FPGA单粒子效应的脉冲激光试验方法研究

通过测试基于静态随机存储器（SRAM）的现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）芯片的单粒子效应,研究脉冲激光的试验方法,评估脉冲激光试验单粒子效应的有效性。研究表明,激光光斑聚焦深度和激光注量是影响脉冲激光单粒子效应试验的重要因素。试验发现,脉冲激光在较高能量时,单个激光脉冲会触发多个配置存储位发生单粒子翻转,造成芯片饱和翻转截面偏大。激光辐照芯片时,观察到芯片的内核工作电流以1～2 mA的幅度逐渐增加,在此期间器件工作正常。试验获得了Virtex 2 FPGA芯片的静态单粒子翻转截面和翻转阈值。通过对比激光与重离子的试验结果发现,二者在测试器件单粒子翻转方面基本一致,脉冲激光可有效研究芯片的单粒子效应特性。     

重离子和脉冲激光模拟单粒子翻转阈值等效性研究

根据重离子和脉冲激发诱发单粒子翻转机理,分析了重离子和脉冲激光模拟单粒子翻转阈值（激光能量与重离子线性能量转移（LET））等效方法，得出脉冲激光与重离子单粒子翻转阈值等效计算公式。应用实验室的激光模拟单粒子效应试验系统，开展了几种器件和集成电路的单粒子翻转实验研究。利用获得的计算公式计算激光等效LET阈值，并与国内外重离子实测数据进行比较。结果表明，脉冲激光能量等效LET阈值与重离子试验LET阈值较为一致。     

65nm三阱CMOS静态随机存储器多位翻转实验研究

利用4种不同线性能量转换值的重离子对一款65nm三阱CMOS静态随机存储器(SRAM)进行重离子垂直辐照实验,将多位翻转图形、位置和事件数与器件结构布局结合对器件单粒子翻转截面、单粒子事件截面及多位翻转机理进行深入分析。结果表明,单粒子事件截面大于单个存储单元内敏感结点面积,单粒子翻转截面远大于单个存储单元面积。多位翻转事件数和规模的显著增长导致单粒子翻转截面远大于单粒子事件截面,多位翻转成为SRAM单粒子翻转的主要来源。结合器件垂直阱隔离布局及横向寄生双极晶体管位置,分析得到多位翻转主要由PMOS和NMOS晶体管的双极效应引起,且NMOS晶体管的双极效应是器件发生多位翻转的主要原因。     

单粒子效应辐射模拟实验研究进展

应用质子直线加速器进行了静态随机存取存储器(SRAM)的单粒子效应模拟实验研究.采用金箔散射法降低质子束流,研制了弱流质子束测量系统,测量散射后的质子束流,实验测得SRAM质子单粒子翻转截面为10-14 cm2/bit量级.利用重离子加速器和锎源进行了SRAM的单粒子效应实验.研究其单粒子翻转截面与重离子线性能量传输(LET)值的关系,得到了单粒子翻转阈值和饱和截面.实验表明252Cf源单粒子翻转截面与串列加速器的重离子单粒子翻转截面一致,说明对于SRAM,可以用252Cf源替代重离子加速器测量单粒子翻转饱和截面.与中国原子能研究院、东北微电子研究所合作开展了国内首次重离子微束单粒子效应实验.建立了大规模集成电路重离子微束单粒子效应实验方法,找到了国产SRAM的单粒子翻转敏感区.应用14MeV强流中子发生器进行了SRAM单粒子效应实验,测得了64K位至4M位SRAM器件14MeV中子单粒子翻转截面.用α源进行SRAM单粒子效应辐照实验,模拟封装材料中的232Th和238U杂质发射出的α粒子导致的单粒子翻转.测量α粒子射入SRAM导致的单粒子翻转错误数,计算单粒子翻转截面和失效率,比较三种器件的抗单粒子翻转能力,为器件的选型提供依据.并开展了路由器的α粒子辐照实验,复演了路由器在自然环境中的出错情况,为路由器的设计改进提供了依据.     

静态随机存取存储器重离子单粒子翻转效应实验研究

应用重离子加速器和 2 52 Cf源进行单粒子翻转效应实验 ,测量得到 IDT系列和 HM系列静态随机存取存储器的单粒子翻转重离子 L ET阈值为 4～ 8Me V· cm2 /mg,单粒子翻转饱和截面为 10 -7cm2 · bit-1量级 ,位单粒子翻转截面随集成度的提高而减小。实验结果表明 ,可以用 2 52 Cf源替代重离子加速器测量静态随机存取存储器的单粒子翻转饱和截面     

深亚微米SRAM器件单粒子效应的脉冲激光辐照试验研究

利用脉冲激光模拟试验装置对IDT公司0.13 μm工艺IDT71V416S SRAM的单粒子效应进行了试验研究。在3.3 V正常工作电压下,试验测量了单粒子翻转阈值和截面、单粒子闩锁阈值和闩锁电流及其与写入数据和工作状态的关系。单粒子翻转试验研究表明,该器件对翻转极敏感,测得的翻转阈值与重离子、质子试验结果符合较好;该器件对多位翻转较敏感,其中2位翻转占绝大部分且其所占比例随辐照激光能量增加而增大,这与重离子试验结果也一致。单粒子闩锁试验分析了闩锁效应的区域性特点,发现了器件闩锁电流呈微小增大的现象,即表现出单粒子微闩锁效应,分析了这种现象对传统的抗闩锁电路设计可能造成的影响。     

光电耦合器的单粒子瞬态脉冲效应研究

利用脉冲激光模拟单粒子效应实验装置研究光电耦合器HCPL-5231和HP6N134的单粒子瞬态脉冲(SET)效应.实验获得了相关器件的单粒子瞬态脉冲波形参数与等效LET的关系,并甄别出器件SET效应的敏感位置,初步分析了SET效应产生的机理.利用脉冲激光测试了光电耦合器的SET宽度与等效LET的关系,并尝试测试了两种光电耦合器的SET效应的截面,其中,HCPL-5231的实验结果与其他文献利用重离子加速器得到的数据符合较好,验证了脉冲激光测试器件单粒子效应的有效性.     

脉冲激光模拟SRAM器件单粒子翻转效应的试验方法研究

针对0.13 μm和0.35 μm工艺尺寸的两款商用SRAM器件进行了脉冲激光背部单粒子翻转效应试验方法研究。单粒子翻转效应主要测试单粒子翻转阈值和单粒子翻转截面,本文主要研究了激光聚焦深度、激光脉冲注量、测试模式和芯片配置的数据对测试两者的影响。试验结果表明：只有聚焦到芯片有源区才可测得最低的翻转阈值和最大的翻转截面,此时的结果与重离子结果基本一致;注量对翻转阈值测试无影响,但注量增大时翻转截面会减小,测试时激光脉冲注量应小于1×10⁷cm^-2;测试模式和存储数据对翻转阈值和翻转截面的影响不大,测试时可不考虑。     

单粒子翻转敏感区定位的脉冲激光试验研究

利用脉冲激光单粒子翻转敏感区定位成像系统,对静态随机存储器件IDT71256开展了单粒子翻转敏感区定位的试验研究。为避开器件正面金属层对激光的阻挡,试验采用背面辐照方式进行测试。试验结果表明,存储单元中存储数据类型对器件单粒子翻转的敏感性有较大影响,由测得的单粒子翻转敏感区分布图经处理得到单粒子翻转截面,结果与重离子试验测得的翻转截面数据一致。     

离子径迹结构对SRAM单粒子翻转截面的影响

本文基于北京HI-13串列加速器的单粒子效应测试终端对0.15 μm工艺的SRAM进行了单粒子效应测试,再次验证了在截面曲线接近饱和区部分,高能离子翻转截面低于低能离子翻转截面的现象。采用Geant4对其进行模拟研究,结果表明,相同LET条件下高能离子可在较远处沉积能量,更易使同一存储单元内相邻的节点共享电荷发生单粒子翻转恢复而减小其单粒子翻转截面,而低能离子进行单粒子效应测试的结果相对保守。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.