高反差显影机理

在前文中,我们从高反差与乳剂颗粒群体的还原方式以及与乳剂颗粒间显影诱导期分布的关系出发分析了Lith显影的特点。Lith显影只是高反差显影的一点特例。由于Lith显影液保存性不好,实际上人们常用的是一些其它提高反差的方法,例如在乳     

Lith显影的诱导期条件

Lith效应的产生要求严格的显影诱导期条件。Lith显影的诱导期条件要靠显影促进和显影抑制两种作用的结合来实现。半醌的显影促进作用缩短了显影颗粒邻近的载有较大潜影颗粒的显影诱导期,使颗粒间显影诱导期分布变窄。显影中心钝化现象的发生延长了载有较小潜影颗粒的显影诱导期,导致了表现显影诱导期对曝光量的依赖关系。Lith效应是两种作用在不同曝光区以不同程度发生的平衡结果。     

感光乳剂颗粒中杂质中心在感光过程各阶段的演变及其诠释——(Ⅰ)感光乳剂颗粒中最大潜影中心相对大小频率分布的测定

本文根据显影过程电极理论的基本概念和单个乳剂颗粒显影过程的若干动力学特征,认为在特定的条件下,单个乳剂颗粒的显影过程可以分作两个阶段:自催化阶段和快速还原阶段。在自催化阶段,决定过程速度的是显影液/潜影中心界面上电子转移的步骤,这时过程的速度与显影中心表面积的大小成正比,反应具有自催化的性质。在快速还原阶段,乳剂颗粒内部填隙银离子向显影中心附近的迁徙成为决定过程速度的步骤;这一阶段与自催化阶段相比,持续的时间极短。在这种假设的基础上,通过乳剂颗粒显影时间的频率分布求出颗粒中最大潜影中心相对大小的频率分布。该方法适用于在同样的原始乳剂和显影的条件下比较乳剂颗粒中最大潜影中心的相对大小频率分布的情况。     

显影中心的钝化现象

本文描述了电镜观察到的一个现象,我们称它为“显影中心的钝化现象”。与正常的显影中心不同,一些足够大尺寸的显影中心表现出低显影活性,它们不能引发颗粒很快显影。在经过一段较长的显影时间后,这些中心才演变成正常的显影中心,显影中心从钝化到活化所需要的时间越长,显影诱导期就越长。本文研究了显影中心的钝化原因,结果表明银-明胶壳在显影初期起着重要的作用。     

新型显影抑制型成色剂

成色剂是彩色电影胶片中形成染料的主要成份。显影抑制型成色剂是在油溶性成色剂上接显影抑制基团即成,涂于胶片经拍摄显影时,由于释放出显影抑制银粒和染料颗粒的增长以及相邻乳剂层的显影,使画面边缘处的密度差     

显影灰雾形成机理的研究 Ⅰ.显影灰雾形成过程的受阻显影研究

本文利用受阻显影和电镜方法,对比了显影灰雾与乳剂灰雾的形成过程。研究表明,乳剂灰雾是由于在乳剂制备过程中形成的灰雾中心而引起的,这种灰雾中心在显影过程中的行为与潜影中心一样,显影在少数中心开始,最后生成丝团状银。显影灰雾的形成则经过成核和生长两个不同的阶段:藉显影物分子与乳剂颗粒表面的碰撞而生成银核,一旦稳定的银核生成,随后就能以较快的速率继续生长。因此在一般显影的条件下,显影灰雾的形成需要一个较长的显影引发期。成核在颗粒表面的许多部位发生,同时生长,最后生成紧密的银块。溴化钾和季铵盐对成核速率有显著影响,这表明了乳剂颗粒表面负电荷在显影成核阶段中的作用。未敏化乳剂的显影灰雾中心在颗粒表面上的分布是随机的,而硫敏化乳剂的显影灰雾中心则优先在八面体的棱上生成。     

曝光与未曝光乳剂颗粒显影行为的差别

乳剂颗粒显影行为的差别是有关照相显影机理的一个基本理论问题。人们对此问题提出过不同的看法,分歧点就在于颗粒间存在着什么性质的显影差别。从近年发表的一些观点来看,多数认为颗粒间存在着热力学上可显与不可显的差别。Hillson曾经根据延长显影时间就会有更多颗粒(甚至未曝光颗粒)显影的现象提出了不同的观点。他认为     

酰基苯肼的感染显影及反差促进剂的作用

研究了六种结构不同的酰基苯肼化合物(通式:R—PhNH—NH—COR′)对卤化银乳剂感光性能的影响。结果表明,感染显影作用程度与酰基苯肼的结构有密切的关系。另外本文还就反差促进剂(醇类化合物和胺类衍生物)的作用及其机理进行了较深入的研究。事实说明,显影液中加入反差促进剂,不但能消除单独使用酰基苯肼时出现的“自阻”效应,而且还大大促进了感染显影的进行,提高了乳剂的反差和感光度。同时,本实验在应用高压液相色谱、色-质联仪、顺磁共振等方法对酰基苯胼的还原反应产物及反应中间物进行分析的基础上,更加明确地解释了感染显影和反差促进的作用机理。     

感光乳剂颗粒中杂质中心在感光过程各阶段的演变及其诠释——Ⅲ.两类中心在氧化剂作用下的行为

本文利用显影动力学方法研究了感光乳剂颗粒中两类不同大小的杂质中心在氧化剂作用下的行为。结果表明,经氧化处理后,有较大一类中心的乳剂颗粒形成潜影的能力大大减弱,而有较小一类中心的乳剂颗粒在未曝光的情况下显影的速度有所增长。本文将这两种现象均归因于杂质中心为氧化剂所氧化,并且认为,有较小一类中心的乳剂颗粒经氧化处理后,其显影速度之所以增长,是由于杂质中心遭受破坏以后,颗粒周围的明胶囊上原先为杂质中心所遮蔽的缺口暴露,从而使乳剂颗粒在该部位失去了明胶的保护作用,以致在显影液中得以较快地还原。上述现象在未敏化、硫敏化以及硫加金敏化的情况下都同样存在。     

提高显影选择性增力口影像密度

通过在显影液中综合应用有机和无机添加剂,影响显影剂的活性和含潜影卤化银微晶的性质,可使医用X射线胶片和黑白胶卷已曝光和未曝光卤化银之间的催化还原速度差别增大若干倍.研究这一效应的本质表明,影像密度的提高是由于在传统显影液中不显影的小尺寸潜影中心的卤化银微晶也加入到照相显影过程之中的结果,它导致感光涂层的曝光区银量增加.根据研究结果,在医疗机构进行了应用试验,用于医用X射线胶片的加工,由于影像密度的增加,可显著降低X射线的照射剂量.     

Formation, Microstructure, and Properties of Barium Zirconium Sulfide Ceramics

The preparation, microstructure, and properties of BaZrS₃ ceramics are described. The compound was prepared by heating either an equimolar mixture of BaS and ZrS₂ or BaZrO₃ alone in CS₂ gas. The reaction of the BaZrO₃−CS₂ system was extremely rapid, as would be expected in an autocatalytic reaction caused by very strong reduction by CS₂. Well-sintered bodies were obtained only by the BaZrO₃−CS₂ reaction. The time dependence of grain growth was affected considerably when reaction and sintering occurred above 1250° C. Non-uniform grain growth which occurs when an excess of Ba is present can be interpreted in terms of secondary recrystallization resulting from segregation of BaS at the grain boundary during sintering. The BaZrS₃ ceramic was stable in air up to 550°C and was oxidized above that temperature.     

A three-dimensional numerical simulation of the transport phenomena in the cathodic side of a PEMFC

A three-dimensional numerical model is developed to simulate the transport phenomena on the cathodic side of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) that is in contact with parallel and interdigitated gas distributors. The computational domain consists of a flow channel together with a gas diffusion layer on the cathode of a PEMFC. The effective diffusivities according to the Bruggman correlation and Darcy's law for porous media are used for the gas diffusion layer. In addition, the Tafel equation is used to describe the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on the catalyst layer surface. Three-dimensional transport equations for the channel flow and the gas diffusion layer are solved numerically using a finite-volume-based numerical technique. The nature of the multi-dimensional transport in the cathode side of a PEMFC is illustrated by the fluid flow, mass fraction and current density distribution. The interdigitated gas distributor gives a higher average current density on the catalyst layer surface than that with the parallel gas distributor under the same mass flow rate and cathode overpotential. Moreover, the limiting current density increased by 40% by using the interdigitated flow field design instead of the parallel one.     

用铜物理显影的多级放大成像过程 Ⅰ.影像强化和节银效应

感光乳剂中卤化银颗粒接收足够的曝光量后可形成潜影,经过显影便成为可见影像。这个过程可以看作是第一级放大。它的放大因子为10~9。但是影像的密度取决于单位面积上显出的银量和银影像的遮盖本领。如果单位面积上显出的银颗粒太少,影像就不能被眼睛或仪器(如密度计)检测出来。单位面积上银颗粒太少可由两个原因造成的:或是因为曝光量太低以致具有可显潜影的颗粒太少;或是因为乳剂层中卤化银颗粒本来就太少。     

Electrochemical investigation of the autocatalytic deposition of Ni-Cu-P alloys

Autocatalytic deposition of Ni-Cu-P alloys (55-65 wt % Ni, 25-35 wt % Cu, 7-10 wt %P) has been carried out. It is shown that the hypophosphite concentration must be higher than a certain threshold to induce the autocatalytic process. The impedance behaviour exemplifies the kinetic evolution: a large capacitive loop with a high-frequency inflection when only chemical displacement occurs and two well-defined capacitive features when the autocatalytic process is achieved. Mutual interactions occur between partial oxidation and reduction reactions which are both depolarized as compared to the separate reactions. In addition, phosphorus incorporation is always reduced when the copper content increases. A pH increase accelerates the plating process though it inhibits the cathodic discharge and reduces the copper content.     

Effects of Grain Growth on the Distribution of Nb in BaTiO3 Ceramics

Measurements of Nb diffusion into large- and small-grained BaTiO₃ disks show a high ratio of grain boundary to bulk diffusivity. Well defined X-ray diffraction lines are found in Nb-doped BaTiO₃ only when significant grain growth occurs during sintering. When grain growth of a 0.65 μm grain size powder is limited at ∼1 μm, excess line broadening results. This is attributed to the simultaneous presence of Nb-free and Nb-rich regions. Because of its low bulk diffusivity little Nb penetrates into the original BaTiO₃ grain cores, and a solid solution forms only in the regions of recrystallization. When grain growth is limited, the "sintering reaction" results in a non-homogeneous system; when appreciable grain growth occurs, most of the original grain cores are eliminated and an essentially uniform system is obtained.     

Effect of high-energy ball milling on the microstructure and properties of ultrafine gradient cemented carbides

Planetary low-temperature high-energy ball mill was used for preparing the mixed powders with different particle sizes by adjusting the milling time. The ultrafine grain gradient cemented carbides were prepared by sinter-HIP treatment. The effects of milling time on the gradient formation, grain growth, and mechanical properties of ultrafine grain gradient cemented carbides were investigated. The results show that the high-energy ball milling cannot effectively reduce the particle size of mixed powder with short milling time. In addition, the particle size of the mixed powder is significantly reduced, while the specific surface area is significantly increased when the ball milling time exceeds 25 hours. The gradient layer thickness and the grain size increase at the beginning and then decrease when the mixed powder particle size was decreased. Simultaneously, the density, hardness, and fracture toughness of the alloy increase gradually. On the contrary, the number of WC with abnormal grain growth is significantly increased. The thickness of the gradient layer reached 32 μm, and the mean WC grain size is 314 nm. Based on the analyzed results, an optimized gradient layer thickness, grain size, density, and hardness can be obtained when the ball milling time is 35 hours.     

Magnetic properties of metal layer deposited by reduction of polymer containing metal ions

Magnetic properties of metal layer deposited by reduction of polymer containing metal ions were investigated. Varying the ratio of the cobalt ion to the nickel ion in the polymer, the coercivity, the maximum flux density and the remanent flux density of the deposited metal layer were changed from 100 to 600 Oe, from 1 000 to 12 600 G and from 500 to 7 600 G, respectively. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the metal layer with excellent magnetic properties gives distinct peaks corresponding to the (101) and (100) planes of the crystal of α-Co. This suggests that such a deposited metal layer has the structure of highly crystalline metal layer.     

Tetragonal-to-monoclinic phase transformation in CeO2-stabilized zirconia under multiaxial loading

Critical stresses for the initiation of the tetragonal-to-monoclinic phase transformation in 9Ce-TZP zirconia materials with five different grain sizes have been studied. The influence of the grain size on the critical transformation stresses has been investigated in multiaxial stress states, namely, in four-point bending, biaxial bending and torsion. It was found that phase transformation occurs as a homogeneous phase transformation with a transformation strain increasing continuously with increasing applied stress and also as an autocatalytic phase transformation with the autocatalytic formation of transformation bands normal to the maximum principal stress. An investigation of the critical transformation stresses under different multiaxial loads in the tensile regime, i.e. with positive hydrostatic stress, showed that both the homogeneous and the autocatalytic transformation do not follow the shear-dilatant criterion investigated in multiaxial compressive testing. The experiments showed that under multiaxial loading the onset of both transformation types can be predicted with the maximum principal stress transformation criterion, with the difference between the critical stresses of both transformation mechanisms strongly decreasing with grain size.