HWRR屏蔽层活化源项研究

反应堆屏蔽层通常由钢筋混凝土浇筑而成,体积及重量巨大,是反应堆退役源项的重要来源之一。通过建立反应堆3D计算模型,利用MCNP和ORIGEN活化计算程序计算了重水研究堆(HWRR)屏蔽层不同位置的中子注量率和活化源项。为验证计算模型和计算结果的准确性,在HWRR屏蔽层活性区中央位置沿水平方向进行钻孔取样,对获得的混凝土样品中的~(60)Co和~(152)Eu的活度进行了测量,分析结果与计算结果较吻合,证明了理论计算模型的准确性。最后对HWRR屏蔽层的活化深度进行了计算,得出反应堆屏蔽层活化深度最大值为600 mm。计算结果证明保留外层屏蔽层的退役方案从理论上是可行的。     

SPRR-300反应堆混凝土屏蔽层内中子注量率分布研究

采用MCNP程序与ANISN程序结合的计算方案获取了SPRR-300反应堆混凝土屏蔽层内的中子注量率分布情况，同时采用固体核径迹探测器测量了混凝土屏蔽层外低水平中子注量率，两者吻合较好，说明了计算结果的可信性。上述结果为反应堆退役工作提供了放射性源项的计算依据。     

基于~(252)Cf源的反应堆结构屏蔽材料屏蔽性能测试装置设计

基于252Cf中子源,构建了反应堆结构屏蔽材料屏蔽性能测试装置设计模型。采用MCNP程序建立了测试模型,并逐次模拟计算屏蔽性能测试装置慢化层、中子防护层、γ光子防护层厚度。对于关键的慢化层,采用Geant4程序进一步验证MCNP程序的计算结果。通过分析模拟计算获得了最优屏蔽材料及厚度分别为:慢化层材料为石蜡,厚度为8 cm;中子防护层材料为聚乙烯,厚度为38 cm;γ防护层材料为铁,厚度为11 cm。模拟实验结果表明,所设计屏蔽性能测试装置能够满足中子慢化以及中子、光子防护的需要。     

高通量堆NTD硅系统活化剂量计算

根据单晶硅及靶桶材料成分、测量的辐照孔道中子通量谱与辐照时间,采用点燃耗程序ORIGEN与蒙特卡罗程序MCNP耦合计算高通量堆中子嬗变掺杂(NTD)硅辐照系统活化后的外照射剂量当量率及各种活化产物放射性核素衰减变化情况,同时对各种活化核素剂量率贡献及相应衰减时间进行了分析。通过计算结果与堆厅γ电离室剂量率监测对比验证及堆厅屏蔽层厚度的保守估算,表明目前NTD硅系统转运过程屏蔽设计满足辐射防护要求,并提出有益建议。     

某反应堆放射性存留量实验测定

采用实验室取样分析方法确定某反应堆(压水堆)退役后堆内部件、压力容器和一次屏蔽等活化部件中放射性存留量活度。给出了活化样品中主要放射性核素和辐射特点,介绍了实验中采用的仪器设备和测量方法,以及采用样品活度推导各部件总活度的方法,并给出了反应堆停堆8年各部件中的放射性活度。取样分析表明,反应堆运行终止时放射性存留量主要集中在堆内部件中,占总存留量的94%,压力容器放射性存留量占6%,与之相比,一次屏蔽中的放射性存留量可忽略。     

中国先进研究堆热水层热工分析

中国先进研究堆(CARR)热水层(HWL)是反应堆水池上部形成的一层温度稍高的热水,它可以阻止水池下部含有较高放射性物质的水通过对流到达池水表面,从而降低反应堆大厅内的放射性剂量水平。本文采用经验公式计算了建立热水层所需的加热功率,并采用计算流体力学软件CFX分析了堆水池内流场和温度场。结果表明,CARR热水层的加热功率为120kw;在水池表面形成了热水层,但热水层的厚度不均,平均厚度约1．8m,最薄处约0．5m。     

ADS实验大厅中子防护工程技术研究

为了保障加速器驱动次临界系统(ADS)散裂靶与反应堆耦合特性及影响验证实验的顺利进行,以原子能院现有的临界实验装置为基础,对堆厅部分墙体进行屏蔽改造。建造由聚乙烯、镉、铅、钢以及混凝土等材料构成的屏蔽装置,以防止临界装置产生的射线外泄,使工作人员受到的照射保持在合理水平。通过MCNP模拟计算,完成了屏蔽结构的优化设计。基于槽钢支撑结构、铅屏蔽层、镉屏蔽层和聚乙烯屏蔽层等材料组成的组合屏蔽结构建立简化模型,采用ANSYS有限元分析程序计算分析得出各部分应力小于许用应力,稳定性符合要求。最后通过工程实践,完成对屏蔽性能理论计算结果的验证。     

核电厂压力容器材料在49-2反应堆的辐照技术研究

应用MCNP程序对堆芯建模,计算得出辐照孔道内距堆心底部高25 cm处的中子能谱,结合多箔活化法测量结果,通过SANDII程序解谱得出该位置的快中子注量率;通过相对快中子注量率测量,获得孔道内轴向快中子注量率分布,从而确定辐照时长和辐照方案,使样品辐照达到快中子(E≥1 Me V)注量~6×1019cm-2的技术指标。为完成辐照样品解体,应用ORIGEN2程序计算,获得待解体样品源项;使用MCNP程序对解体时的操作环境进行建模,计算得出不同屏蔽层厚度的γ剂量率数据;与实测结果进行对比,计算结果与实测结果符合较好,证明屏蔽设计有效。本次辐照考验完全满足技术指标。。     

101重水研究堆安全关闭过渡期放射性源项调查

针对我国第1座研究性反应堆（101重水研究堆）安全关闭过渡期的放射性源项调查,采用对可达部位取样分析与理论计算相结合的方法,给出了堆本体主要部件的中子活化源项。采用现场测量和对管道、设备内壁取样的方法获取了回路系统污染源项。另外,对反应堆厂房构筑物地面和墙面的污染水平、乏燃料保存水池和废树脂等进行了较为全面的现场测量和取样分析。通过源项调查,初步掌握了101重水研究堆退役的主要放射性源项的特点和存留量。     

确定反应堆核功率刻度中修正系数的新方法

基于Westcott理论刻度反应堆核功率是目前应用最为广泛的方法,但该方法需要用到大量的修正参数,而修正参数在很大程度上依赖于基于某些特定堆型的经验公式,非常繁琐。本工作利用MCNP程序对堆芯乃至堆芯内活化箔的布置情况进行精确描述,通过理论计算直接得到活化箔活性与反应堆核功率之间的关联系数,从而直接用实验测得的堆芯中子注量分布及归一点的活化箔活性导出反应堆的功率。该方法具有简单、准确度高、适用范围广等特点。本工作以300＃反应堆为例,将理论计算结果与实验测量结果进行了比较,验证了该方法的可行性。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

Gamma radiation levels in the ambient environment of the QNPP Base

Monitoring results of gamma dose rate level in 1992～2004 in the ambient environment of the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plants(QNPP)Base,the northeast of Zhejiang Province,are reported in this paper.It is shown that the gamma dose rate of five monitoring sites of 2.5 km to QNPP Base is 84～113 nGy/h,with an average of 96 nGy/h in the 13 years.The average value is close to the background level of 93 nGy/h prior to operation of the QNPP Base,and is lower than the monitoring result of 101 nGy/h at the reference site in Hangzhou City.Within 50 km from the QNPP Base,the cumulative dose rate of the thermoluminescent dosimeter(TLD)is 90 nGy/h,which is lower than the back- ground level of 111 nGy/h.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.