磁共振成像设备图像均匀性及层厚检测方法分析与评价

图像均匀性及层厚是磁共振成像设备进行质量控制的主要性能参数.文章利用美国体膜实验室生产的Magphan SMR100体膜对磁共振成像设备的图像均匀性及层厚进行计量检测,分析了影响图像均匀性的各种因素以及图像不均匀对层厚测量带来的偏差,从而提高对磁共振成像设备周期检定的实践水平,确保磁共振成像设备图像清晰、可靠.     

医用磁共振成像系统检测方法的研究与评定

根据医用磁共振成像（MRI）系统的技术特性,在实验数据的基础上,分别对主磁场强度、信号噪声比、图像均匀性等MRI系统检测参数和技术指标进行了研究确定,并对主磁场强度的测量结果进行了不确定度评定,评定结果为医用MRI系统主磁场强度测量结果的扩展不确定度U=9.8 mT （k=2）,符合医用MRI系统临床与质量控制的要求。     

永磁微型核磁共振成像系统匀场线圈设计研究

在核磁共振系统当中,磁场均匀性为其重要硬件参数,而有源匀场则能够精细修正磁场。本文基于永磁微型核磁共振成像系统,在确定均匀间隙情况下,开展了匀场理论分析,经模拟仿真与数值计算,设计了一套能够放置在探头屏蔽盒外侧的有源匀场系统。将此系统放置于NMI20微型核磁共振成像仪上,匀场效果从之前的10ppm提升至1.4 ppm。     

基于主磁场不均匀的分数域磁共振成像方法

现有核磁共振设备面对主磁场不均匀多是采取贴磁片等补偿磁场不均匀等硬件方法,但这给成像带来图像伪影,图像模糊等不良影响。针对磁共振成像中磁场不均匀的问题,提出了一种主磁场不均匀下的分数域磁共振成像方法。首先选择待成像活体组织的某一层,在该层上选择若干个点,测量该层面上的磁场强度大小,在磁共振成像原理的基础上,建立成像区域磁场强度分布模型,然后建立磁场的多项式模型,按照测量的磁场中是否存在明显的二阶分量可以将该多项式模型分为二阶多项式模型和高阶多项式模型;之后,将这两个模型分别代入磁共振的自由感应衰减(FID)信号中,对于二阶模型可以用分数阶傅里叶变换工具进行求解成像物体某一层上的自旋密度函数,对于高阶模型需要通过求解代数方程的方法得到成像物体某一层面上的自旋密度函数,这样便建立了主磁场任意不均匀下的磁共振信号模型。实验结果表明,该方法达到与均匀主磁场下近似同样的效果。     

刺激响应性磁共振成像造影剂的研究进展

目前研究和已临床使用的磁共振成像造影剂一般缺乏特异性,在正常和病灶组织中都发挥作用,使得MRI检测疾病的特异性受到限制。刺激响应性造影剂能够随生理或病理环境的改变而发生弛豫效能和信号强度的改变。因此,刺激响应性造影剂可以作为反应生理条件变化的传感器,应用于生物功能研究和疾病的诊断。介绍了刺激响应性MRI造影剂的种类、结构、机理及其应用发展前景。     

磁共振成像系统图像均匀性的检测

医用磁共振成像(MRI)系统是大型医用影像诊断设备,如何对磁共振影像进行评价,图像均匀性是一项重要指标.本文根据医用磁共振成像(MRI)系统的技术特性,参考国际标准和国家标准,验证、推荐了一种图像均匀性检测方法,该方法科学性、适用性强,可作为计量检测、医院质量控制的技术依据.     

永磁磁共振系统盘式梯度线圈的设计

针对永磁磁共振成像系统极板的形状,提出了一种平面圆盘式梯度线圈的设计方法.将电流密度在极坐标下进行傅立叶级数展开,根据误差平方和建立目标函数,使目标函数最小化,得到电流密度的表达式.应用流函数技术离散电流密度,得到线圈的绕线形式.利用Biot-Savart积分方程计算线圈绕线产生的梯度磁场来验证所设计方法的正确性.结果表明,利用该方法设计的线圈可以产生成像所需要的线性度很好的磁场.该方法也可以用于双平面盘式自屏蔽梯度线圈的设计.     

医用磁共振成像系统密度分辨率的检测和评价方法初探

从1982年医用磁共振成像系统（MRI）首次进入临床应用到现在已经20多年了。随着磁共振成像技术的日趋成熟和快速发展，医用磁共振成像系统在临床上的应用也越来越普遍。人们已经逐渐认识到MRI合理使用和日常保养的重要性。要求XCMRI的性能指标进行检测，使MRI处于良好的运行环境中，保证影像质量，为医生准确诊断病情提供可靠的设备保障。     

医用磁共振成像系统计量测试方法浅析

为确保医用磁共振成像系统的影像质量,采用美国模体实验室和Goodenough博士研制的magphan模体,根据美国医学物理学家协会(AAPM)的建议和美国电气制造商协会(NEMA)提出的标准方法,对影响图像质量的信噪比、均匀性、空间分辨率、密度分辨率、线性、层厚及纵横比等主要性能参数进行检测。结果表明,上述的国外标准比较符合我国的实际情况,测量结果能够比较全面地评价医用磁共振成像系统的各项性能参数,为医生准确诊断病情提供可靠保障。     

基于功能磁共振成像方法的单相抑郁症情绪加工特点研究

运用功能磁共振成像(fMRI)技术,采用适合中国人情绪加工特点的表情图片(愉快、悲伤和中性表情)作为刺激材料,选取15名严格入组的未服药单相抑郁症女性患者与15名条件匹配的正常志愿者,对其情绪加工的大脑活动进行了对比研究。结果发现,与中性表情相比,在加工愉快表情时,抑郁症患者激活了右侧前额叶,而正常对照组激活的是左侧前额叶;在悲伤表情条件下,抑郁症患者激活了双侧颞下回,而正常对照组激活的是双侧前额叶。结果还发现,与正常对照组相比,抑郁症患者在双侧额下回三角区、右侧眶额下回、右侧颞下回等脑区的激活范围和强度均有所减少,尤其在加工悲伤表情时表现得更明显。该结果表明,单相抑郁症病人不仅在情绪加工相关脑区的功能上出现异常,而且加工情绪的脑区也可能出现了转移。     

Three‐dimensional support function estimation and application for projection magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of nuclei that have very short relaxation times is conveniently based on spherical sampling. We have presented a least squares framework for reconstructing three‐dimensional (3D) source distribution images from such data. In this paper, we describe a practical algorithm for 3D support function estimation, which forms the basis for a method called focus of attention. By essentially identifying and eliminating equations and unknowns that merely represent background data, this data‐driven preprocessing scheme effectively reduces the computational burden associated with our algebraic approach to projection MRI. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 12, 43–50, 2002     

Self-similar correlation function in brain resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging

Adaptive behaviour, cognition and emotion are the result of a bewildering variety of brain spatio-temporal activity patterns. An important problem in neuroscience is to understand the mechanism by which the human brain''s 100 billion neurons and 100 trillion synapses manage to produce this large repertoire of cortical configurations in a flexible manner. In addition, it is recognized that temporal correlations across such configurations cannot be arbitrary, but they need to meet two conflicting demands: while diverse cortical areas should remain functionally segregated from each other, they must still perform as a collective, i.e. they are functionally integrated. Here, we investigate these large-scale dynamical properties by inspecting the character of the spatio-temporal correlations of brain resting-state activity. In physical systems, these correlations in space and time are captured by measuring the correlation coefficient between a signal recorded at two different points in space at two different times. We show that this two-point correlation function extracted from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data exhibits self-similarity in space and time. In space, self-similarity is revealed by considering three successive spatial coarse-graining steps while in time it is revealed by the 1/f frequency behaviour of the power spectrum. The uncovered dynamical self-similarity implies that the brain is spontaneously at a continuously changing (in space and time) intermediate state between two extremes, one of excessive cortical integration and the other of complete segregation. This dynamical property may be seen as an important marker of brain well-being in both health and disease.     

Targeted nanoparticles for the non-invasive detection of traumatic brain injury by optical imaging and fluorine magnetic resonance imaging

Necrosis is a form of cell death that occurs only under pathological conditions such as ischemic diseases and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Non-invasive imaging of the affected tissue is a key component of novel therapeutic interventions and measurement of treatment responses in patients. Here, we report a bimodal approach for the detection and monitoring of TBI. PEGylated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs), encapsulating both near infrared (NIR) fluorophores and perfluorocarbons (PFCs), were targeted to necrotic cells. We used cyanine dyes such as IRDye 800CW, for which we have previously demonstrated specific targeting to intracellular proteins of cells that have lost membrane integrity. Here, we show specific in vivo detection of necrosis by optical imaging and fluorine magnetic resonance imaging (¹⁹F MRI) using newly designed PLGA NP(NIR700 + PFC)-PEG-800CW. Quantitative ex vivo optical imaging and ¹⁹F MR spectroscopy of NIR-PFC content in injured brain regions and in major organs were well correlated. Both modalities allowed the in vivo identification of necrotic brain lesions in a mouse model of TBI, with optical imaging being more sensitive than ¹⁹F MRI. Our results confirm increased blood pool residence time of PLGA NPs coated with a PEG layer and the successful targeting of TBI-damaged tissue. A single PLGA NP containing NIR-PFC enables both rapid qualitative optical monitoring of the TBI state and quantitative 3D information from deeper tissues on the extent of the lesion by MRI. These necrosis-targeting PLGA NPs can potentially be used for clinical diagnosis of brain injuries.

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Durga: A heuristically-optimized data collection strategy for volumetric magnetic resonance imaging

A heuristic design method for rapid volumetric magnetic resonance imaging data acquisition trajectories is presented, using a series of second-order cone optimization subproblems. Other researchers have considered non-raster data collection trajectories and under-sampled data patterns. This work demonstrates that much higher rates of under-sampling are possible with an asymmetric set of trajectories, with very little loss in resolution, but the addition of noise-like artefacts. The proposed data collection trajectory, Durga, further minimizes collection time by incorporating short un-refocused excitation pulses, resulting in above 98% collection efficiency for balanced steady state free precession imaging. The optimization subproblems are novel, in that they incorporate all requirements, including data collection (coverage), physicality (device limits), and signal generation (zeroth- and higher- moment properties) in a single convex problem, which allows the resulting trajectories to exhibit a higher collection efficiency than any existing trajectory design.     

气相色谱-质谱联用仪校准中常见故障问题分析及仪器日常维护

随着当今科技的飞速发展,气相色谱-质谱联用仪（以下简称GC/MS）的应用范围越来越广泛,在食品安全、生物医药、石油及石油化工产品及生态环境的保护等领域得到广泛的应用,究其原因是缘于GC/MS具有定性专属性强、灵敏度高、检测速度快的优势[1]。目前GC/MS虽已广泛应用,但在日常使用中难免会出现一些问题,文章通过介绍GC/MS现场校准过程中常见故障问题及排查解决办法,以及GC/MS的日常使用与维护,进而提高其使用价值。     

Magnetic-nanoparticle-doped carbogenic nanocomposite: an effective magnetic resonance/fluorescence multimodal imaging probe

A novel and facile approach is developed to synthesize a magnetic nanoparticle (iron oxide)-doped carbogenic nanocomposite (IO-CNC) for magnetic resonance (MR)/fluorescence imaging applications. IO-CNC is synthesized by thermal decomposition of organic precursors in the presence of Fe(3) O(4) nanoparticles with an average size of 6 nm. IO-CNC shows wavelength-tunable fluorescence properties with high quantum yield. Magnetic studies confirm the superparamagnetic nature of IO-CNC at room temperature. IO-CNC shows MR contrast behavior by affecting the proton relaxation phenomena. The measured longitudinal (r(1) ) and transverse (r(2) ) relaxivity values are 4.52 and 34.75 mM(-1) s(-1) , respectively. No apparent cytotoxicity is observed and the nanocomposite shows a biocompatible nature. In vivo MR studies show both T(1) and T(2) * contrast behavior of the nanocomposite. Fluorescence imaging indicates selective uptake of IO-CNC by macrophages in spleen.     

Iron-based magnetic nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been an extensive area of research owing to its depth of penetration for clinical diagnosis. Signal intensity under MRI is related to both T₁, spin-lattice relaxation, and T₂, spin-spin relaxation. To increase the contrast variability under MRI, several contrast agents are being used, i.e. T₁ contrast agents (e.g. gadolinium) and T₂ contrast agents (e.g. iron-based magnetic nanoparticles). These contrast agents are administered prior to scanning to increase contrast visibility. They reduce the T₁ and T₂ relaxation times to produce hyperintense and hypointense signals, respectively. Tunable properties of iron-based magnetic nanoparticles and several coating materials provide a platform to get superb MRI contrast in T₂ weighted images. It has been found that contrast enhancement by iron-based magnetic nanoparticles is dependent on the size, shape, composition, surface, and magnetic properties which can be tuned with the synthesis method and coating material. Therefore, understanding the synthesis method and properties of magnetic nanoparticles is vital to contribute to MR signal enhancement which is directing the scientist to design engineered iron-based magnetic nanoparticles. This paper introduces the concept of MRI contrast enhancement. We mainly discuss the synthesis of T₂ contrast agents, i.e. iron-based magnetic nanoparticles and the modification of these T₂ contrast agents by coating followed by their biomedical applications.