先进压水堆核电厂多样性驱动系统需求分析结构

核电厂数字化应用需应对软件可能的共因失效所带来的问题。多样性驱动系统（DAS ）用于数字化保护系统软件共因失效（CCF）时缓解和抵御核电厂发生设计基准事件的后果。本研究在核电厂纵深防御与多样性原则的指导下,对先进压水堆核电厂的多样性驱动系统需求进行分析研究,阐明了先进压水堆核电厂多样性驱动系统的设计特性、过程、依据、方法及系统结构。     

核电厂反应堆保护多样性驱动系统功能仿真与验证研究

本文研究了CPR1000核电厂反应堆保护系统的总体结构,对其纵深防御功能进行了分析。在此基础上介绍了软件共因故障及 AP1000核电厂的应对技术———多样性驱动系统（DAS ）。并对基于CPR1000核电厂的DAS基本功能需求和仿真模拟的实现方法进行了研究。以安全壳内主给水系统管道破裂事故瞬态为例,对发生反应堆保护系统共因实效情况下DAS功能的验证、分析过程进行了阐述,证实其功能设置能有效将机组带入安全状态,缓解事故后果。     

田湾核电站反应堆保护系统多样化的研究

为防止田湾核电站3号、4号机组安全设施驱动系统(ESFAS)自动和手动触发信号由于软件故障没有生成,设置一套数字化安全设施驱动多样性系统(或称为手动安全驱动系统,简称MASS)提供TXS软件之外的手动操作手段,在计算机化保护系统失效后执行安全功能。MASS采用一套独立的处于计算机系统以外的多样化的硬件系统实现,从主控室发出的ESFAS手动触发信号经MASS后与计算机系统形成的ESFAS驱动信号经"或"逻辑处理后传送至驱动控制装置(PAC),从而可有效避免由于计算机软件共因故障而导致的ESFAS不可操控。     

核电厂多样化保护系统设计

基于福清核电厂仪表控制系统纵深防御和多样性的现状,阐述了设计多样化保护系统(DAS)的设计流程、设计准则、系统结构和设计要点。福清核电厂1、2号机组事故分析的结果表明,通过设置DAS,缓解了数字化安全级仪表控制系统发生软件共因故障(SWCCF)的后果,提高了核电厂的安全性,是一个应对数字化安全级仪表控制系统发生SWCCF的行之有效的解决方案。     

DAS的T2试验时间优化方法研究

多样性驱动系统（DAS）在进行逻辑功能验证试验（T2试验）时,逻辑链路中定时器的验证往往采用等待的方式,试验过程持续2 h以上,且在等待过程中容易造成人因故障。为减少T2试验验证时间和人因故障,本研究提出了一种基于简单硬件技术的DAS的T2试验时间优化方案,先将定时器从逻辑链路中旁通出去,验证其余部分逻辑功能,再对定时器进行时钟调整并加速。研究结果表明,优化后的DAS的T2试验的总用时可控制在30 min以内。相较于传统等待的试验方式,大大缩短了T2试验时间,并能有效减少试验期间的人因故障,满足核电厂对T2试验响应时间的最新要求。     

核电站保护系统多样化手动驱动系统设计

针对基于计算机技术的数字化仪控系统可能存在软件共因故障问题,设计了一个安全系统系统级手动驱动系统。该系统用以在计算机技术实现的保护系统失效后执行安全功能。本文介绍了与该系统相关的安全系统的系统级操作、事件级的电站状态监视、定期试验、非计算机化设备、独立性、多样化等内容。这些特点能够保证在采用计算机技术的反应堆保护系统失效后,提供有效的安全功能执行手段,缓解事故后果。该系统弥补了计算机化仪控系统的弱点,能够防止软件共因故障。     

核电站反应堆保护系统故障对策分析与应用

核电站反应堆保护系统应设计为当其任何部分出现故障均能保证反应堆的安全。根据反应堆停堆系统及专设安全设施驱动系统对故障安全的设计要求,研究了应对单一故障及共因故障的对策,并根据二代反应堆堆型的特点,设计了保护系统的基本架构。该架构的停堆系统采用2oo4表决逻辑,专设安全设施驱动系统采用2oo3表决逻辑,并提出了在输入发生失效时,表决逻辑的降级规则。     

低温核供热站数字化保护系统的研究及其可靠性分析

讨论了一种新型的低温核供热站数字化保护系统的设计方案。这一方案对保护系统信号采用了并行处理技术,以设备的多样性为手段,从根本上克服一般数字化保护系统由软件引起的共模失效问题,明显提高了系统的可靠性。     

FPGA技术在核电厂多样性驱动系统中的应用

AP1000核电厂多样性驱动系统（DAS）为保护系统的后备。本文研究了DAS的功能和结构、可编程门阵列（FPGA ）技术的基本结构以及FPGA在DAS自动驱动平台中的应用。结果表明，FPGA技术根据其结构和电路的自身特点，具备多样性能力强、复杂程度低、稳定性高、响应时间短和安全性高等优点，能满足核电厂保护功能的多样性驱动，并满足相关法规标准对DAS的基本功能要求。     

基现场可编程门阵列的反应堆数字化保护系统设计

介绍了一种基于现场可编程门阵列（Field Programmable Gate Array,即FPGA）的新型反应堆保护系统的设计方案,辅以微处理器作为热备份的冗余,以实现设备的多样性。系统采用三取二的表决方式,FPGA部分执行主要的保护功能,并行数据处理和信号传输提高了系统的响应速度,避免了软件共模故障的发生。微控制的使用增强了系统的通讯能力,优化了人机接口界面,并完成辅助的保障功能。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.