有效的配置方案评价方法,以济宁市水资源配置方案评价为例,采用关联度函数构建了模糊物元评价模型,利用模糊区间映射法确定指标权重。实例结果表明,该方法合理有效,改进了专家评点估值的难度。     

约束型ME-PP模型在大坝安全评价中的应用

鉴于大坝安全综合评价中的权重选取关系到评价结果的可靠性、合理性,为充分挖掘大坝监测数据所携带的信息,并考虑影响大坝基岩安全的因素特征,从投影寻踪方法的优化函数和约束条件两个方面改进传统算法,即采用最大熵原理与投影寻踪耦合模型改进投影寻踪方法的优化函数,结合实测指标的特征改进投影寻踪法的约束条件,从而得到约束型最大熵投影寻踪耦合模型。将该模型计算得到的各实测指标权重运用于灰色聚类综合评价,并利用聚类系数向量的灰度进行方法优劣的判别。实例应用结果表明,将本文方法求得的权重用于综合评价是合理可行的,相比于熵权法、传统投影寻踪法,更符合大坝基岩实测数据的特征,且得到的评价结果灰度更小,更易区分所属灰类。     

基于FBWM-灰色聚类的土石坝安全评价模型

为科学处理土石坝安全评价过程中的模糊性和灰色性问题,基于模糊最优最劣法(FBWM)及灰色聚类法,构建土石坝安全评价模型。通过查阅资料及咨询相关专家,确定评价指标中的最优指标及最劣指标,引入FBWM法计算各评价指标的权重;分析相关安全监控仪器实测资料,进而构建灰色聚类权重矩阵;将评价指标权重矩阵与灰色聚类权重矩阵相结合,得到土石坝的安全评价结果。将该模型应用于某土石坝的安全评价,结果表明该土石坝处于"基本正常"运行状态,与实际情况相符。可见该方法结论可靠,可以为土石坝的状态诊断提供决策支持。     

基于专家偏好信息的CSW-DEA评标模型

为提高招投标工作质量,保障评标结果的公平公正性,首先从各评标方案之间的竞争关系出发,构建基于评标专家主观偏好信息的数据包络(DEA)模型,计算每个投标方案唯一的最优权重;其次,在各投标方案最优权重基础上,为增强各投标方案之间的可比性,提出了DEA评标模型的扩展模型;最后,把确定的公共权重(CSW)视为招标人对各种评定指标的重要性程度,提出了考虑专家偏好信息的CSW-DEA评标模型,以此计算各投标单位的效率并进行排序比较来确定最后的中标方案。案例结果表明,考虑专家偏好信息的CSW-DEA评标模型能有效解决CCR评标模型权重分配过于客观的问题,增强了各投标方案的可比性,验证了该评标方法具有较强的可靠性和合理性,从而为招标人进行科学、公正评标提供了新方法。     

适应风电场宽频振荡研究的模糊度量层次聚类法

为助力“双碳”目标实现,推动风电产业发展,研究并治理风电场并网宽频振荡问题迫在眉睫。为建立适用于风电场振荡研究且能准确高效反映实际风电场输出特性的仿真模型,提出基于模糊度量的层次聚类法,改善传统综合层次聚类算法使用距离度量造成的聚类结果偏移。利用F检验法定量评价聚类效果,横向比较F评分确定最优聚类方案,纵向比较确定最优聚类分群数。评价结果表明,模糊度量层次聚类法的聚类效果良好。最后采用PSCAD结合青海省海南新能源基地风电场实例进行了仿真分析,验证了模糊度量层次聚类法对风电场聚类的适用性。     

计及模糊聚类的配电网可靠性多指标定价方法

提出一种基于模糊聚类和熵权-层次分析法的配电网可靠性多指标综合定价方法,以确定合理的可靠性指标权重,并简化配电网可靠性电价的计算复杂度。该方法充分考虑了不同可靠性指标间的差异,利用模糊聚类分析方法对不同可靠性服务水平的用户进行分类,并为每一类用户构建一个虚拟负荷点来代表该类用户的可靠性水平。同时,利用熵权-层次分析法将熵权法和层次分析法计算得到的各可靠性指标权重进行优化融合,以得到更全面客观的指标权重。算例分析表明了所提方法的有效性和实用性。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.