一种新型光伏照明系统控制器

现有的太阳能照明系统中普遍存在不能准确、有效地检测蓄电池的充电状态和控制器大面积使用时的启停时差问题，为此提出了一种新型控制器。基于单片机89C2051和无线收发模块PTR2000的智能控制器，实现了系统工作状态控制和蓄电池的能量管理，能满足太阳能照明系统稳定运行和准确切换的要求，并实现多个控制器之间的启停一致。实验表明，该控制器效率高，运行稳定，基本解决之前提出的问题，达到了太阳能照明系统对控制器的要求。     

Cost–benefit analysis of retrofit of high-intensity discharge factory lighting with energy-saving alternatives

Due to increased concern about overall energy costs and the appearance of efficient and inexpensive lighting system alternatives, factories and plants with high-intensity discharge (HID) lighting are forced to consider retrofit with more modern, energy-efficient lighting. The decision is complicated from an economic perspective, and there is a lack of information readily available on the topic. This study provides an analysis of the replacement by retrofit of common probe-start metal halide and high-pressure sodium industrial lighting systems. Retrofit options considered include the more recent pulse-start metal halide lamps and a range of T5 high output and T8 fluorescent lamp configurations. Recent data on lighting system pricing, labor and energy costs, and time required for tasks are reported. The results generated include savings, payback period, and net present value for many retrofit options, as well as the change in energy consumption, carbon footprint, and lumen output for each retrofit. Effects of varying rate of return and daily duration of operation are considered. Based on change in lumen output, payback period, net present value, and comparison of lighting quality, one or two options are recommended from the overall retrofit options considered. A fluorescent retrofit is recommended for each of the HID initial scenarios considered. The payback period is no more than 3 years in any recommended case. The focus of this study is on the potential energy and cost savings, and some proposed solutions may, or may not, be acceptable due to lack of illuminance uniformity.     

Analysis of the performance of domestic lighting lamps

The power crisis problem is getting worse in the developing countries. Measures are being taken to overcome the power shortage problem by efficiently utilizing the available power. Replacement of high-power consumption lamps with energy efficient lamps is also among these steps. This paper presents a detailed comparative analysis between domestic lighting lamps (DLLs) use for producing artificial light. DLLs include incandescent lamp (IL), fluorescent lamp (FL) and compact fluorescent lamp (CFL). Light emitting diodes (LED) based lamp technology is relatively new in comparison with conventional incandescent and discharge lamps. However, the present study will also cover the LED lamps. Power quality based experiments have been conducted on DLLs in Power System Laboratory and power consumption based calculations are carried out using the lighting design software DIALux. The result shows that with the current technology, the use of FL and LED lamp is beneficial for utility as well as for consumer. However, with the current pace in the development of LED technology, it is possible LED lamps will lead the lighting market in the near future. The paper has also presented the uncertainties that exist in lighting market and proposed the guidelines that will help in making future energy policy.     

智能路灯控制系统

设计并制作一种智能路灯控制系统。在设定的夜间工作时间段内,有无车辆经过时,接收器接收到的光信号强弱发生变化,交由单片机处理,自动控制部分路灯的开闭。设计的控制系统在夜间能有效实现路灯作业控制的智能化,有利于社会的节能减排,具有重要的实用价值。     

Energy saving in the street lighting control system—a new approach based on the EN-15232 standard

The street lighting is one of major components in total energy consumption in cities. The paper is focused on a concept of street lamp control systems and function organization with remote monitoring, to reduce maintenance costs and energy consumption. A new approach to the definition of functional strategy organization for outdoor lighting systems is introduced in the paper. Proposed functional strategies are based on four efficiency classes of building automation and control systems (BACS) defined in the EN 15323 standard. They have been formulated, analysed and eventually implemented and verified in real experiment street lighting installation. This outdoor lighting system, designed by the authors, based on LonWorks (the ISO/IEC EN 14908) platform with a power line communication aimed to control high-pressure sodium lamps. The street lamps are integrated nodes of a building management system (BMS). The results of experimental tests for the proposed functional strategies, implemented with various control scenarios, show that they provide a great potential in reducing energy consumption by street lighting installations. In particular, the energy use can be reduced even by 45 % in comparison to conventional street lighting system, especially without the use of monitoring and control.     

Economic feasibility of solar-powered led roadway lighting

The optical efficacy of light emitting diode (LED) has exceeded 72 lm/W in 2006. This implies that energy can be saved about 75%, as compared to mercury lamps widely used in roadway lighting. In some remote areas where the grid power cannot reach, independent solar-powered lighting using high-power LED provides a promising solution. However, the cost of solar photovoltaic device may cause the application of solar-powered LED roadway lighting to be not economically feasible.The present study investigates the design of the solar-powered LED roadway lighting using high-power LED luminaire (100 W) and estimates the installation cost for a 10 km highway with 2 lanes. LED luminaries are installed on both side of the road with staggered arrangement. The pole distance is 30 m. The cost comparison of LED lighting using grid and solar power with the conventional mercury lamps was carried out. It shows that the installation cost is 22 million USD for LED powered by grid power and 26 million USD for solar-powered. The total installation cost of conventional mercury lighting is 18 million USD. The excess cost of LED mainly comes from the cost of LED lamp and solar PV. But, the cost of power generation and electrical transmission line can be greatly reduced since about 75% energy was saved for LED. This permits the use of smaller copper wire and shorter line length for solar-powered system which in turn saves installation cost. The payback time for the excess investment of LED is 2.2 years for LED using grid power and 3.3 years for LED using solar power.     

An overview of energy efficient solid state LED driver topologies

LED lamps are projected as prospective successors of incandescent lamps with high efficiency and a long lifetime. Therefore, there is a need to develop energy efficient LED driver topologies for achieving constant current regulation, despite the effects of temperature on the LED V-I characteristics. This paper presents the salient features of various LED driver topologies with a focus on power density, multi-string operation, renewable energy utilization, soft switching, optical wireless communication, reliability and size. The performance of the above topologies is analysed in terms of the number of components, converter switching frequency, galvanic isolation, power rating and efficiency. This paper takes a look at efficiency improvement methods while dwelling on aspects of lifetime and reliability prediction of LED drivers. The paper will anticipate some of the future trends associated with the adaptation of wide bandgap power semiconductor materials, smart LED lighting for the internet of things (IoT) and programmable LED lamp drivers. This detailed technology review is extremely useful for researchers, designers and engineers in choosing the right topology.     

基于跳数和剩余能量的WSN蚁群路由算法

针对无线传感器网络能镀受限的特点,将蚁群算法应用于无线传感器网络路由协议中,通过蚁群算法构造一条从源节点到目的节点的最小跳数路径,该算法不仅考虑了节点的跳数,而且还考虑了节点的剩余能量,多角度节能,延长了州络的寿命.为了防止局部最优,算法采用具有奖罚机制的信息素更新方法,即在搜索过程中,若发现的路径比以往的最优解更优则...     

A light diet for a giant appetite: An assessment of China's fluorescent lamp standard

Lighting has been one of the fastest growing electric end uses in China over the last 20 years, with an average annual growth rate of 14%. Fluorescent lighting provides a significant portion of China's lighting needs. In 1998, China produced 680 million fluorescent lamps, of which 420 million were linear fluorescent lamps of various diameters (T8–T12). There are substantial variations both in energy efficiency and lighting performance among locally produced fluorescent lamps. Such variations present a perfect opportunity for policy intervention through energy efficiency standards to promote the adoption of more efficient fluorescent lamps in China. This paper analyzes China's 2003 minimum efficiency standard for linear fluorescent lamps and presents an assessment of its likely impacts on China's lighting energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.     

Environmental and economical impact of LED lighting systems and effect of thermal management

Solid‐state lighting (SSL) technologies such as light emitting diodes (LEDs) have been of interest for the last 15 years. This article focuses on inorganic LED technology and their evolving applications, energy efficiency, and economic impact as well as the effect of thermal management on LED lighting systems. The efficacy of the best commercial 1 W LED packages currently surpasses 120 lm/W, which is more efficient than typical metal‐halide and fluorescent lamps. This high efficacy will eventually allow LED lighting systems to be used in specialty and general illumination applications. However, higher lumen requirements for LED systems will inevitably lead to significant thermal challenges at both the chip and the system level that need to be addressed to enable practical applications at low costs. In this article, the basics of LED lighting will be discussed first. It will be followed by the potential economic benefits for high efficiency LED lighting systems in the general illumination market. We will then discuss the thermal challenges and possible candidate cooling technologies in LED lighting systems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

节能照明系统的研制

设计的照明控制系统是一种新型的节能照明控制系统。该系统能较好地适应HID灯的特性。在电压波动范围较大的情况下,系统能使灯具在给定电压下正常稳定运行。此外,系统还能有效地降低灯的启动电压,减少甚至消除频闪现象,因而能降低对电网的干扰,延长灯的寿命,并达到节能效果。该系统具有可靠性高、节能明显、无噪音、可移植性强等特点,可适用于各种照明场所。     

LED照明在输油气管道站场的应用效果与经济效益分析

在一输油站场内更换4盏LED防爆灯,取代原防爆高压气体钠灯进行试验,验证其照明效果、节电效果、安全性和可靠性等是否达到站场要求。结果表明,从现场照明效果、节电效果、安全性和维护量等方面对比,防爆LED灯照明性能均优于防爆金属钠灯。经济效益分析表明:更换LED节能灯投资回收期为运行4.54 a左右,节约的电能和日常维护费用即可收回投资成本,节能效益显著;如果新建站场时直接采用LED防爆灯,则节能效果更明显。绿色照明技术在输油气管道站场具有良好的推广应用前景。     

Ensuring market supply and penetration of efficient lighting technologies

Lighting is one of the major uses of electricity. State-of-the-art lighting systems can increase efficiency and reduce energy demand, but substantial market barriers hamper market penetration. In recognition of these market realities, electric utilities and government agencies in several IEA-member countries have begun to focus their efforts on demand-side oriented activities, such as light bulb give-aways, audits, education, standards promulgation, and other programmes. For example, in the U.S. the shipment of compact fluorescent lamps almost doubled between 1988 and 1990 and is forecast to increase by about 280% between 1991 and 1995. We project that annual utility spending on incentives for efficient lighting will grow to ~$300 to 800 million by 1994. These campaigns can also result in temporary supply short-ages, which can in turn impede successful implementation of the programmes. Efforts to address the problem must begin by enhancing cooperation and information exchange among utilities, manufacturers, and customers.     

230 MHz电力无线专网干扰规避策略研究

230 MHz电力无线专网的干扰种类主要有宽带全频干扰、窄带同频干扰和窄带邻频干扰3种。其中,宽带全频干扰主要是由各种LED电子屏、电子广告牌、电子铭牌以及射灯或照明灯引起;窄带同频干扰主要来自230 MHz频段内的非法电台和大功率雷达;窄带邻频干扰主要来自于其他使用230 MHz电力无线专网相邻频点的窄带通信系统。文章针对以上3种干扰类型,结合现网实际对230 MHz电力无线专网提出了相应的规避干扰解决思路,并就具体措施方法进行了详细介绍,以使230 MHz电力无线专网在实际应用中取得更高效能。     

高压钠灯电压优化及节电应用

根据高压钠灯在不同电压下的照度及寿命特性,推导出路灯半夜灯的最佳供电电压。通过对照明灯具从承受相电压变至线电压一半的自动转换,实现高压钠灯供电电压的优化,从而实现照明节电。     

Energy efficient lighting meets real home life

Will the phase-out of inefficient lighting in the European Union (EU) lower consumption of residential electricity significantly? Will light-emitting diode (LED) light replace other technologies for lighting in the near future? Implementation of the phase-out decision in the EU will push demand for efficient lighting technologies. One of the most efficient types, light-emitting diodes, promises even greater reductions than CFLs. However, in order to reap the gains from LEDs they must replace existing lamps and luminaires. This paper reports the findings from tests of LED lights in real homes. It points at the limits of the LED technology at sale in the market today, and the risk for a rebound effect. This paper also addresses the more general issue of theoretical development in the area of residential use of electricity. A “frame of interpretation” is presented in which the use of the lighting set in a home is the foundation. From this, sociotechnical and path-dependent aspects on technical and cultural inertia and marginal change can be developed.     

A review of the present situation and future developments of micro‐batteries for wireless autonomous sensor systems

Wireless sensor nodes (WSNs) are expected to play an increasing role in multiple application areas. These application areas vary from networks around the human body, sensors in smart tires, sensor networks that can control the safety and comfort levels throughout smart buildings, sensors that monitor the necessity for maintenance and sensors that track the conditions of food throughout the distribution chain. These wireless sensors need energy, which can be supplied by a battery or an energy harvester. However, even when an energy harvester is applied, energy storage is required to serve as energy buffer. In this review, the requirements that different types of wireless sensor networks impose on these batteries are explored, and several suitable types of batteries are reviewed. Moreover, the trends in battery development are described, and the future improvements are predicted. Finally, the possibilities are discussed to select a battery with properties that are matched to the requirements of the sensor nodes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Potential of new lighting technologies in reducing household lighting energy use and CO2 emissions in Finland

Using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can significantly reduce the current household lighting energy use in Finland during 2020–2050. Our calculations show that the potential of using LEDs in reducing household lighting energy use and corresponding CO₂ emissions in Finland during 2020–2050 can be significant. Reductions from the current level of Finnish household lighting energy use (1.8 TWh/a) were 59 % in 2020, 72 % in 2030 and 78 % in 2050, when a high LED penetration was assumed. Lighting energy savings in 2020 would mean a 1.3 % reduction from the current total electricity use in Finland (84.2 TWh/a). The starting point in 2012 was that the share of incandescent lamps was 32 % and the share of LED lamps 6 % of the total amount of lamps in an average household. Using the current average emissions factor (current electricity production structure), the saved amount of energy in 2020 means 234,000 tonnes of CO₂. Using the marginal emissions factor, the saved amount of energy means 920,000 tonnes of CO₂ emissions.     

A perspective of the Malaysian highway energy consumption and future power supply

In this short communication, we discuss the energy consumption trends in the Malaysian road transport sector, with a special emphasis on the energy losses due to vehicle aerodynamic drag on highways. The recent trends of energy consumption in the Malaysian road transport sector are reviewed. It is evidently shown that the aerodynamic losses represented exceed 1.2 MTOE annually since 2002. A novel concept of vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT) farms for harvesting aerodynamic energy losses on Malaysian highways is preliminarily proposed. The novel concept aims at providing a sustainable and green energy source for the lighting of the highway network in the country.     

Potential for reducing electricity demand for lighting in households: An exploratory socio-technical study

Illuminance data were collected from 18 UK dwellings during 1-week periods in spring 2007, to establish when luminaires were used and to calculate electricity consumption for lighting. Householders were also interviewed about lighting use and choices. The potential for reducing lighting electricity consumption by replacing incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) is assessed. Mean weekly electricity consumption for lighting was 3.756 kW h and mean proportion of total electricity consumption used for lighting was 6.55%. It is notable, however, that participants generally expressed high levels of environmental awareness and that electricity consumption figures for less environmentally-aware households may differ. On average, households could have reduced lighting electricity consumption by 50.9% if all incandescent bulbs were replaced with CFLs. Even householders making extensive use of efficient lighting technologies expressed concerns about these technologies’ performance, but seemed willing to tolerate perceived shortcomings for environmental reasons. However, the study raises questions about whether people without strong environmental motivations can be convinced that efficient lighting technologies will meet their needs. It also raises questions about the effectiveness of policies phasing out general lighting service incandescent bulbs, as there is a risk that householders may switch to tungsten halogen bulbs rather than low-energy options.