OSEM算法在编码板成像中的应用

为提高γ辐射编码成像中MLEM算法在图像重建时的速度及质量,论文基于核医学ECT图像重建中的OSEM算法思想在图像重建时对编码成像所得投影数据进行分组,并采用精细采样平衡相关法的重建结果作为初值进行迭代。通过实验对该算法进行验证。实验表明:OSEM算法可以有效提高收敛速度,改善重建图像质量。在γ辐射编码成像中采用OSEM算法是有效且可行的。     

编码板成像系统MLEM算法优化

为增强γ辐射编码成像系统中最大似然期望最大化(Maximum Likelihood Expectation Maximization,MLEM)算法对噪声的抑制,提高算法重建质量,基于互补编码板成像相减去除噪声的思想,对原有MLEM算法进行改进,提出了MLEM互补算法,并引入修正因子?对MLEM互补算法的收敛程度进行控制。通过模拟及实验方式验证了MLEM互补算法的有效性,给出了不同情况下MLEM互补算法达到最优值时修正因子?的拟合曲线。结果表明,MLEM互补算法可有效抑制噪声,提高重建图像质量。修正因子?的拟合曲线可以有效确定MLEM算法的最佳?值。     

旋转调制器成像的蒙特卡罗仿真及图像重建

基于时间调制的旋转调制器(RM)成像技术是一种可以对硬X射线、γ射线等成像的技术。为利用RM成像技术优势,开展了RM技术在核监测领域应用的研究工作。通过蒙特卡罗仿真,模拟准直器旋转过程,布置7个NaI探测器测量,获得受调制的探测器输出,再用NCAR、MLEM和OSEM算法分别对输出数据进行重建。相对NCAR算法,MLEM算法在抑制噪声的同时,不会在重建源图像周围引入随机边缘。OSEM算法可以加速MLEM算法的收敛过程,提高计算速度。MLEM和OSEM重建图像的角度分辨率可达1.2°,与仿真系统几何角度分辨率比较,达到了约3.8倍的超分辨能力。     

MC法模拟多路平行束准直器对比度

采用MC法模拟设计了用于SPECT成像的多路平行束(MPB)准直器,将MPB系统重建的模具图像与平行束(PB)系统重建图像进行对比。用OS-EM迭代算法重建图像并计算对比度、信噪比、归一化标准偏差三个指标用于评价图像质量。结果表明:随着迭代次数增加,MPB系统重建图像中热源的对比度高于PB系统,对于小半径热源这个差值更明显,但是冷源的对比度低于PB系统;两个系统有可比较的重建图像收敛速度,随着迭代次数增加,MPB系统的噪声特性略差于PB系统。     

ART算法高质量重建研究

提高重建质量一直是图像重建重要的研究课题.传统ART算法在重建图像中普遍存在椒盐噪声,通过加入松弛因子,不但加快了算法的收敛速度,而且克服了椒盐噪声.利用计算机仿真实验对松弛因子在不同投影数和不同噪声水平下的重建质量进行了对比分析,结果表明,选择适当的松弛因子,并加入一些先验知识,能够极大地改善重建图像质量.     

松弛系数-有序子集-最大似然期望算法在60Co集装箱CT检测中的应用

将松弛系数和迭代间像素值约束引入有序子集一最大似然期望算法中,构造出应用于发射CT中的ROSEM算法引入到透射式工业CT中。不仅加快了图像重建的收敛速度而且改善了重建图像的质量。针对ROSEM、代数迭代算法（ART）和卷积反投影算法（CBP）,分别做了模拟实验和实际汽车CT检测以及集装箱CT检测实验,并分析比较了它们在^60Co集装箱CT检测中的应用。ROSEM算法无论在重建速度还是重建质量上都优于ART算法,其重建图像质量和CBP算法相当。     

代数迭代算法进行CT图像重建的研究

对CT代数迭代重建算法(ART)进行了研究,讨论了射线数目对图像重建效果的影响,并采用平滑方法,改善了重建图像质量,加快了收敛速度,得出了效果满意的工业CT图像。     

动量加速方法提高层叠衍射成像的质量

X射线层叠衍射成像技术(Ptychography)所采用的图像重建迭代算法是一种传统的梯度下降算法。该算法从一组猜测函数开始,实验中探测到的正确信息被不断代入循环迭代中来修正猜测函数,最终达到收敛。这种算法存在一个问题就是容易出现收敛停滞的现象,也就是所谓的陷入局域最小值。造成这种现象出现的原因是局域最小值附近的梯度极小导致梯度下降的幅度极小。为了解决这一问题,最近"动量"这一概念被引入Ptychography算法中,产生了动量加速层叠衍射迭代引擎(momentum Ptychographical Iterative Engine,mPIE)算法。加入"动量"相当于给迭代重建过程赋予了"惯性"性质,当前梯度下降的幅度不仅由当前梯度决定,还会受到之前变化的幅度影响。所以即便是在梯度极小的局域最小值附近,目标函数仍然可以跳出停滞,继续变小。为了验证"动量"的引入对图像重建的提升效果,详细比较了动量mPIE算法和传统的拓展层叠衍射迭代引擎(extending Ptychographical Iterative Engine,e PIE)算法对同一套扫描相干衍射成像实验数据的重建图像质量。重建结果表明:相对于传统重建算法,动量加速算法可以获得更好的图像重建质量。     

正——反双模编码对时序成像重建图像CNR影响分析

时序编码成像图像重建受噪声影响,导致技术应用受限。为解决这一问题,通过分析时序编码投影成像基本原理,构建源射线分布重建图像质量评价指标:对比度噪声比(CNR)和均方根误差(RMSE);设计M-P双正码与M-P正—反码两种编码板,采用MCNP模拟计算两种编码板对²⁵²Cf进行时序编码成像的投影像相对强度,由MLEM算法进行图像重建获得射线源分布;通过分析两种编码模式重建图像CNR和RMSE受不同强度白噪声的影响,表明M-P正—反码编码板比M-P双正码重建图像的CNR高、RMSE低;并对两种编码模式重建图像CNR和RMSE受FOV场外点源伪影的影响进行分析,表明M-P正—反码编码板比M-P双正码重建图像的CNR高、RMSE高,认为正—反码编码模式在抑制噪声、检测视场外射线源伪影、提高重建图像质量方面具备一定优势,时序编码成像的编码板设计时可优先选择正反码编码模式。     

编码孔径辐射成像定位技术

随着核物理技术的广泛应用及其辐射防护对放射源的成像需求在不断增加。编码孔径成像定位系统作为一种高精度的放射源成像及定位装置,可以准确定位放射源的位置并重建放射源的大致形状,本文探究编码孔径成像定位中的多种重建算法对具有连续能谱的放射源位置及形状重建效果对比,从而确定不同重建算法的优缺点及其适用的场景。利用Geant4软件对编码孔径成像定位系统进行模拟,得到相关数据再使用δ解码算法、精细采样平衡解码算法、卷积神经网络算法、最大似然最大期望值法（MLEM）进行编程实现并重建放射源的位置。结果表明：4种重建算法都可以清晰地定位到放射源的位置;δ解码算法和精细采样平衡解码算法重建图像有伪影;卷积神经网络算法对于线源、面源重建效果较差,可以通过扩展训练集解决;MLEM算法的对比度-噪声比（CNR）值较高,重建效果较好,但是对线源和面源重建会丢失部分细节信息。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.